Umthombo: Vincentemanuele.com
Angisona isazi-mlando sezabasebenzi, kodwa ngakhulela emndenini wezinyunyana osenesikhathi eside owagxilisa umqondo oqinile wezindinganiso zesigaba sabasebenzi. Esikhathini esiningi sempilo yami yabantu abadala, ngike ngacabanga ngezinyunyana zabasebenzi, ukuthi zingazihlela kanjani kangcono, kanye nokuthi thina esingahleli phansi ezitolo singayisiza kanjani imizamo enjalo.
Ngempela, kuningi ongakufunda kunoma iyiphi inhlangano noma inhlangano ekwazile ukumelana nesikhathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imuphi umkhakha, indawo, noma umongo wepolitiki lapho ivela khona, ihlela, futhi ilwa.
Ngeshwa, ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwami, izishoshovu nabagqugquzeli base-US, ikakhulukazi labo abasezinyunyaneni zabasebenzi, abavamile ukufuna izeluleko, izifundo, noma ukuqonda kangcono izinhlangano zezinyunyana kulokho abanye abangase bakubize ngokuthi 'iGlobal South.' Lokhu, vele, kuyinkinga enkulu, futhi esinye sezizathu ezenza ukuhlangana kwe-US kwezabasebenzi, ukugqugquzela, kanye nobushoshovu kube kubi kangaka.
Kim Scipes, encwadini yakhe yakamuva, Ukwakha Ubumbano Lomhlaba Wonke Labasebenzi: Izifundo ezivela ePhilippines, eNingizimu Afrika, eNyakatho-ntshonalanga yeYurophu, nase-United States, yengeza igalelo elibalulekile neliphusile ekuqondeni kwethu inyunyana yabasebenzi, ukuthi singayiqonda kanjani kangcono imiqondo “yezinhlangano zabasebenzi” kanye “nenyunyana yenhlangano yezenhlalo,” kanye nendlela izikhungo zabasebenzi ezifana ne-KMU ePhilippines nezinye eNingizimu Afrika. kuhlanganisa lezi zindlela zokuqonda kanye nezinqubo.
I-Scipes isihambisa ohambweni lomuntu siqu nolwepolitiki oluhehayo nolukhuthazayo, ukusuka eSan Francisco ngo-1984 kuya eNyakatho-ntshonalanga yeYurophu ngesikhathi sokuwa kuka-1985, okwenzeka ePhilippines ngo-1986, kanye nokucabanga ngezinyunyana ezihlela eNingizimu Afrika ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980 nasekuqaleni. - 1990s. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, umlando womuntu siqu ka-Scipes kanye nemisila kusukela ohambweni lwakhe lwamazwe ngamazwe kuyahlaba umxhwele njengokuqukethwe kobuhlakani obuqukethwe encwadini yakhe yakamuva.
Ngenxa yesikhathi, ngizokhawulela ukucabanga kwami kokugcina, ngethemba lokuthi izishoshovu nabahleli bayo yonke imigqa bangangisusa izifundo ezibalulekile kulokhu kubuyekezwa okude.
Thenga Floor Internationalism
"I-Shop floor internationalism abasebenzi abahlangana ndawonye emingceleni yezwe ukuze basekelane ngokwenza isenzo esihlangene esitolo." Njengesibonelo, i-Scipes ibhekisela okuhlangenwe nakho kuka-Larry Wright, "umgqugquzeli oyinhloko weKomidi Lokusekela Inkululeko ku-International Longshoremen and Warehousemen's Union (ILWU) e-San Francisco." Ngo-1984, uLarry kanye namalungu e-ILWU Local 10 bamisa umkhumbi wamaDashi ekuthwaleni impahla yaseNingizimu Afrika izinsuku ezintathu ngoNovemba-December walowo nyaka.
Amaphuzu ambalwa abalulekile: okokuqala, isenzo sasiholwa ngabasebenzi bezikhundla namafayela; okwesibili, uhlelo lwemfundo oluqinile nolwesikhathi eside lwabeka isisekelo somqondo sokuthi isenzo esinjalo sibe nanoma yiliphi izinga lempumelelo (abaholi ngaphakathi kwenyunyana bakhuluma ngokukhululekile futhi bema ebunyeni nabasebenzi phesheya); futhi okwesithathu, inyunyana yafuna ukwesekwa ezinyunyaneni ezahlukene nezinhlangano zomphakathi - amaphuzu amathathu avela njalo kuyo yonke incwadi.
Enye yezingxenye ezibalulekile ekwakheni ukusebenzelana kwamazwe ngamazwe ezitolo yikhono lokuxhumana nokudlulisa umuzwa wokusebenzelana kwamazwe ngamazwe. Njengoba uScipes esho, “Omunye wemizamo yokuqala yokuxhumana kanye nokuthuthukisa umqondo wokusebenzelana kwamazwe ngamazwe ezitolo kwaba ukusungulwa kwe-NILS, I-Newsletter ye-International Labour Studies. "
Amanye amajenali abalulekile njenge Imibiko Yezabasebenzi Yamazwe Ngamazwe (ILR), ezinze eNgilandi, iphrojekthi iScipes esebenze nayo kusukela ngo-1984-1989 njengommeleli we-ILR eNyakatho Melika, I-Asian Labor Monitor (ALM), eshicilelwe eHong Kong, UMSEBENZI, Inhlokodolobha kanye Nomphakathi, eseNingizimu Melika, i Umbiko Wezabasebenzi waseNingizimu Afrika, kanye namajenali e-KMU, Ukuxhumana kwe-KMU futhi I-KMU International Bulletin, bonke badlale indima ebalulekile ekudluliseleni indima ebalulekile nebalulekile yokusebenzelana kwamazwe ngamazwe emizabalazweni yezinyunyana.
Amafilimu nawo abe neqhaza elikhulu ekulolongeni imibono yabantu besigaba sabasebenzi kanye nemiphakathi abahlala kuyo. I-Scipes iphakamisa ukubuka Ukulawula Intshisekelo, I-Global Assembly Line futhi Ukubuyisela Konke Ekhaya, ukubala abambalwa.
Ku-Scipes, esinye sezihluthulelo zokuqonda ukunyakaza kwezinyunyana eziphumelelayo yikhono labo lokufundisa nokubumba ukuqaphela kwamalungu, izindinganiso, kanye nombono womhlaba, iphuzu esizobuyela kulo kamuva. I-Scipes ilungile uma ethi ungubani kanye nemibono kufanele ibe athuthukile. Izindlela ezishiwo ngenhla - imfundo, amafilimu, namajenali - zidlala indima ebalulekile kule nqubo.
Ngokwethiyori Ukuqonda Ukunyakaza Kwabasebenzi
Engxenyeni Yesibili, iScipes iphakamisa umbuzo othi, “Sikuqonda kanjani ngokwethiyori ukunyakaza kwabasebenzi kanye nokuhlanganisa abasebenzi?” Lapha, ngizokwenza konke okusemandleni ami ukufingqa imiqondo eminyene futhi eyinkimbinkimbi ngokunengqondo.
Ukuqala, uphikisa ngokuthi “ukusebenzisa izindlela zokuqhathanisa ezibanzi ukuze kuqondwe ukubumbana komhlaba wonke kuyisidingo, njengoba akwanele nje ukusebenzisa izibonelo zemikhankaso yabasebenzi eyodwa noma ngisho nokuqhathanisa okuncane: ngokwenza kanjalo, sithola ukuthi ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo akukwazi ukuhlinzeka. izinga lokuhlaziya elidingekayo [ukuqonda ukuvela ‘kwenhlangano yenhlangano yezenhlalo’].”
Kulesi sigaba, uwuchitha ngokucacile nangokugculisayo umbono wokuthi ukuhlaziya okusekelwe kwisakhiwo kungachaza ukuvela kwezinyunyana zenhlangano yezenhlalakahle futhi kuhlukanise phakathi kwezinhlobo ezintathu zezinyunyana: Ezomnotho, ezombusazwe, Futhi inyunyana yenhlangano yezenhlalakahle.
Ngenkathi iScipes yamukela “ushintsho lwesakhiwo can ngenxa yezimo ezishintshile eziholela ekuqubukeni kwezinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abasebenzi,” ukubeke kwacaca ukuthi, “izinguquko zesakhiwo. Ayikwazi ngenxa yokuvela kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo oluthile lwezinyunyana, ngaleyo ndlela ngeke lukwazi ukulandisa ngokuvela kwezinyunyana zenhlangano yezenhlalakahle.”
Ngamanye amazwi, isimo sezwe esishintshayo sezombangazwe nezomnotho - I-Neoliberalization, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ngokushesha, izivumelwano zezohwebo, ukufakwa kwezimali, ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezomnotho okubanzi, njll. - akukwazi ukulandisa ngokuzalwa "kwenhlangano yezenhlalakahle." Isibonelo, iphesenti labantu basePhilippines abasebenza emkhakheni wezokukhiqiza ngo-1990 (9.7%) lalingaphansi kuka-1960 (12.1%), nokho inyunyana yenhlangano yezenhlalakahle yavela ePhilippines ngo-1980, ngesikhathi sokwehla kwezimboni.
Ngakho, yini edala ukuvela kwe-KMU (Kilusang Mayo Uno, noma iMay First Labor Movement)? Ngaphambi kokuthi siphendule lowo mbuzo, ake sihlole ezinye izincazelo kanye nemibono ye-Scipes. Ukunyakaza kwabasebenzi, ngokombono we-Scipes, kumane kuyisibonelo esisodwa sezinhlangano zomphakathi, nakuba zibalulekile ngenxa yokusondelana kwazo nokukhiqizwa kwezomnotho nokuhwebelana.
Izinhlangano zomphakathi zichazwa “njengeqoqo elisebenza ngezinga elithile lenhlangano nokuqhubeka ngaphandle kwemigudu yesikhungo, ngenjongo yokukhuthaza noma yokumelana noshintsho eqenjini, emphakathini noma ohlelweni lomhlaba oluyingxenye yalo.” Izinyunyana ziwumgogodla wezinhlangano zabasebenzi. Izikhungo zabasebenzi zifuna “ukuhlanganisa nokuqinisa izinyunyana.” Izihlakaniphi, abantu ngabanye, nezinye izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene, izikhungo zemfundo, ababambisene nabo (ngokwesibonelo, amasonto athuthukayo), ndawonye, “bahlangana babe inethiwekhi yokuxhumana eqinisanayo, ehlanganisa inhlangano yabasebenzi.”
Kafushane, “izinhlangano zabasebenzi zithola amandla azo ekhonweni lazo lokuhlanganisa inani elikhulu labantu njengamandla abumbene ukuze kuphazamiseke ukukhiqizwa, ukusatshalaliswa kanye/noma ukushintshana, kanye nokumelana nokuhlasela okuvela enhlokodolobha kanye/noma kuhulumeni.”
Ngokusho kweScipes, kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezinyunyana zabasebenzi: Ezomnotho, ezombusazwe, Futhi inyunyana yenhlangano yezenhlalakahle. I-Economic Unionism ichazwa ngokuthi “inyunyana ezenzelayo, futhi engenelwa wuhlelo lobudlelwano bezimboni yezwe layo elithile,” futhi “ihlanganyela emisebenzini yezepolitiki ngaphakathi kwesistimu yezepolitiki evelele ukuze kuphile amalunga ayo kanye neziqu zayo. kodwa ngokuvamile ilinganiselwe ezintweni ezithakaselwayo ngaleso sikhathi.”
Inyunyana yezepolitiki, nakuba ifana ngandlela thize ekumeni kwayo kanye nasekuhlobaneni nokuzimela kwabasebenzi kanye nentando yeningi, ichazwa ngokuthi “inyunyana ephethwe noma engaphansi kweqembu lezepolitiki noma izwe, lapho abaholi banikeza ukwethembeka okuyinhloko - futhi lokhu kubandakanya kokubili. inguqulo ye-Leninist kanye 'ne-radical nationalist'" futhi "iphumela ngokuvamile kodwa ingashayi indiva ngokuphelele izindaba zasemsebenzini ngenxa yezindaba 'ezinkulu' zezombangazwe."
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inyunyana yenhlangano yezenhlalakahle, ihluke ngokufanelekile kukho kokubili izinyunyana zezomnotho nezombusazwe:
Inyunyana yenhlangano yezenhlalakahle iwuhlobo lwenyunyana yabasebenzi ehlukile ezinhlotsheni zendabuko zombili zezinyunyana zezomnotho nezombusazwe. Lolu hlobo lufuna imizabalazo yabasebenzi njengomunye wemizamo eminingi yokuguqula umphakathi ngendlela efanele, futhi hhayi ukuphela kwendawo yomzabalazo wezepolitiki kanye noshintsho lwezenhlalo noma isizinda sokuqala. Ngakho-ke, ifuna ukusebenzisana nezinye izinhlangano zomphakathi ngokulinganayo futhi izama ukuzihlanganisa nazo uma kungenzeka, ngaphakathi kwezwe nakwamanye amazwe.
Inyunyana yenhlangano yezenhlalakahle inyunyana yabasebenzi elawulwa ngokwentando yeningi ubulungu hhayi nanoma iyiphi inhlangano yangaphandle., futhi iyaqaphela ukuthi imizabalazo yokulawula impilo yansuku zonke yabasebenzi, iholo kanye nezimo kuxhumene kakhulu futhi akunakuhlukaniswa nenhlalonhle-politiki kazwelonke- isimo somnotho. Lokhu kudinga ukuthi imizabalazo yokuthuthukisa isimo sabasebenzi ibhekane nesimo sikazwelonke - ukuhlanganisa imizabalazo emelene nokuxhashazwa kanye nengcindezelo emsebenzini nalabo ababhekene nokubuswa ngaphandle nangaphakathi emphakathini omkhulu - kanye nanoma ibuphi ubudlelwano obubusayo phakathi kwezinyunyana ngokwazo [uhlanga. , ubulili, ubulili]. Ngakho-ke, izimele kusuka kunhlokodolobha, umbuso, kanye namaqembu ezepolitiki, ibeka i-ajenda yayo ngokombono wayo, nokho izimisele ukucabangela ukuguqula umbono wayo ngesisekelo sezingxoxo nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezihlangene nazo futhi ezilinganayo. ubudlelwano.
Ithathela encwadini ka-Alberto Melucci, i-Scipes ithi abacwaningi kumelwe bafune “ukuqaphela [nokuqonda kangcono] izinqubo eziyisisekelo abakhiwa ngazo [izinhlangano zomphakathi nezabasebenzi].” Uma kubekwe ngendlela ehlukile, umuntu akumele aphathe ukunyakaza njengento enikeziwe, into engokoqobo engokoqobo, “kodwa kunalokho agxile enqubweni yokuthi [ukunyakaza okunjalo] kwakhiwe kanjani.”
Lapha, ubunikazi beqoqo budlala indima ebalulekile. Ukwakha ubuwena obuhlangene kuyinqubo eqhubekayo. Okokuqala, ubunikazi beqoqo kufanele buthuthukiswe, bese iqoqo labantu abavame ukuhlonza kufanele likhethe ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuhlanganyela futhi ligcine lobo bunikazi. Futhi, akukho kulokhu okunikezwayo. Kwezinye izindawo, ukunyakaza kuye kwavela esimweni sokuthuthuka kwezimboni ngokushesha, kanti kwezinye izindawo ezinesimo esifanayo senhlalo-politiki nezomnotho, akukho mnyakazo onjalo othuthukisiwe. Abantu, ekugcineni, kufanele bakhethe ukuthi basabela kanjani ezimweni eziguqukayo zesakhiwo.
I-Scipes ivumelana no-Carol Mueller othi "isimo esikhona kufanele siphonselwe inselelo ezingeni lamasiko ngokuya ngezimangalo zalo zokuba semthethweni ngaphambi kokuba kuthathwe izinyathelo ezihlangene." U-Mueller uphakamisa amazinga amane okuhlaziya: “inkulumo yomphakathi, ukuxhumana okuthonyayo okuqalwa izinhlangano zenhlangano, ukuqwashisa ngokuhlanganyela eziqeshini zezenzo ezihlangene, nokudalwa kobunikazi beqoqo ezingosini [zezenhlalo] ezicwile emanzini.”
Sesikushilo lokho, umbhali ucace bha: "Kufanele futhi siqaphele, ikakhulukazi emizabalazweni yezisebenzi, ukuthi ubunikazi obuhlangene abudalwa kuphela ngezinqubo zokuqaphela, ezinengqondo, noma zokucabanga - kungabuye kudalwe ngokubamba iqhaza ekuhlanganyeleni." Ngamanye amazwi, ukuvela kobunikazi obuhlangene akuyona njalo inqubo yokubonisana.
Izinzuzo zalo mqondo omusha zihlukene kathathu:
Okokuqala, icabanga ukuthi imizabalazo yabasebenzi ibhekiswe emandleni okubusa futhi ihlanganisa abasebenzi nabo bonke abanye abantu emzabalazweni wenkululeko. Okwesibili, ibona imizabalazo yabasebenzi ihlanganiswe nayo yonke eminye imizabalazo emelene namandla okubusa - ngakho-ke, ukuhlukaniswa kwezisebenzi kwezinye izinhlangano zomphakathi kuyaphela. Okwesithathu, ayigcini nje le modeli yezinyunyana kubasebenzi kuma-LEDC [amazwe asathuthuka kancane kwezomnotho]; yilelo elivumela abasebenzi noma yikuphi ukuthi baluthathe.
Ngokusobala, ukwakha ukunyakaza kwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke okusekelwe kumodeli we inyunyana yenhlangano yezenhlalakahle kungazuzisa kakhulu izinyunyana zabasebenzi kanye nemizabalazo yabasebenzi. Okubaluleke kakhulu, abasebenzi kulokho okubizwa nge-'Global North' bangafunda okuningi kulokho okwenzeka kubagqugquzeli bezabasebenzi kanye nezishoshovu 'eGlobal South.' Ngokombono we-Scipes, i-KMU ePhilippines inikeza isibonelo esihle kakhulu senhlangano yezinyunyana emhlabeni wonke - isimangalo impela.
Ifa LeKoloni kanye Ne-Imperialism ePhilippines
Ukuze wazise ngempela futhi uqonde ukukhalipha, isibindi, nokuqina kwe-KMU, umuntu kufanele aqale aqonde umongo eyavela ngayo. IPhilippines ibilokhu ikoloni ngendlela eyodwa noma enye iminyaka engaphezu kwengama-499. Ukuqala ngeSpanishi ngo-1521, nokuqhubeka ngobudlelwano be-neo-colonial/imperialist ne-United States kulandela ukuphela kweMpi YaseSpain-American (1898) kuze kube namuhla.
Ukwengeza, iPhilippines yacekelwa phansi ngokuphelele phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, okwavumela i-US ithuba lokusungula ubuhlobo bayo be-neo-colonial, indaba enonya futhi enyantisayo ebhalwe kahle isazi-mlando u-Alfred C. McCoy encwadini yakhe. , I-Policing America's Empire: I-United States, i-Philippines, kanye ne-Rise of the Surveillance State.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1940, isimo esibucayi somnotho sagadla ePhilippines esasongela ukulibhidliza leli zwe. Ngenxa yalokho, isigaba esibusayo sasePhilippines sasabela ngohlelo lwezimboni olwanikeza izinzuzo ezincane kubantu abavamile, kodwa lutho olunjalo olwaluzodambisa ubuhlungu bezomnotho, bezenhlalakahle, nezombangazwe nokuhlupheka okwakukhungethe izwe.
Ngo-1961, uDiosado Macapagal wakhethwa njengoMongameli wasePhilippines. Lesi sikhathi, kusukela ngo-1961 kuya ku-1965, sasihlanganisa ukuchithwa okunamandla komnotho ngokuyala kwe-US Scipes kubhala, "Le [inqubomgomo yokwehliswa kwemithetho] yasekelwa uMongameli waseMelika uKennedy, owahlela ukuthi iPhilippines ithole ngokushesha imali ebolekiwe eyizigidi ezingu-300 zamaRandi. I-IMF [I-International Monetary Fund] ukuze ikhokhele ukubuyiselwa ekhaya kwezigidi ezingu-R300 zenzuzo yebhizinisi yase-US.” Lokhu kwangenisa inkathi entsha “yokuncika ezikweletini,” njengoba iScipes iphawula.
Ngo-1965, uFerdinand Marcos wakhethwa “njengomguquli” owagijima endaweni yokuhlela kabusha umnotho owawulinyazwe kabi uhlelo lwe-IMF kanye neWorld Bank’s Neoliberal. Ngo-1972, uMarcos wabeka lonke izwe lasePhilippines ngaphansi kombuso we-Martial Law. Iminyaka yokuzamazama okubomvu kanye nencindezelo yadala umongo wezepolitiki onodlame kubasebenzi: ngena ku-KMU - eyasungulwa ngoMeyi 1st, 1980 (ukuqashelwa okungokomfanekiso nomlando kokuxhumana kwabo neHaymarket Affair ka-1886).
I-KMU (Kilusang Mayo Uno, noma iMay First Labor Movement)
I-Scipes iveza izizathu ezintathu zokuthi kungani i-KMU yasungulwa: okokuqala, ngenxa yokuthi izimo zasemsebenzini zazidabukisa kakhulu, zinyanyeka kakhulu, zishiya iningi labasebenzi lisemseni ophelele wabaphathi babo, okwakudingeka bahlele; okwesibili, ngoba “izinyunyana zendabuko zazidayise izisebenzi; okwesithathu, ngenxa “yesidingo esicacile senhlangano yezisebenzi eyayizohlela ngokumelene nokubuswa kwamanye amazwe.”
I-KMU yasinda kanjani ngaphansi kombuso ononya kaMarcos? Ngokomholi we-KMU uScipes okwaxoxwa naye ngo-1986 (ongazange afune ukuthi igama lakhe lisetshenziswe) ngoba i-KMU iyiqiniso, igcwele impi, futhi inobuzwe:
Ngokuthi 'okwangempela,' sisho ukuthi i-KMU iphethwe amalungu ayo. Amalungu anikezwa lonke ulwazi futhi anqume izinqubomgomo eziphethe inhlangano. 'Ngezidlamlilo,' sisho ukuthi i-KMU ayisoze yakhaphela intshisekelo yesigaba sabasebenzi, noma ngabe izimpilo zabo zisengozini. I-KMU ikholelwa ukuthi abasebenzi baqaphela isithunzi sabo sobuntu ngokwenza konke okuhlangene. 'Ngobuzwe,' sikholelwa ukuthi ingcebo yasePhilippines ingeyabantu basePhilippines nokuthi ubukhosi bukazwelonke akumele bubekwe engcupheni. I-KMU imelene nokuba khona kwezisekelo [zezempi] zase-US.
“Kanye nokuba qotho, impi kanye nobuzwe,” kubhala u-Scipes, “i-KMU iye yathuthuka ngenxa yezinye izici ezintathu: uhlaka lwenhlangano oluhlanganisa ukuxhumana okuqondile nokuvundlile, uhlelo olubanzi lwezemfundo, kanye nobudlelwano bayo nezinye izinhlaka (abalimi, izinhlangano zabalimi, izikhungo zezemfundo, kanye nezinhlelo zezemfundo, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwabalimi,” izinhlangano zabesifazane.” Umbhali unikeza i-akhawunti ebambekayo nenemininingwane yokwakheka kwenhlangano ye-KMU (kuningi kakhulu okungafakwa), kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu amandla e-KMU okuhlanganisa yomibili imifelandawonye kazwelonke emile emaphakathi nemifelandawonye yabasebenzi eyakhiwe yavundlile.
Ngo-1982, uMarcos waqala umzamo wokunquma i-KMU amakhanda, ebopha “abaholi ababalulekile abangu-69, kuhlanganise nosihlalo nonobhala-jikelele.” I-Scipes iphikisa ngokuthi lo mzamo wehlulekile ngenxa yohlaka lwenhlangano oluhlukaniselwe i-KMU, phakathi kwezinye izici ezibalulekile, zonke ezibophanayo, okuhlanganisa uhlelo lwezemfundo lwe-KMU kanye nokuzimisela ukwakha imifelandawonye yezigaba ezahlukene.
Ngaphakathi kwe-KMU, “kukhona nenhlangano yabasebenzi besifazane, i Kilusang Manggagawang Kababaihan (KMK: Women Workers' Movement), edlelana ne-KMU futhi engolunye uhlobo lomfelandawonye, lolu olusekelwe ebulilini.” Eminye imifelandawonye ihlanganisa ukusebenzisana kwemikhakha ehlukene nabasebenzi ezimbonini ezihlukene kanye/noma ezindaweni zezwe. Umbhali usikhumbuza ukuthi “Imifelandawonye iyintuthuko entsha ngokuphelele ezinyunyaneni zabasebenzi basePhilippines, esanda kusungulwa ngo-1982.”
Ngaphezu kohlaka lwenhlangano oluguquguqukayo, i-KMU isindile ngenxa yohlelo lwayo lwezemfundo oluthuthuke kakhulu nolunika amandla olubizwa nge-'Genuine Trade Unionism.' Lolu hlelo luqukethe izifundo ezintathu: i-PAMA, i-GTU, ne-KPD.
“I-PAMA iyisifundo sosuku olulodwa, esifushane ngokwanele kangangokuthi abahleli bangakwazi ukunikeza ukuqeqeshwa okuyisisekelo ngisho nasezindaweni zokuqopha.” Abasebenzi bafundiswa ngomnotho wezepolitiki, amalungelo, kanye nezibopho. Inani labasebenzi eliyinsalela lichazwa ngendlela bonke abasebenzi abangayiqonda. Abasebenzi basePhilippines nabo bathatha izifundo ze-imperialism kanye nokubaluleka kobukhosi bezwe. I-GTU iyisifundo sezinsuku ezintathu esingena emininingwaneni eminingi kakhulu. Abasebenzi baphikisana futhi baxoxisane ngezindaba ezinemininingwane eminingi mayelana nezabasebenzi/inhlokodolobha, “inyunyana ephuzi,” kanye nomlando ojulile wenhlangano yabasebenzi basePhilippines. Isifundo sesithathu nesokugcina, i-KPD, sichaza “uhlelo lukazwelonke lwentando yeningi,” lugcizelela isidingo “sentando yeningi kazwelonke” kanye nendlela yokuhlangana nezinhlaka ezahlukene zezombangazwe ukuze kwakhiwe uhulumeni wobumbano wentando yeningi ohlanganisa “imikhakha eyahlukene yomphakathi, njengabalimi, abasebenzi, abadobi, abesifazane, abampofu basemadolobheni, abafundi, njll."
Njengoba uScipes ephawula, “Izikhungo zemfundo sezisunguliwe ezweni lonke.” Eqinisweni, “Inhlangano ngayinye ye-KMU inomnyango wezemfundo, njengoba kwenza izivumelwano eziningi zendawo ze-KMU…Le nqubo yezemfundo ingomunye womehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinhlangano ze-KMU nalezo ezilawulwa ngamanye amaqembu abasebenzi.”
I-KMU iphinde yathuthukisa lokho abakubiza ngokuthi yi- weqa bayan, iqhinga “elihlanganisa isiteleka sabasebenzi nje jikelele, kodwa okuningi kakhulu…zonke izinto zokuhamba zomphakathi ziyamiswa, zonke izitolo nezitolo zivaliwe, futhi amalungu omphakathi abeka izithiyo ukuze amise izimoto ezisasebenza.” Okokuqala weqa bayan senzeka ngo-1984 eDolobheni laseDavao, kwase kuba kabili ngo-1985. “Isiteleka sesithathu sabantu saba yimpumelelo kangangokuthi lapho umlawuli wamasosha akulesi siqhingi ecela abaholi ukuba basimise ngemva kosuku olulodwa, benqaba.” Amasosha ayengenayo iPlan B.
Esinye isici esinomthelela ekusindeni kwesikhathi eside kwe-KMU isu layo lezokuxhumana kanye ne-ISA (International Solidarity Affair). Zombili lezi zindlela zisiza i-KMU ukuthi ithuthukise umqondo wayo “wokuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe.” Ngokombono kaScipes, i-“labour internationalism” isebenza kumazinga amathathu. I-Level One iqukethe izisebenzi ezisebenzisana “zomunye nomunye zinqamula imingcele yamazwe ngamazwe,” okungahlanganisa yonke into kusukela ezenzweni ezingokomfanekiso (imikhankaso yokubhala izincwadi, amamashi) kuya ekuqondiseni izenzo (iziteleka zobumbano, ukwenqatshwa komsebenzi). Izinga Lesibili lihlanganisa abasebenzi abafuna ngokuzimisela ukushintsha "ukuhleleka komphakathi" emazweni abo, futhi Izinga Lesithathu liwukubona ukuthi ukuguqula "ukuhleleka komphakathi" kuyadingeka kuwo wonke amazwe ukuze baphile emphakathini womhlaba wonke ohlangene kakhudlwana.
Ukuze kufinyelelwe lezi zinhloso, i-KMU isungule futhi yasebenzisa elinye isu lezokuxhumana elinezingxenye eziyisithupha elihloselwe ukwakha ukwazi phakathi kwabasebenzi nalabo abangase babambisane nabo, ukufundisa umphakathi, nokuhlinzeka ngenye indlela yokubuka umhlaba - lokhu kuhlanganisa okunye okushicilelwe, uhambo lwamazwe ngamazwe Amalungu e-KMU, ekhuthaza amakomiti obumbano phesheya, futhi mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu, i-ISA (International Solidarity Affair), uScipes aseke waya kuyo izikhathi eziningana futhi abhala kahle ngayo encwadini.
Ngaphandle kokungabaza, okuhlangenwe nakho kwe-KMU kunikeza izifundo nezibonelo eziningi kubasebenzi emhlabeni wonke ukuze bazihlaziye, balingise, futhi bazithuthukise.
Izifundo ezivela kuCOSATU eNingizimu Afrika
Esahlukweni seshumi nanye, iScipes ishintsha isuka kokuhlangenwe nakho kwe-KMU ePhilippines kuya ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlangano ezintsha zezinyunyana eNingizimu Afrika phakathi kuka-1973-1992. Kulesi sigaba, uphinda abonise ukuthi ukunyakaza kwabasebenzi esigabeni sokuqala kufana nokunyakaza komphakathi, yingakho usizo lokusebenzisa ithiyori yokunyakaza komphakathi ukuqonda kangcono ukuthuthuka kwabo.
Njengoba umnotho waseNingizimu Afrika uthuthuke ngendlela ehluke kakhulu kuneyasePhilippine, uthuthuke ngezimboni ngesivinini esikhulu kakhulu nangokushuba okukhulu, futhi ngaphakathi kwengqikithi yobandlululo lobuhlanga, iScipes iphinde yafakazela iphuzu lokuthi “ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo” akwenele ekuchazeni isimo. ukuvela “kwenyunyana yenhlangano yezenhlalakahle,” into abantu baseNingizimu Afrika abayenza, eqinisweni, abayifeza.
Ngaphandle kokuhlangenwe nakho kokunyakaza kwe-“Black Consciousness”, izimo ezidingekayo zokudala ubunikazi obuqoqiwe bezingeke zibe khona. Nalapha futhi, lokhu bekuyinqubo yamabomu, hhayi enikeziwe. Izici zesakhiwo zibe neqhaza, kodwa azibandakanyi ukwanda “kwenyunyana yenhlangano yezenhlalo” eNingizimu Afrika. Abafundi abamnyama nabasebenzi abamnyama basize ekuthuthukiseni ukwazi okudingekayo ukuze bakhe ubunikazi beqembu futhi ngokuvamile babekwenza lokho hhayi phansi esitolo.
Izinkambiso zamasiko kanye nesimo senhlalakahle yesimo esikhona kwaphonswa inselelo, hhayi ngamalungu ezinyunyana kuphela, kodwa ngabesifazane, abafundi, nabanye abalingisi abahlukahlukene abavela emphakathini namasiko. Izinyunyana zabasebenzi baseNingizimu Afrika kulokho okwakuzoba yi-COSATU, azikwazanga nje ukufeza konke lokhu okungenhla, kodwa zikwazile nokuxosha ukuhlaselwa okungapheli kombuso wobandlululo, okunye okubalulekile ukuze kufezeke “inyunyana yenhlangano yezenhlalakahle”.
Ukuphetha imibono yakhe ngeNingizimu Afrika, uScipes uyabhala:
Kubukeka kungangabazeki ukuthi uhlobo lwezinyunyana ezakhiwe futhi ezenziwa yi-COSATU nezinyunyana ezingaphansi kwayo zifaneleka njengezinyunyana zenhlangano yezenhlalakahle: zibona izinyunyana njengendawo eyodwa yomzabalazo, hhayi ukuthi yiyona yodwa noma isizinda esivelele, nakuba zingase zibone izinyunyana njengesizinda somzabalazo. mhlawumbe baphikisa ngokuthi izinyunyana 'ziyindawo 'ebaluleke kakhulu', futhi zihlangana nezinye izinhlangano zomphakathi uma kungenzeka.; babona izinyunyana zilawulwa ngamalungu azo hhayi izinhlangano zangaphandle; babona izimo emsebenzini njengezixhumene kakhulu nesimo sezombangazwe nomnotho kazwelonke; balwa nokuxhashazwa kanye nengcindezelo emsebenzini kanye nokubusa ngaphakathi nangaphandle kokuhleleka okukhulu komphakathi; futhi bazimele kwezinye izinhlangano zezepolitiki.
Lesi sigaba siqukethe ulwazi oluningi olubalulekile nezifundo ezibalulekile. Nakuba ingxenye enkulu yencwadi igxile kulokho okwenzeka ku-KMU, lesi sahluko esichaza ngesipiliyoni sezinyunyana zabasebenzi eNingizimu Afrika asigcini nje ngokucacisa futhi sivumela incazelo ka-Scipes “yenyunyana yenhlangano yezenhlalakahle,” kodwa futhi sigcizelela imibono yakhe yethiyori mayelana nendlela yokuqonda, qhathanisa futhi uqhathanise ukuvela “kwenhlangano yenhlangano yezenhlalo.”
I-Chicago Steel and Packinghouse Workers (1933-1955)
Esahlukweni sokugcina, iScipes ishintsha igxile enhlanganweni yezabasebenzi yase-US ngenhloso yokuqonda kangcono izinguquko ezingeni letiyori kanye nokuthi “ngaphakathi kwengqikithi yentuthuko ezikhungweni zabasebenzi ezintathu emazweni asathuthuka eziye zayidlula kude imizamo yaseMelika.”
Kulesi sigaba, umbhali ubonisa umehluko wekhwalithi phakathi kwezinyunyana ezimbili zabasebenzi ezisebenza endaweni efanayo ngesikhathi esifanayo (abasebenzi be-packinghouse vs. steelworkers, 1933-1955, Chicagoland), kodwa futhi uqhathanisa futhi aqhathanise isibonelo esingcono salokhu kokubili. (abasebenzi be-packinghouse) ku-"social movement unionism" okuvezwe amaqembu afana ne-COSATU kanye ne-KMU. Isiphetho siwukuthi i-packinghouse noma izisebenzi zensimbi azikwazanga ukuhlangabezana nemibandela “yenyunyana yenhlangano yezenhlalo.”
Eqinisweni, womabili la maqembu awela ngaphansi kohlobo lwenhlangano yezinyunyana iScipes ebhekisela kuyo “njengenyunyana yezomnotho.” Ngaphakathi kohlobo lwe-“economic unionism”, kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezincane ezikhona: “inyunyana yebhizinisi” kanye “nenyunyana yobulungiswa bezenhlalo” (okungafanele kudidaniswe “nenyunyana yenhlangano yezenhlalo”). Ngeshwa, njengoba umbhali ephawula, izazi eziningi kakhulu zezabasebenzi ziwusebenzise ngokungeyikho umqondo “wenhlangano yenhlangano yezenhlalo” kumongo we-US, okubangele ukudideka okwengeziwe ezingeni letiyori.
I-Scipes ikubeka ngokusobala ukuthi zombili izinyunyana ze-packinghouse kanye ne-steelworker "zaziwuhlobo lwezomnotho." Ngenxa yalokho, “bobabili bamukela uhlelo lobudlelwano bezimboni bezwe elithile (i-US), futhi bobabili bahileleka emisebenzini yezombangazwe ohlelweni lwezombangazwe oluvelele ukuze kuphile kahle amalungu abo… inselele ukuba semthethweni kohlelo olusunguliwe lobudlelwano bezimboni.”
Nakuba ingasifinyeleli isimo “sokubumbana komphakathi,” okuhlangenwe nakho kwe-Packinghouse Workers Organising Committee (1937-1943), ekugcineni i-United Packinghouse Workers of America (ngemuva kuka-1943) ikhombisa ukuthuthuka kwekhwalithi ngaphezu kokuhlangenwe nakho kwe-United Steelworkers Union. ababesebenza endaweni efanayo ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Eqinisweni, i-Scipes ithi i-UPWA "yathuthuka kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi enye inyunyana ngaphakathi kwe-CIO ... [futhi] yayihamba phambili kakhulu ekubhekaneni nokucindezelwa kobuhlanga - ngo-1961, amaphesenti angu-100 azo zonke izivumelwano zokuxoxisana ezihlangene ze-UPWA zavimbela ukubandlululwa ngokobuhlanga, izinkolelo nemvelaphi yobuzwe, kungaba izicelo zokuqashwa noma emsebenzini - kanye nenye yezinyunyana ezingcono ekubhekaneni nokucindezelwa kobulili, nakuba umsebenzi wazo ngobulili wawungenamandla njengobuhlanga.
Ekuphetheni, i- Scipes iphawula ukuthi “ababhali nezazi zemibono yezemisebenzi akufanele besasebenzisa igama elithi ‘inyunyana yenhlangano yezenhlalo’ ukuze bachaze imisebenzi yezinyunyana eNyakatho Melika, kodwa esikhundleni salelo gama basebenzise elithi ‘inyunyana yobulungisa bezenhlalakahle.’” Ngokwenza kanjalo, umlobi uyaphikisana naye. , "Lokhu kusivumela ukuthi sibone izinqubo ezihlukene phakathi kwezinyunyana emazweni amaningana, futhi siqonde ngokwethiyori uhlobo lwenyunyana yabasebenzi oluthuthukayo njengamanje phakathi kwezinye izinyunyana eNyakatho Melika."
Izifundo Eziningi Okumele Zifundwe
Izinyunyana zabasebenzi, izishoshovu, nezifundiswa zezabasebenzi ezivela emhlabeni wonke zingazuza kakhulu ngokufunda umsebenzi wakamuva kaKim Scipes. Izifundo azinikezayo aziqhathaniswe ngokwemithelela yazo yethiyori, ukujula kokuhlaziya, nobubanzi bendawo. Ekugcineni, abasebenzi base-'Global North' banokuningi abangakufunda ezinyunyaneni zabasebenzi 'eGlobal South.' Kaningi kakhulu, osolwazi bathanda imilando yezabasebenzi kanye nezifundo ezivela eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu ngenkathi begwema ubuhlakani obubucayi bosonyunyana bamazwe asathuthuka.
Umlando, izinqubo zezombangazwe, ezomnotho, kanye nokuhlela ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, izinguquko zesakhiwo emnothweni azikwazi ukuchaza ukuvela “kwenhlangano yezinyunyana zomphakathi.” Ukuthuthukisa "i-social movement unionism" kuyinto komthetho inqubo, naleyo ehlala ishintsha, igobhoza, futhi igeleza. Futhi eyodwa yenziwe ngokuqaphela. Izinyunyana zabasebenzi eziphumelelayo zinika amandla, zifundise, futhi ziyazise imikhuba eqhutshwa amalungu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano ezinqobayo zezinyunyana zithola izindlela zokusebenza nenhlobonhlobo yabasebenzi, abangebona abasebenzi, futhi zihlanganise imizabalazo ngale kwendawo yokusebenza kuyilapho ziveza umbono obekela inselele ngokuqondile ukuhleleka komphakathi wesizwe sawo, kanye nezinye izizwe.
Ubuzwe bomhlaba kanye nokuzimela nakho kuyizici ezibalulekile, njengelinye isu lezokuxhumana elicatshangelwe kahle elisiza ukwakha uhlobo lokuqonda kwamazwe ngamazwe oludingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe “inyunyana yenhlangano yezenhlalo” yangempela. Futhi ukucabanga, abasebenzi baseNingizimu Afrika nasePhilippines bakwazile ukufeza into obungenakuyicabanga ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu kunalezo esihlangabezana nazo e-US Kimi, lokhu kuwumthombo wogqozi olukhulu.
UVincent Emanuele ungumbhali, umakadebona we-antiwar, kanye no-podcaster. Ungumsunguli we PARC | Ezombusazwe Art Roots Culture Abezindaba kanye ne-PARC Community-Cultural Center etholakala eMichigan City, e-Indiana. UVincent uyilungu leVeterans For Peace kanye I-OURMC | Izakhamuzi Ezihlelekile Nezihlangene zaseMichigan City. Uphinde abe yilungu le I-20 yamaqoqo. Angakwazi ukufinyelelwa [i-imeyili ivikelwe]
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