Udlame lwezombusazwe lubuya ngendlela engakaze ibonwe eGuatemala. Sekubulawe abaholi bezombangazwe abayishumi nesishiyagalolunye kanye nezishoshovu kusukela ngoDisemba, futhi izinsongo zokufa, imizamo yokubulawa kwabantu kanye nokwesabisa ngobudlova sekuyinsakavukela, ukwanda kakhulu ezinyangeni eziholela okhethweni lukamongameli oluzayo lukaNovemba. (1) EGuatemala, akungabazeki ukuthi ukwesabisa nokuhlasela okuqondile kuhlelwe yiqembu lezempi elibusayo iFRG (Guatemala Republican Front), amaqhinga abo okuzamazama ngamandla ukubambelela emandleni eminye iminyaka emine, futhi uphawu olucacile lwezikhathi zobumnyama ezizayo uma lo mgomo ufezeka.
Ukubulala, ukuzama nokuphumelela, kuze kube manje sekugxilwe kwabangenele ukhetho abasezingeni eliphansi naphakathi kanye nezikhulu zamaqembu aphikisayo kuwo wonke umkhakha wezepolitiki. I-Center-right UNE (National Unity for Hope) ibe yisisulu sokuhlaselwa okuvamile ngenkathi ibambelele endaweni yesibili okhethweni lukamongameli futhi igxeka esidlangalaleni ukuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu kaningi. I-UNE ilahlekelwe osopolitiki abane odlameni lwakamuva: umeya okhona njengamanje, oqokelwe isikhundla sobumeya, unkosikazi womunye owayengenele isikhundla sobumeya, kanye nongenele ukhongolose, bonke badutshulwa babulawa phakathi kuka-Ephreli 25 noJulayi 11.
I-ANN yophiko lwesokunxele i-ANN (Alliance for a New Nation) ilahlekelwe isibalo sesibili esikhulu kakhulu sokulahlekelwa, kwabulawa izishoshovu ezintathu, ezimbili ngoMeyi 28 nesinye ngoJuni 16. Amalungu amaningi e-ANN amaningi asinde ekuhlaselweni ngezibhamu nangocelemba, oyedwa waze wasinda. walahlekelwa indlebe nengxenye yolimi ngesikhathi ezama ukuhlushwa ngaphambi kokubulawa. Ngaphezu kwe-UNE ne-ANN, isamba sosopolitiki nezishoshovu zezombusazwe eziyishumi nambili ezivela ku-PAN, Unionista, GANA, DCG, UCN noma amaqembu angashiwongo abulewe ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalolunye ezedlule.
I-Mirador Electoral, inhlangano ebhekele ukhetho eGuatemala, ibhale izigameko ezingu-94 ezibhalisiwe zodlame lwezepolitiki phakathi kukaNovemba 2002 no-Agasti 2003, okuhlanganisa amabhomu, ukudubula nokugqekeza emahhovisi ezombusazwe nasezikhungweni zamalungelo abantu, ukuthumba, ukuhlasela ngocelemba kanye nokushayela- ngokudubula, ukusongela ngamazwi, ukushaywa, nokuzama ukushaya ngezimoto. Ukuhlasela nezinsongo kuthinte izinhlangano eziningi ngaphandle kwe-FRG ebusayo futhi kubonakala kuyingxenye yesu elihlangene lokhetho le-FRG. Iqembu lezepolitiki lojenene baseGuatemala, iFRG iholwa ngu-el General uqobo, u-Efrain Rios Montt, owayengumashiqela kanye nomakhi wezibhicongo ezingakhethi zomkhankaso womhlaba owashisa izikhotha ngawo-1980. Ngemuva kokudedela amandla kamongameli ngoguquko lwezakhamuzi lwango-1986, ojenene balawula ukubuya kwezepolitiki ngo-Alfonso Portillo kanye neFRG okhethweni lwango-1999. Isinyathelo sokugcina sokuhlanganiswa kabusha kwamandla ezombusazwe aqondile, i-FRG ikwazile ukubhalisa uGeneral Rios Montt njengongenele ukhetho lukamongameli naphezu kwesihloko somthethosisekelo esivimbela ukubamba iqhaza okunjalo kwamalungu okuketula umbuso. Ukuze kuzuze ukubhalwa nokukhethwa kwe-Rios Montt, i-FRG ithembele kakhulu kukho kokubili ukusabisa okunodlame nokukhwabanisa okhethweni.
Ukwesabisa kuye kwadlalwa ngezinsongo zomuntu ngamunye kanye nokuhlaselwa kokuphikiswa kwangempela nokwemibono kwe-Rios Montt, kodwa futhi nangokubonakaliswa kodlame nokuhlasela kwezikhungo zomphakathi. Phakathi nezinsuku ezimbili ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi izinkulungwane zabasekeli beFRG, behlome ngezinduku nezibhamu, bavuka umbhejazane emigwaqweni yaseGuatemala City, behlwanyela udlame futhi ikakhulukazi beqondise amalungu ezindaba ngokuthumba nokuhlasela; enye intatheli igweme ukushiswa yaze yafa ngemuva kokumbozwa ngophethiloli. (2) Ihhovisi elisemthethweni lokubuka amalungelo abantu laseGuatemala, i-Procuraduria de los Derechos Humanos (PDH) kamuva lalugxeka udlame ngokuthi โlusekelwa, luhlelwa futhi lwenziwa ngabasebenzi bakahulumeni kanye nezisebenziโ ze-FRG, lusola ngokuqondile umongameli waseGuatemala, isekela lakhe. umongameli, uNgqongqoshe Wezokuphatha, kanye nowayeyisikhulu samaphoyisa kazwelonke. (3) Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, ihhovisi le-PDH lagqekezwa, okwakuphakathi kwalo kwacekelwa phansi futhi amafayela alo agcotshwa indle yomuntu. UPhillipe Combescot, inhloko ye-European Union Mission eGuatemala, uthe ukugqekezwa kwePDH โkufakazela ukuba khona kwezinhlaka ezifanayo ezisebenzela izikhungo ezilawulwa yiqembu elisemthethweni.โ (4)
Izinsongo nokuhlaselwa kwezintatheli nakho kuneqhaza emaqhingeni okusabisa emzamweni wokucindezela abezindaba okumanje bagxeka ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu nsuku zonke. Ngaphandle kwezibhelu zangoJulayi, amalungu amaningi abezindaba athole izinsongo zokubulawa ngemuva kokubhala izihloko ezigxeka iFRG, kanti abanye bahlaselwe. Kwesinye isigameko, kwaphonswa ibhomu endlini yentatheli phakathi kwamabili; kwesinye, kugqekezwe abantu abayishumi nambili abebehlomile abangenise intatheli nomndeni wayo ekamelweni, bethi โumuntu ophakeme uyakuzondaโ nokuthi intatheli mayiyeke ukugxeka ukuhlukunyezwa. (5)
Lapho kuthinteka khona ukukhwabanisa, amaqhinga angcolile afana nokuthenga amavoti kanye nokuboleka imali okunemibandela yempumelelo ye-FRG asetshenzisiwe, kodwa isu elikhulu kakhulu lokukhohlisa amavoti ngokuqondile lisanda kwenziwa esidlangalaleni. Ngo-August 10, 2003, u-Alvaro Colom, ikhandidethi likamongameli we-UNE, umemezele ukutholwa kombhalo onemininingwane yesu lokhetho elibhalwe yi-FRG โPlan Lazaroโ. Lolu hlelo ludinga ukuthi kube nokuhlaselwa okuhlukahlukene kwezinhlaka zokhetho kusetshenziswa zonke izinsiza ezikhona zikahulumeni, amasosha kanye nezizimele okuhlanganisa nokubamba iqhaza koMnyango Womphakathi, Amaphoyisa Kazwelonke Aphakathi Kwezakhamuzi (i-PNC), izikhulu zamasosha, namahhovisi omphakathi ahlukahlukene. Ukukhohlisa amavoti kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi i-FRG ne-GANA bazowina umzuliswano wokuqala ngamavoti angu-825,000 nangu-700,000 ngokulandelana. Emzuliswaneni wesibili, i-Rios Montt izowina ngo-56% kanti u-Oscar Berger weGANA uzongena endaweni yesibili ngama-44%. Lolu hlelo luphinde lubize ukwesatshiswa okukhulu kanye nokuhlaselwa okuqondiswe kubo ngaphambi kokhetho, njengoba sekwenzekile kuze kube manje. (6)
Udlame, ukubulala, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukusabisa kanye nokukhwabanisa kwe-FRG ezinyangeni zangaphambi kokhetho kumele kuqondwe ngaphakathi komongo wempi enkulu yama-elite aseGuatemala, ehlanganisa izigaba ezimbili zendabuko yama-oligarchical. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izikhulu zezomnotho zaseGuatemala ngokwesiko ziye zalawula izindlela zokukhiqiza eGuatemala, kanye namandla ezepolitiki kanye nesiphetho seningi labantu abampofu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ojenene bebutho lezempi sebejwayele amandla obushiqela kanye nezinzuzo zawo ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe ngamashumi amane yokubusa kwezempi nokubusa konodoli phakathi kuka-1954 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1990. Phakathi nesikhathi sabo sokubusa, ojenene basebenza ngokuphawulekayo kukho kokubili imisebenzi yezezimali esemthethweni nengekho emthethweni njengeBhange Lezempi kanye nokuqhutshwa kwezinkampani zezidakamizwa. Izikhundla zezombangazwe zadluliselwa kubantu abavamile ngo-1986 lapho bebhekene nengcindezi yamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa amasosha amatasa ngokuzama ukubuyisela (futhi kusukela ngo-2000, abambe) isikhundla sikamongameli ukuze aphathe izwe ngokugcwele. Izicukuthwane kwezomnotho, zona, ziye zazabalaza ngempumelelo ukuze zizuze izinzuzo zohlelo olusha lwezomnotho emhlabeni ngamandla ezikhungo, eziwubambe kwaze kwaba ngu-1999.
Nakuba udlame lwe-FRG ludlulela ngale kwezishoshovu ezingakwesokunxele kuya emaqenjini aphikisayo ezikhulu zezomnotho, njengoba zimelelwe e-GANA nase-PAN, uhlaka olukhethekile lohlelo lwezepolitiki lwaseGuatemala luvumela i-FRG ukungajezisi okuphelele. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka omcebo namandla agxilile, uhlelo lwezombangazwe lwaseGuatemala luye lwavela ngendlela ekhethekile, lwashiya bonke ngaphandle kwabacebe kakhulu nabanamandla ekulawuleni kwangempela kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yokuphatha kuzwelonke. Manje njengoba iqembu lezempi selinambitha amandla aphelele futhi selifuna olunye usizo, izikhulu zezomnotho azikho lapho zingaphendukela khona ukuze zivikeleke, zigxekwe noma zibe nobulungiswa, njengoba sezakhe izindonga zamandla okubekela eceleni lapho i-FRG ihlala khona manje.
Ukunqoba okhethweni lwe-FRG akwenzeki neze, kodwa kuncike ngokuphelele ekuphumeleleni kokukhwabanisa, ukwesaba nokungalubambi. Ukubuyiswa kowayengundlovukayiphikiswa odelelekile uGeneral Rios Montt kungase kusondele, nokho, futhi ingcindezelo enodlame nokukhohlisa okuvivinywe ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule kungase futhi kuthathe indawo yokuqala kumasu kazwelonke ezombusazwe.
(1) Imininingwane yokubulawa kwezombusazwe kanye nokuhlasela okubalwe ngezansi ivela embikweni ka-August 2003 wenhlangano ebhekele ukhetho eGuatemala, uMirador Electoral: โMonitoreo de los reportes de violencia electoral de noviembre 2002 a agosto 2003.โ
(2) Mirador Electoral 2003, p.5.
(3) Prensa Libre, โCulpa a gobierno del โJueves Negro.โโ August 30, 2003, p.6.
(4) Mirador Electoral 2003, p.6.
(5) Mirador Electoral 2003, p.3.
(6) Mirador Electoral 2003, p.6.
USimon Helweg-Larsen usebenza futhi ebhala evela eGuatemala Highlands, lapho ezobamba iqhaza ekuqapheliseni amalungelo abantu ngesikhathi sokhetho lukamongameli lwangoNovemba.
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