Ingabe ikhona enye indlela eya phambili yabaguquli ekhuluma ngeqiniso lokuqaphela okungamanga kodwa futhi egwema izingozi ezisobala endleleni kaMarxist-Leninist?
Umbuzo: uma umnotho wonxiwankulu usekelwe ekuxhashazweni kwezigaba kanye nengcindezelo kungani-ke isigaba sabasebenzi singazihleleli saba umzabalazo okhululayo?
Impendulo: ukwazi okungamanga!
Umbono wokwazi okungamanga uthuthukiswe ngokusuka kumbono we-Marxist. Umqondo oyisisekelo ungahlukaniswa ube izingxenye ezilandelayo. Okokuqala, imibono evelele emphakathini yileyo yesigaba esibusayo noma izigaba. Okwesibili, okuthakaselwayo kwesigaba esiphezulu noma izigaba azifani nalezo zesigaba esingaphansi noma izigaba. Okwesithathu, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, isigaba(ama)sigaba esingaphansi sivama ukwamukela izintshisekelo zesigaba esiphezulu futhi ukwenza ngokungazi kuthatha isimo somqondo esingathuthukisi izintshisekelo zabo.
Mhlawumbe isibonelo esisobala kakhulu nesiyingozi kakhulu sokuqaphela okungamanga, ukudlala emhlabeni wangempela, kungaba yileso sempi. Lapha ukusetshenziswa kobuzwe, ukwenza isibonelo, njengendlela yokwenza abantu bezwe elithile balwe nabantu belinye izwe, kuqashwa ngabathile. Kalula nje, lokhu kubangela ukuthi abantu besigaba sabasebenzi babulalane ukuze kuvikelwe futhi kuthuthukiswe amandla akhona kanye nenhlanhla yesigaba sonxiwankulu.
Ukuqonda ukuthi singahlalisana nabanye abantu ukuze samukele isimo sengqondo esilimaza izithakazelo zethu kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komqondo woguquko. Ukwenziwa lula kwentuthuko enjalo kumele futhi mhlawumbe inselele enkulu kubaguquli. Ngeshwa nokho, izindlela ama-Marxist azame ngazo ukubhekana nokuqaphela okungamanga ziye zaholela emiphumeleni eminingi eyinkinga kakhulu nengathandeki. Lapha ngithanda ukugqamisa izibonelo ezimbili eziqondile, futhi mhlawumbe ezihlobene, zale nkinga futhi ngethule ezinye izixazululo ezingase zibe khona.
Inkinga yokuqala ye-Marxist yokubhekana nokuqaphela okungamanga, engingathanda ukuyigqamisa lapha, ihlobene nokungahambisani okunengqondo. Umqondo wokuqaphela okungamanga - okungukuthi ukuthatha izinkolelo ezingamele izintshisekelo zakho - unengqondo kuphela uma kukhona okuphambene. Okusho ukuthi, ikhambi lokuqaphela okungamanga kufanele kube into efana nokuqaphela, noma okungaba, ngaphandle kwamathonya angaphandle ahlanekezela. Lo mbono wokwazi - ongakhululeka emithonyeni yangaphandle ehlanekezelayo - ubonakala uchaza uhlobo oluthile lwezakhiwo noma izimfanelo zomqondo. Kodwa-ke, umbono onjalo ubonakala uphikisana nokwakheka kukaMarx:
โAkukhona ukwazi kwabantu okunquma ubukhona babo, kodwa ubukhona babo emphakathini obunquma ukwazi kwabo.โ(1)
Nakuba kungebona bonke abalandeli bakaMarx abangavuma (2), lokhu kubonakala kimina, kuwukubonakaliswa okucacile kwalokho ngezinye izikhathi okubizwa ngokuthi imfundiso yesilayidi esingenalutho โ isimo esibamba ukuthi yonke imicabango, imizwa nokuziphatha kungachazwa kalula nje. izindlela zokusebenza kwengqondo, kanye nokuthi wonke amasiko nezinhlelo zomphakathi ziwumphumela wenqubo yokuxhumana nabantu kusukela ebuntwaneni kuye ekubeni umuntu omdala.(3) Kodwa uma zingekho izimfanelo zangaphakathi zomqondo, ngaphandle kwalezo ezinqunywa umphakathi, khona-ke umqondo wokwazi okungamanga uwukungelona iqiniso. - isiqalo. Kungokufanayo, ngenhlanhla, nangamalungelo abantu. Njengoba uChomsky, okokuqala, eveze:
Uma empeleni abantu bekwazi ukulolongeka ngendlela engapheli, beyizidalwa zepulasitiki ngokuphelele, abangenazo izakhiwo zengqondo ezizalwa nazo futhi bengenazo izidingo zangaphakathi zesiko noma umlingiswa wezenhlalo, ngakho-ke bayizihloko ezifanele "ukulolongwa kokuziphatha" yiziphathimandla zombuso, umphathi webhizinisi, i-technocrat. , noma ikomidi elikhulu.(4)
Ngakho-ke, ekugcineni, umbono wokuqaphela okungamanga uzwakala kuphela esimweni sokuthi kunezakhiwo zomqondo ezizalwa nazo ezinezidingo zangaphakathi ezakha izici ezibalulekile zemvelo yomuntu. Indawo yokuhlala yalezi zidingo eziyisisekelo ehlanganisa lokho esingase sikucabange ngokuqaphela i-astrue โ ngaphandle kwalokho okungeke kube khona umqondo ophusile wobulungisa bomphakathi. Lokhu kusiletha kahle enkingeni elandelayo enginayo mayelana nendlela ama-Marxists azame ngayo ukubhekana nokuqaphela okungamanga, okuyindlela esetshenziswa ngayo ukuthethelela iqembu lama-vanguard.
Esahlukweni sesibili se-Marxism at the Millennium - Tony Cliff iphakamisa umbuzo: Kungani sidinga iqembu lamavukelambuso? Lapho ephendula lo mbuzo u-Cliff ugqamisa ukungqubuzana phakathi kwalezi zitatimende ezimbili ezilandelayo ezenziwa u-Marx: โukukhululwa kwesigaba sabasebenzi kuyisenzo sesigaba sabasebenziโ kanye โnemibono ekhona yawo wonke umphakathi imibono yesigaba esibusayoโ. KuCliff, vele, ukuphikisana akukho ekhanda likaMarx, kodwa empeleni. Ngamafuphi, kunokungaboni ngaso linye phakathi kwesigaba sabasebenzi futhi yilokhu kungalingani lapho iqembu lokuqala, ngokubambisana namandla ombuso, lisungulelwa ukubhekana nalo.
Singabona kulokhu ukuthi umbono we-Marxist wokuqaphela okungamanga usetshenziselwa ukuthethelela impikiswano yeqembu lama-vanguard lesitayela se-Leninist. Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, nokho, umbono kaMarxist wokuqaphela okungamanga uyinkinga kakhulu ngoba ubonakala uphika ukwakheka kwengqondo okuzelwe okunezidingo zangaphakathi. Hlanganisa lo mbono we-slate ongenalutho womqondo womuntu namandla ombuso futhi sinendlela yokwenza inhlekelele - isifundo umlando obonakala uzimisele ukusifundisa sona. Umbuzo uthi: ingabe ikhona enye indlela eya phambili yabaguquli ebhekana neqiniso lokuqaphela okungamanga kodwa futhi egwema izingozi ezisobala endleleni ye-Marxist-Leninist?
Enye indlela eya phambili kungaba ukuqala ngokwenqaba imfundiso yesilayidi esingenalutho, njengoba ngike ngaphikisa, ibonakala isekela umbono kaMarxist wokuqaphela okungamanga. Isikhundla esinjalo singathatha ukuthi ukwakheka kwengqondo okungokwemvelo okunezidingo zangaphakathi kuhlanganisa isici esiyinhloko semvelo yomuntu - isikhundla esisekelwa intuthuko yesayensi yengqondo.(5) Uphenyo lokuthi lezi zakhiwo nezidingo zangaphakathi zingalandela ini. Kusukela kulolu phenyo isethi yamanani asekelwe ebufakazini ingase ibonakale ingase isetshenziselwe ukwazisa imodeli yohlobo olufanele lwenhlangano yomphakathi.(6) Le sethi yamanani ingase isetshenziselwe ukwazisa isu lenguquko eqhubekayo yomphakathi. .(7)
Kunjalo, ama-Marxists (alandela ama-Engels) ngokuvamile ayenqaba indlela efana nethi โutopian socialismโ, abayichitha njengengahambisani nesayensi - nakuba okuphambene empeleni kunjalo.(8) Ukuqonda le nkinga kulesi simo nakho kuyavula. ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi amalungu eqembu lokuqala, ngokwawo, angaba nokuqonda okungamanga - esebenzisa ithiyori kaMarxist ukulungisa inqubomgomo yombuso yengcindezelo, kuyilapho ethi akhulula abacindezelwe.(9)
Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukuphikisana okuqokonyiswe uCliff (nabanye o-Marxists) kuseyinkinga yangempela. Isixazululo, nokho, akulona iqembu labaphambili lesitayela se-Leninist kodwa inhlangano yoguquko eyaziswa imodeli esekelwe ebufakazini bomphakathi onobulungiswa. Inhlangano enjalo ingase ithathe indima yokuqala futhi ingase izame ngisho nokuthatha amandla ombuso.(10) Nokho, njengoba ngithemba ukuthi kusobala kulokhu okungenhla, lolu hlobo lwenhlangano eguquguqukayo, ngezindlela ezibalulekile, luzohluka kulokho obekushiwo ngokomlando. njenge-Marxist-Leninist.
amanothi:
- Lesi sisho sivela kweka-Marxโs โ A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy โ etholakala ku-inthanethi lapha: https://www.marxists.
org/inqolobane/marx/works/1859/ critique-pol-economy/isandulela. html - Isibonelo, kweyakhe โ Marxโs Concept of Man โ U-Erich Fromm uyabhala: โYikona kanye ubumpumputhe bomcabango womuntu obumvimbela ukuba aqaphele izidingo zakhe zangempela zobuntu, kanye nemibono esekelwe kuzo. Kuphela uma ukwazi okungamanga kuguqulwa kube ukwazi kweqiniso, okungukuthi, kuphela uma siqaphela iqiniso, kunokuba sikuhlanekezele ngemibono nangezinganekwane, lapho singakwazi futhi ukuqaphela izidingo zethu zangempela neziyiqiniso zobuntu.โ
- Bona USteven Pinker's โ The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human nature.
- Lesi sisho sithathwe kokuthi โLanguage and Freedomโ esivela kokuthi โ The Chomsky Reader โ kodwa esitholakala futhi ku-inthanethi lapha: http://www.chomsky.info/
izincwadi/isifunda02.pdf - Bona, isibonelo โ Amaphethini Engqondweni โ ngo Ray Jackendoff.
- Isibonelo salokhu kungaba inani lokufakwa komphakathi okuye kwaboniswa ukukhuthaza impilo enhle yengqondo.
- UChomsky udweba isiphakamiso esifanayo ngasekupheleni kwendatshana yakhe yango-1970 ethi โUlimi Nenkululekoโ (bona inothi 4, ngenhla, ukuze uthole imininingwane).
- Ngike ngabhala ngalokhu ngaphambilini lapha: http://www.telesurtv.
net/isiNgisi/umbono/Utopian- I-Socialism-More-Scientific- kune-Scientific-Socialism- 20150425-0008.html - Ngibhale mayelana nokuqaphela okungamanga ngaphakathi kwesiko likaMarxist-Leninist lapha:http://www.telesurtv.net/
isingisi/umbono/-A-Lazy-Way- of-Ukuchaza-Umlando- 20150518-0042.html - Umzamo wakamuva, kodwa ongakaphumeleli, wokumisa inhlangano ngalezi zinhlobo zemigqa ilowo we-IOPS: http://www.iopsociety.
org /
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela
18 Amazwana
Sawubona Mark, ukwazi komuntu kuwumkhiqizo wobudlelwano bomphakathi bokukhiqiza emfuleni wokuziphendukela kwemvelo walokhu - indawo yabantu kanye nokuqaphela komuntu. Ungasho ngokufanayo, ukuthi ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi engacaciswanga kaningi, ukwazi kwemfene kuwumkhiqizo wobudlelwane bayo bomphakathi bokuxhaphaza imvelo.
Izazi zikaMarx azisho ukuthi ukwazi komuntu kuyitshe elingenalutho, ukuthi kungaba noma yini, ukuthi akunqunywa yisayensi yezinto eziphilayo, ukuthi bekungaba nokwenzeka ukundiza uma nje ubuhlobo bomphakathi bungenza lokho.
Ama-Marxists abeka iphuzu lokuthi ingqikithi yabantu ingumsebenzi wabo (hhayi inkolelo-mbono yesilayidi esingenalutho) ngoba umzamo wokuhlangana kwabantu unquma kakhulu amathuba abo okuphila. Ukukhiqizwa nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwendawo eyenziwe umuntu kusetshenziswa ingcebo yomhlaba wemvelo kuwumongo wokuphila komuntu njengoba kuhlukanisiwe kwamanye amandla emvelo axhaphaza indawo yawo ngezindlela ezingashintshi kakhulu neziyinkimbinkimbi :
โUbhekana nezinto zemvelo njengamandla emvelo. Uqalisa amandla emvelo asemzimbeni wakhe, izingalo nemilenze, ikhanda nezandla, ukuze asebenzise izinto zemvelo ngendlela evumelana nezidingo zakhe. Ngalokhu kunyakaza wenza okuthile ngemvelo yangaphandle futhi ayiguqule, futhi ngale ndlela ngesikhathi esifanayo aguqule imvelo yakhe. Uthuthukisa amandla alele ngaphakathi kwemvelo, futhi abeke ukudlala kwamandla ayo emandleni akhe obukhosi. [I-Capital I] โ
Ngokungangabazeki, uma amandla emvelo enezidingo akusona isileyiti esingenalutho - abantu abakwazi ukuqeda isidingo sokudla, amanzi, indawo yokuhlala nezingubo ngomnotho wezombangazwe kanye nobudlelwano bawo bezenhlalo bokukhiqiza, kodwa bangaqeda ukukhungatheka komnotho. lezo zidingo. Ukuqwashisa kwakamuva kuyimbewu yokwazi okuguquguqukayo kunokuba okungamanga okukhona emhlabeni wamathuba aphakathi kwabantu futhi angalingani kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, ngiqinisekile ukuthi isayensi yokuqonda ibamba iqhaza elikhulu, kodwa ngokuvamile ngivumelana noJames Wilson ekutholeni ingqikithi yesidingo somuntu ngesayensi yokuqonda mayelana nokusekela inkolelo-mbono yoguquko echazwe kahle kulokho - okwamanje kubukeka sengathi usebenzisa i-nut-cracker ukuphula idwala.
Siyabonga ngokuphawula kwakho Kelvin.
Ubonakala uphikisana ukusuka endaweni efana neka-Erich Fromm, kulungile, ngaphandle kokuthi lokhu, kubonakala kimi, kuvele kuguqule ukungahambisani okunengqondo kuyise kwenye indawo ngaphakathi kwe-Marxism.
Manje-ke umbuzo ubonakala uwukuthi, uma ama-Marxists evuma izidingo zomuntu ezizalwa naye - njengoba wena noFromm nibonakala nisho - pho kungani ama-Marxists ngokuvamile echitha lokho abakubiza ngokuthi "i-utopian socialism" njengendlela yokuhlela izinguquko? Phela, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo zenhlangano yezenhlalakahle kubonakala kulandela ngokwemvelo, kubonakala kimi, kusukela ekuvumeni izidingo zangaphakathi.
Ngakho-ke noma iyiphi indlela, ngibona ukungahambisani okukhulu okunengqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngicabanga ukuthi ukususa le nkinga yomqondo kungaba yinzuzo enkulu kubo bonke ababambe iqhaza ekuhleleni ubulungiswa bomphakathi namuhla.
Sawubona Maka,
Mhlawumbe bacabanga nje ukuthi i-utopian socialism iyindida. Ayiqinile ngokwanele. Ayinaso isisindo sokuhlaziywa konxiwankulu baseMarxian ngemuva kwayo. Angicabangi ukuthi, uma i-Marxist ikholelwa ezidingweni zokuzalwa, kuwukungqubuzana okunengqondo ukulahla i-utopian socialism. Kungase kusho ukuthi bacabanga ukuthi ukuthatha amandla ombuso yiyona ndlela okumele bahambe ngayo futhi amasosha azohlangana ngemuva kwabo. Cishe babheka ama-socialists e-utopian bese bebuza, "yini onayo? Akubukeki okuningi. "
Futhi uma kucatshangelwa umonakalo abawenzile ama-Marxust Leninists kubo ngokwabo kanye nesithunzi sabo phakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili, kungani i-utopian ingazange ithathe izintambo futhi ikhule ibe namandla kakhulu. Mhlawumbe i-utopian kwesokunxele ibuthakathaka ngenxa yokuthi ayinakho ukubona okuqinile, into ecacile futhi ehambisanayo okumele iveze kuma-punters, futhi ayinalo mbono oqinile ohambisanayo ngenxa yazo zonke izinhlobo zokuxabana kwangaphakathi mayelana nokuthi hlobo luni lombono oludingekayo ngempela, uma umuntu edingeka konke, nokuthi umuntu kufanele athuthukiswe ngezinga elingakanani. Ngakho-ke i-utopian esele ayinakho okuningi ngaphandle kwamaphupho angacacile ngakho-ke isu lihle kakhulu ngokuhlanganyela.
I-utopian esele ivamise ukulinda (kahle yenza izinto kodwa ngokuvamile izinto ezincane kakhulu) ize ibone izinto ezifana ne-Rojava nama-Zapatistas bese ibambeka futhi ingazi ukuthi iqhubeke kanjani. Akukho kuhlangana phakathi kwemicimbi yasemhlabeni njenge-Rojava kanye ne-Chiapas kanye nombono omkhulu. Futhi umbono uvame ukubonwa njengento engabonakali futhi ama-anarchists abathandi ukukhishwa okuningi.
UJames, futhi, ngingaphikisa ukuthi izici ezibalulekile zokuhlaziywa kukaMarxian - njengethiyori yokuhlukaniswa - zinengqondo kuphela uma kunezidingo zomuntu ezicatshangwayo noma ezihlonziwe (ngicabanga ukuthi yilokhu uFromm akutholayo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma lokhu sekuvunyiwe, lokho ama-Marxists ngokuvamile abhekisela kukho ngokuthi "i-utopian socialism" kwenza umqondo ophelele. Nokho, ukulandela u-Engels, okubizwa kanjalo โi-utopian socialismโ kwachithwa njengokungavumelani nesayensi.
Uthi lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kwakungenxa yokuthi babona "i-utopian socialism" njenge "quaint" noma "engaqinile ngokwanele". Kodwa uma lokhu bekunjalo, kubonakala kimina, khona-ke impendulo efanele bekuyoba ukwenza "i-utopian socialism" ibe namandla kakhulu - okuyinto enengqondo ukuyenza - ngokumelene nokukuchitha konke ndawonye - okuyinto ama-Marxists avame ukuyenza. yenza.
P.S. Angikaze ngiqonde i-IOPS njengendawo yokuxoxa ngethiyori yezepolitiki - njengoba silapha. Seziningi izindawo zokuxoxa ngalezi zinto - i-ZNet iyisibonelo esihle kakhulu. Umbono nge-IOPS wawuwukuthi abantu, asebenokuningi abafana ngakho, bazohlangana ukuze bahlele. Ngeshwa, njengoba wazi, lokho akukenzeki.
Mark, cishe uqinisile. Ungenze ngacabanga okungenani. Ingxabano yakho, uma ngike ngayiqonda, ayiboni nje ukuthi izoya ndawo kimi. Futhi, mhlawumbe nginephutha. Le nto yonke ye-utopian socialists vs socialists yesayensi ibonakala nje njengabasekeli bamaqembu ebhola aphikisanayo. Noma ngabe lokho okuphikisana nakho kulungile akubanga nomthelela kuma-Marxists kanye nenye inkatho eyamukela futhi ibambelele ezikhundleni ezihlukene neziphikisayo kule minyaka eyi-160 edlule (yize bekhona abaningi bakaMarx abancike ngakolunye uhlangothi kakhulu, njengo Staughton Lynd) futhi angiqiniseki ukuthi ungaba owokuqala futhi oyedwa kuphela obone noma yikuphi ukungqubuzana okunengqondo uma kukhona/kuhleliwe.
(Futhi ekhuluma ngoLynd, ngenkathi ecabanga ukuthi sidinga i-Marxism kodwa encike kakhulu ekuqondeni kwe-anarchist, cishe angavuma ukuthi sidinga umbono ohlelekile kodwa mhlawumbe angeke akhathazeke ngokuthi i-utopian socialism noma i-socialism yesayensi yalolo daba ingokwesayensi noma cha. Angicabangi ukuthi angachitha isikhathi esiningi ezama ukukhubeka ama-Marx ngobuchwepheshe obuthile, mhlawumbe angavele ahlele futhi azame โukuma emvuleniโ nalabo azama ukubasiza futhi aqale lapho. kuya phambili. Umcabango nje.)
Yilokho kuphela engikushoyo futhi mhlawumbe ukukusho kabi. Kubukeka sengathi futhi angikutholi okutholayo ngempela ngoba kunento engqubuzanayo engididayo noma engiphatha kabi futhi angikwazi ukuyifinyelela. Engikubonayo nje ukuthi abantu abaziphathi ngendlela enengqondo noma enengqondo ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi ngokuvamile imizwa idlala ingxenye enamandla ezimpilweni zabo futhi akukho ukungqubuzana kokungahambisani okunengqondo okuzoshintsha lokho. Ngenxa yokuthi uMarx, u-Engels nabanye babambelele kulokho abakubona njengombono wesayensi, akusho ukuthi kwakunjalo futhi akusho ukuthi bazoziphatha ngokwesayensi, ngokunengqondo nangokuhluzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi. Umbono wabo kungenzeka ukuthi wawungokwesayensi noma wawungekho kodwa babengabantu/bangabantu. Ngiyaxolisa uma izimpendulo zami zingenalo inani elikhulu kodwa ngiyakujabulela ukuzama ukuqonda.
Mayelana ne-IOPS, futhi ngokungangabazeki mhlawumbe uqinisile. Kodwa shit, ubengeke akulimaze ukuthumela lapho futhi abone ukuthi abanye abafana nami bakhona yini futhi enze umsebenzi othile uqhubeke. Kodwa uqinisile, cishe ifile futhi akukho phuzu. Mhlawumbe i-IOPS yanqotshwa imizwelo ngoba isisekelo sesayensi yayingaqinile ngokwanele. Kwazi bani.
Mark, lapho ngiqhubeka ngifunda futhi ngicabanga ngalesi sihloko kwaba yilapho ngidideka nakakhulu. Iqiniso liwukuthi, angikaze ngithande izimangalo ezinkulu mayelana nemvelo yomuntu noma isimo sezingqondo zethu. Ngisho ukuthi, uma uChomsky ezoveza ukuthi siyazabalaza ukwazi ukuthi kungani ngisho nezidalwa ezilula zijikela kwesokunxele noma kwesokudla, noma ukuthi uhlelo lokuzulazula lwenyosi, into ephilayo elula kunomuntu, lusebenza kanjani, luba inhlekisa ngempela. , kubonakala kimina, ukwakha inhlangano yomphakathi kusukela ekuphenyweni kwezakhiwo zomqondo ezizalwa nazo kanye nezidingo zangaphakathi. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi uChomsky uphinde waphakamisa ukuthi uNewton, esikhathini esithile esidlule, wakhipha noma yimuphi umbono womzimba ngaphandle kwamanzi ngokuthola kwakhe isenzo kude, noma yimiphi imibono esekelwe ngokomzimba ngeke ibe ngcono kakhulu.
Ngakho-ke kubonakala kimi, konke okudingekayo ngempela, kunikezwe nokuthi "abantu" abaningi abakaze bezwe "nokuqonda okungamanga" nokuthi bangashaywa yikho, kungenxa yeningi noma okungenani iningi elikhulu ukuqiniseka. ukuthi ezinye izindlela zesistimu yamanje zingenzeka. Masibhekane nakho, akufani nokuthi baye bagcwala imibono eminingi ecacile nehambisanayo phakathi neminyaka eyi-160 noma ngaphezulu edlule.
Indlela yokubakholisa kuyinkinga. Uma uphenyo ngezakhiwo ezizelwe kanye nezidingo zangaphakathi, ngokusebenzisa isayensi yengqondo kungathenjwa ukuthi kuzonikeza โiqoqo lamagugu asekelwe ebufakazini [angase akhonjwe] angasetshenziswa ukwazisa imodeli yohlobo olufanele lwenhlangano yomphakathiโ, khona-ke. kuhle, kodwa empeleni, yiziphi izingqinamba? Futhi, uma kubhekwa inani elikhulu labantu lihlala liqiniseka ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto ezingabazekayo ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezizathu, nokuthi ukwazi okungamanga kube ngokoqobo, engingacabangi ukuthi ake afakazelwa, uma nje kuthiwa, kungani ngempela ukuthonywa inqwaba yezimangalo zesayensi ezenziwe ngaphakathi kwesayensi yengqondo, okufana nokuphuthaza ebumnyameni uma kuqhathaniswa nesayensi yemvelo? Ungcono usathane omaziyo ubonakala elunge kakhulu kunokwazi okungamanga.
Yonke le mpendulo, uMark, ingahle ihluke ngokuphelele kukho konke engikwaziyo. Ngangingase ngiphuthe futhi/noma ngingaliqondi ngokuphelele iphuzu langempela lesihloko senu kanye nencazelo yangempela yokuqaphela okungamanga, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi isihloko senu singishukumisele ukuba ngicabange futhi ngiphendule. Ngenza kanjalo. Ngizwa isigaba sakho sesithathu sokugcina siwumgogodla wendatshana yakho. Ngithola umqondo wokuthi uzama ukwedlula i-Marxist ngokucosha igama elithi โisayensiโ ephaketheni labo elingemuva ngaphandle kokuqaphela nokukhipha umata ngaphansi kwezinyawo zabo. Ngingaba nephutha.
Ukwazi okungamanga kungase kube into engokoqobo, kungase kube isizathu sokusungula iqembu elithile elibusayo, kungase kube ukungqubuzana okunengqondo (angiqiniseki ngalokho), kodwa kungaba kalula nje umthwalo we-codswallop engasho lutho. Angiqiniseki nokuthi ukwazi kungamanga kanjani! Umuntu angaba nemicabango, imibono, izinkolelo nokunye okungamanga, kodwa engaqiniseki ngokuqaphela. Kodwa manje ngicabanga ukuthi ngimane ngihamba ngezinyawo.
Ngifisa sengathi ungathumela izinto zakho ku-IOPS Mark. Kungase kubangele umsebenzi othile, okungenani.
Ngicabanga ukuthi uke wangenela ekubuzeni ukuthi ukwazi kungamanga. Ukuqaphela yilokho okuyikho futhi ngaphandle uma usondela kukho ngombono weFreudian - ukwazi nokungazi lutho - "amanga" akwenzi umqondo omncane. U-Evans naye ulungile ukungabaza umqondo wokuqaphela okungamanga kodwa ngeshwa, wenza iphutha elifanayo nelikaMarx mayelana nokuqaphela njengento eyinhloko yezombusazwe. Kwabanye abantu, i.e. osopolitiki, izishoshovu, abezindaba (kuhlanganise nesinye kwesokunxele), ama-oligarchs, ukubona umhlaba ngohlaka lwezepolitiki kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu sokwazi. Kodwa, kubantu abaningi kuyisici esincane, esivame ukungasho lutho - esibanzi kodwa esingajulile. Kufana nesimo sezulu, abantu bayathanda ukukhononda ngaso, kodwa ingxenye enkulu ukukwamukela lokho esiyikho.
Izishoshovu ikakhulukazi, zivame ukungena ogibeni lokucabanga ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi uhlaka lwezepolitiki lubalulekile kubo noma kufanele lube olwawo wonke umuntu. Lokhu kuholela ekuthandeni okucishe kufane kwezenkolo ekuguquleleni abantu ukholo lwabo olungokwezombangazwe nje. Kungase futhi kuholele esimweni sengqondo esiphikisayo nesilulazayo kulabo abangenakho ukuqaphela okufanele kwezombusazwe. Isibonelo, ikilasi lonke labantu abanolwazi olungamanga , abazi ukuthi yini ebalungele. Noma, ukuhlukanisa abantu kube yilabo abalwa (izishoshovu zezombusazwe) kanye nalezo zikhulu zezombusazwe ezingakwenzi. Labo ababuka ukwazi njengepolitiki ngokuyinhloko abaqondi ukuthi abantu bangalwa futhi bamelane nezinye izindlela eziningi ezingezona ezombangazwe,. Kubonakala sengathi abaqondi ukuthi ungashintsha umhlaba ngaphandle kokuthatha amandla.
Sawubona James -
Ngidonse ukunaka kwesayensi yengqondo ngoba iphumelele ekulahlekiseni imfundiso yesilayidi esingenalutho - lapho umbono we-Marxist wokuqaphela okungamanga ubonakala usekelwe khona. Ngiphakamisa ukuthi umbono wokuqaphela okungamanga unengqondo kuphela uma abantu benezidingo zokuzalwa, njll - yingakho ngiphikisa ngokuthi i-Marxism ayihambisani ngokunengqondo. Njengoba ngishilo esiqeshini sami, nokho, u-Fromm uzophikisana ngenye indlela.
Ngakho-ke umbuzo uwukuthi: indlela engcono kakhulu yokubhekana nayo inkinga yangempela yokuqaphela okungamanga ngokombono ongewona oweMarxist? Lokho, kubonakala kimina, kuwumbuzo obalulekile okufanele bawucabangele abaguquli besikhathi samanje.
Ngiyavuma ukuthi okwamanje isayensi yengqondo ayisitsheli konke kangako ngemvelo yomuntu kodwa angicabangi ukuthi lesi isizathu esihle sokushiya indlela engiyidwebayo. Phela, engikushoyo ngempela ukuthi imizamo yethu yokudlulela emphakathini onobulungiswa kufanele ihambisane nokuqonda kwethu izidingo zomuntu esizalwa nazo.
Lokhu, kubonakala kimi, kuwukuphela kwendlela yokwenza lokho enikubiza ngokuthi โimibono ecacile nehambisanayoโ. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngicabanga ukuthi lena indlela enhle kakhulu yokukhuluma ngalokho amaMarx akubiza ngokuthi ukwazi okungamanga ngendlela engeyona eye-Marxist.
Ngasekupheleni kokuphawula kwakho usebenzisa umqondo wokuqaphela kulokho okubonakala njengomqondo obanzi kakhulu - njengokuqaphela okumsulwa noma okuthile. Ngicabanga ukuthi abantu ngokuvamile basebenzisa leli gama - ukwazi okungamanga - ngendlela ewumngcingo kakhulu - njengoba ngiphakamisile, njengokuthi "ukwamukela isimo sombono esilimaza izintshisekelo zethu".
Ngokwami, ngeke ngilulaze ukuthi "isayensi yengqondo" isitshela kangakanani ngemvelo yomuntu. Ikakhulukazi kule minyaka engu-20 edlule, isayensi yengqondo iqinisekise okuningi kwalokho uKropotkin nabanye abaye bakusho mayelana nemvelo yomuntu, isib. ukuthi ukuzwelana nobumbano kuxhunywe kanzima ezinqubweni zemicabango yomuntu. Mayelana nokwakhiwa kwemibono, njengokuqaphela okungamanga, izazi zezilimi zokuqonda ezifana no-George Lackey, zinokuningi abangakusho ngokubaluleka kokubaluleka kwezingathekiso ekulolongeni indlela esicabanga ngayo - nokwenza!
Ngicabanga ukuthi isikhundla sami sithe ukuhluka kancane. Angiphakamisi ukuyeka ukusebenzisa isayensi yengqondo ngokuphelele ukuze sisize ngohlobo oluthile lwesisekelo esingakha kuso umphakathi ongcono, lokho nje angicabangi ukuthi kudingekile. Ngendlela efanayo angicabangi ukuthi kudingekile ukufaka uhlobo oluthile lwengxenye โengokomoyaโ kwipolitiki yoguquko, ngendlela abanye abangakwesobunxele abasikisela ngayo ngezinye izikhathi, njengoMnu Russell Brand.
Ukuthi ama-Marxists afika embonweni wokwazi okungamanga ngaphandle kokubona ukungqubuzana okunengqondo (uma empeleni uMarx wayeyi-slate engenalutho, engingaqiniseki ngokuphelele - kodwa lokho kungaba nje ukuntuleka kokufunda nolwazi lweMarx neMarxism - ngandlela thile. Angicabangi ukuthi uMarx noma abanye bebengaphuthelwa) noma cha, kubonakala sengathi ikhona. Kodwa konke okukhomba ukuzimisela kwabaningi โngaphansi kwephampuโ ukuze babekezelele i-shit eningi. Njengoba ngishilo, abantu bakholelwa izinto eziningi ezixakayo kwabanye abaningi. Ukubenza baqiniseke ukuthi ezinye izindlela zingenzeka ngempela, lezo ezabelana ngemithwalo yokuphila ngokulinganayo, ngokulinganayo futhi ngokufanelekile, kuseyinkinga enkulu.
Leyo socialism ye-utopian ingase ibe ngokwesayensi eyengeziwe (ngasifunda isihloko sakho sangaphambilini uMarku, obekungafanelana ne-IOPS) kunalokho okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-science socialism ingaba nezinzuzo. Kodwa futhi, kimina kubonakala sengathi umsebenzi wokukholisa labo abangaphansi kwemibono eyakhayo noma ukuziphatha okubonakala kungqubuzana nezithakazelo zabo siqu, ukuthi inhlangano engcono yezenhlalakahle ingenzeka, ngeke usetshenziswe kakhulu ngokukhomba "ukungahambisani okunengqondo" Ukucabanga okusekelwe kulokho othile athi kuwumbono kaMarx wokwazi noma okungenzeka kube ukungenelela okuncane kakhulu ekutholeni okwengeziwe ngemvelo yethu, engihlale nginomuzwa wokuthi uChomsky usikisela ukuthi empeleni kuseduze kakhulu nesiphetho 'sokwazi okuncane kakhulu' kunomunye. .
Asikho isidingo sokushiya ithuba lokusebenzisa isayensi yengqondo kodwa ukuhumusha imiphumela kuhlale kuyimpikiswano. Angiqiniseki nje ukuthi izinto ezifana ne-Parecon, nanoma yimuphi umbono wangempela, zidinga ukuqinisekiswa yisayensi. Futhi lokhu kubonakala kusenhliziyweni yendaba yakho lapha Maka neyakho yangaphambili. Nokho-ke ama-eseyi ayavusa umcabango futhi bekungaba kuhle kubhulogi ye-IOPS noma ngabe oyedwa noma ababili โabangasebenzi kahleโ nabadidekile njengami bangene engxoxweni.
Ngemva kwempendulo ka-Ed, abanye abafundi bangase babe nesithakazelo encwadini yami ngale ndaba:
U-Gary Olson, I-Empathy Imperiled: Capitalism, Culture and the Brain (NY: Springer Publishing, 2013)
Sawubona Gary - ngizobheka incwadi yakho, ngiyabonga!
Ukwazi okungamanga kungase kungabi โnjengamangaโ ngendlela obekuhloswe ngayo. Abaningi kwababizwa ngamakilasi aphansi bamukela imibono, okungukuthi, inzalamizi, ubunxiwankulu noma ukubusa kwabamhlophe, ngoba empeleni, ukuvumelana naleyo mibono KUNESIthakazelo sabo esingcono kakhulu, nokho kukuchaza kancane. Phela isigamu salabo abasemazingeni aphansi ngamadoda kanti emiphakathini eminingi iningi limhlophe. Laba bantu babona kahle ukuthi ukuvumelana nemibono ebusayo kwenza impilo engcono, okungenani ngokombono wezinto ezibonakalayo. Wonke umuntu wezombangazwe kanye nomuntu ogxile emisebenzini uyaqonda ukuthi ukuba i-lackey, u-shill noma u-stooge ngokuvamile kuzohlinzeka ngezinga eliphezulu lokuphila. Ukulandisa okungamanga ukuthi isigaba, noma kufanele, siyisici esiyinhloko sokwazi - ngaphandle kwasezingqondweni zezishoshovu ezithile zezombusazwe.
Mayelana nokuhlalisana kwabantu kanye nemfundiso ye-slate engenalutho, isayensi ibonise ukuthi izinhlaka ezithile zengqondo, isib. uzwela, ngempela lufakwe kanzima ezingqondweni zethu. "Ifilosofi Enyameni" kaGeorge Lakoff noMark Johnson ifundeka okuthakazelisayo mayelana nesayensi yengqondo kanye nendlela esicabanga ngayo. Inqubo yokuxhumana nabantu isetshenziswa amakilasi avelele ukugibela ngaphezulu kwezinye zalezi zinhlaka zokuqonda, okungukuthi uzwela, ukubambisana, ukucabangela abanye abantu, ukuze bafeze izintshisekelo zabo. Ngeshwa, kubantu abaningi abasebenzela izithakazelo zesigaba esivelele kubonwa njengokuzizuzisa bona. Okuvele kubonise, ukuthi abantu abaningi abafuni abaguquli (kanye nezishoshovu zezepolitiki) babatshele ukuthi yini ebalungele. Ungabasola?
Sawubona Ed -
(1) kungani uthi โokuthiwaโ amakilasi angaphansi? Ingabe uphakamisa ukuthi lokhu kuyacatshangelwa?
(2) Ngiyavuma ukuthi ukuvumelana kunengqondo - okungenani ezingeni elithile. Kodwa ekugcineni kwehlisa isithunzi kubo bonke abathintekayo - akunjalo?
P.S. ngiyabonga ngesincomo sencwadi - ngizoyihlola.
Cha, angisho neze ukuthi isigaba esingaphansi siyacatshangelwa. Engizama ukukuthola ukuthi wonke umqondo othi โikilasiโ uwuhlaka lwezepolitiki โ ukwakhiwa kwemibono โ okungenzeka ukuthi ingase ingabi ithuluzi lokuhlaziya njengoba yayinjalo osukwini lukaMarx, (noma ngisho neminyaka engama-50 edlule. ), ngiya ngokuya ngingakhululeki ukusebenzisa imibono yezombangazwe yakudala, njengeMarxism kanye ne-anarchism, ukuze ngihlaziye umphakathi wamanje wonxiwankulu. Nakuba kukhona ifa lengqondo elicebile elihlala liwumthombo obalulekile, nginomuzwa onamandla wokuthi isinxele sidinga ukubuka izinto ngemibono emisha nemisha, ngemiqondo emisha. Futhi, yebo ubudlelwano besigaba sazo zonke izinhlobo empeleni bululaza ubuntu.
Sawubona Ed, kubonakala kuxakile kumuntu osesayithini ozama ukufaka ulwazi lwezepolitiki kanye nobushoshovu ukwenqaba imibono yezepolitiki ngale ndlela. Futhi isiko likaMarxist lisamele cishe ukugxeka okuphelele kobunxiwankulu. Futhi ngizoqhubeka nokuncoma abacabangi bakamuva beMarxist abanjengoDavid Harvey, uTerry Eagleton noRalph Miliband kuze kube namuhla.
Ukugxeka kwami โโlesi sihloko ukuhlotshaniswa komcabango we-Marxist "nombhalo ongenalutho." Uma sikhuluma kabanzi isiko likaMarxist libona ukwazi komuntu ngokuyinhloko njengomkhiqizo wobudlelwane bomphakathi wesimiso esikhiqizayo sezomnotho nezenhlalakahle kanye nokuvela kokunjalo - abawenqabi amandla esikhathi esidlule kanye nezinhlelo ezisalayo noma ezinciphayo ekuqapheleni komuntu. Kodwa, ikakhulukazi, ubudlelwano bomphakathi bokukhiqiza bunquma ukwazi komuntu, futhi lokho akusona isikhundla esingenalutho ngoba ukuba ngumuntu kuwukuba nolwazi nolimi olukhiqizwa emphakathini. Ku-Marxist ukucabanga isileti esingenalutho akuwona nje ubudlova; angeke ibe khona. Ukwazi okungamanga kuwumkhiqizo wokuqaphela okukhiqizwa emphakathini emphakathini ohlukene ngokwezigaba. Ukuqonda isikhundla esisithola njengefa njengabangaphansi kulowo mphakathi ohlukene phakathi yindlela esiba ngayo abantu bepolitiki.
Futhi kokuthunyelwe kwakho kwangaphambilini wamukela ngisho nombono womphakathi ohlukene ngokwezigaba lapho abantu abathile bemukela isikhundla sabo esingaphansi ohlelweni lwezomnotho lwezombangazwe ukuze benze izinzuzo zabo siqu:
โWonke usopolitiki kanye nomuntu ogxile emisebenzini uyakuqonda ukuthi ukuba yi-lackey, ushill noma isitobha kuzokwenza kube nezinga eliphezulu lokuphila. โ
Empeleni kunabantu abaningi kwezokwelapha, isibonelo, abagxile emisebenzini kodwa esimweni sokuba inceku echwepheshile emphakathini uwonke, ngaphandle kokushiywa ngaphandle, njengasezinhlelweni zezempilo zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu.
Ngiyenqaba kakhulu imibono yezepolitiki hhayi njengokugxeka ubunxiwankulu kodwa njengendlela eya phambili. Kuleli qophelo, angiqiniseki ukuthi kungakanani ukugxekwa konxiwankulu okudingeka ngempela - abantu abaningi bayazi, noma benganakile, ukuthi kuyabheda. Njengoba abangakwesokunxele bezabalaza ngesibindi ukwakha enye indlela esebenzayo, esikudingayo umbono, okungukuthi umbono, wendlela eya phambili. Esikudingayo ipolitiki entsha futhi angicabangi ukuthi ukuhlale sibheka imibono edlule kusiza kakhulu. Kulokho, ngithola bobabili uGandhi noJohn Holloway bebalulekile ekucaciseni le politiki โentshaโ (UMurray Bookchin, naye). Imibono engithakazelisa kakhulu "ukushintsha umhlaba ngaphandle kokuthatha amandla" kanye "nobunxiwankulu obuqhekekile" Ngisho nangaphezu kwemibono, okungijabulisa kakhulu abantu abadala umhlaba omusha, okungukuthi amaZapatista namaRojava, kanye ne kancane kancane amazwe ezizwe, iVenezuela, iBolivia kanye ne-Ecuador, adala i-socialism yekhulu lama-21. U-Pancho Ramos Stierle ukusho okungcono kakhulu: โNgicabanga ukuthi sikudinga kokubili manje, futhi sidinga ukuhlanganisa le nguquko yangaphakathi nenguquko yangaphandle ukuze sibe nokuguquguquka okuphelele komoya. Bese ungakha ezinye izindlela zesistimu edilikayo eyakhelwe phezu kodlame lwesakhiwo. Ngikholwa ukuthi izenzo eziyisishiyagalolunye kweziyishumi kumele zibe zidala umphakathi esifuna ukuhlala kuwoโsikhuluma nge-permaculture, imidiya ezimele, ubulungisa bokubuyisela esimweni, umnotho wezipho, izimali zamahhala, kanye nemithi yokuvimbela. Ngokwenza konke lokho, sizenza sibe namandla. Uma udala ezinye izindlela eziyiqiniso esikhundleni sesistimu ewohlokayo, ebolile lapho-ke uzongqubuzana nesakhiwo samandla. Khona-ke isenzo sezombusazwe sidingeka. Ngakho-ke ngicabanga ukuthi isenzo esisodwa kweziyishumi kufanele sibe isithiyoโlokho kuwukuduba nemibhikisho namamashi kanye nokungalaleli komphakathi okungenabudlova. Kodwa uma sihlakulela ukuqwashisa kwangaphakathi, kulula ukubona ukuthi okudingeka sikwenze ukuchitha isikhathi sethu esiningi sakha imiphakathi esifuna ukuhlala kuyo.โ
P.S. Uqinisile, bekungafanele ngisho ukuthi โwonke umuntuโ ogxile emsebenzini wakhe - ama-absolute awuphawu lokulandisa okungamanga - kodwa kufanele ngizibuze ukuthi babekuphi bonke odokotela ngenkathi iCongress ibheka izinguquko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo - ngiyaxolisa kuMargaret Flowers et al. .
Sawubona Kelvin -
Kimina kubonakala sengathi incazelo yakho yokuthi โisiko likaMarxist likubona kanjani ukuqaphela komuntuโ ikubonisa kahle ukungqubuzana okunengqondo kwendawo evamile yobuMarxist.
Uqala ngokuthi โisiko likaMarxist libona ukwazi komuntu ngokuyinhloko njengomkhiqizo wobudlelwane bomphakathiโ bese uphetha ngokuthi โUkwazi okungamanga kuwumkhiqizo wokuqaphela okukhiqizwa emphakathini emphakathini ohlukene ngokwezigaba.โ
Lokhu, kubonakala kimi, kufanelana kahle nesigaba semfundiso yesilayidi esingenalutho, njengoba kuchazwe esiqeshini sami.
Engingakuqondi ukuthi ukwazi okuqondwa njengokuncane noma okungelutho ngaphandle kokwakhiwa komphakathi kungathathwa njengokungamanga. Kimina kubonakala sengathi ngaphandle kokuthi sinxuse izidingo zomuntu ezizalwa naye - okuthi (Kusuka eceleni) ama-Marxists ngokuvamile abonakala enqaba - khona-ke umqondo wokuqaphela okungamanga uba umbhedo.