“Kwesinye isikhathi abantu baba nenkolelo eqinile. Lapho bethulwa ubufakazi obuphikisana naleyo nkolelo, ubufakazi obusha angeke bamukelwe. Kungadala umuzwa ongakhululekile neze, obizwa nge-cognitive dissonance. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuvikela inkolelo ewumnyombo, bazocabangela, bashaye indiva futhi baphike noma yini engahambisani nenkolelo ewumgogodla.”
- UFrantz Fanon, Ohluphekile Womhlaba
Njengoba amasosha e-Egypt ehlanganisa ukungqubuzana kwawo nobuholi nezinhlaka zezombusazwe ze-Muslim Brotherhood, kufanele kube sobala ukuthi ukulandisa kokuqala kokungenelela kombutho wezempi njengendlela yokulungisa “inqubo yoguquko” sekulahlekelwe nakancane ukwethenjwa. Nokho abaningi abakhululekile kanye nama-radicals babonakala bebumbene ekufundweni kwezehlakalo zase-Egypt okungagcini nje ngokugunyaza ukuketula umbuso kodwa okugqamisa iqoqo lezigebengu ezingonxiwankulu bakahulumeni abanomqondo omncane abakha izikhulu eziphezulu zebutho lezempi njengengxenye yabantu futhi. inqubo yenguquko.
Kusukela kuma-hacks ongqondongqondo bonxiwa njengo-Isabel Coleman kuya kubathandi bezinto ezibonakalayo beMarxist abahlonishwayo njengoSamir Amin, owasho ukuthi ibutho laseGibhithe laliyiqembu elingathathi hlangothi, impendulo yomzwelo yokubona amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu emigwaqweni kubonakala sengathi idale icala lokusangana kwesikhashana, noma njengoba u-Frantz Fanon ebhekisela kukho ngokuthi - i-cognitive dissonance. Lokhu kungaba ukuphela kwencazelo ye-acrobatics yethiyori kanye ne-rhetorical abaningi abahileleke kuyo ukuze bahlanganise izinkolelo zabo emalungelweni entando yeningi kanye noguquko lwenguquko nalokho okwenzeka phambi kwamehlo abo e-Egypt.
Uguquko egameni kuphela
Ukusetshenziswa okudumile nokwamukelwa kwegama elithi inguquko ukuchaza izehlakalo zase-Egypt eminyakeni emibili edlule kukhombisa ukusebenza kahle kwenkulumo yenkululeko yomhlaba wonke ukuze "i-de-radicalize," nenhlanganisela yamanye ama-radicals, ngisho negama elithi "revolution."
Ukugwema uthando oluhlobene nenguquko kanye nomuzwa oxhumene nokubona "uquqaba lunyakaza," kufanele kuphethwe ngokuthi phakathi kukaFebhuwari 2011, lapho uMubarak exoshwa, futhi ngoJulayi 3, 2013, lapho amasosha eqala kabusha amandla ngokusemthethweni, kwakungekho. inqubo yenguquko nhlobo, ngomqondo wokuthi kwakungekho ukudluliswa kwamandla kude nebutho lesigaba elalibusa umphakathi waseGibhithe. Akukho ukuhlelwa kabusha kombuso; azikho izikhungo ezintsha zentando yeningi nezinhlaka ezidalelwe ukumela intando nezithakazelo zenhlangano entsha yenhlalakahle eqhubekayo yabafundi, abasebenzi, abalimi, izinhlangano zabesifazane njll.; futhi alukho uguquko olujulile lwezenhlalo. Eqinisweni, ukudlwengulwa nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi okwenzeka phakathi nokugqugquzelwa kwakamuva kwakuyisikhumbuzo esicacile sokuthi imibono yobulili nenzalamizi yayisabusa, ingakathintwa yile nqubo ebizwa ngokuthi inguquko.
Inqubo yoguquko yinqubo lapho izinhlaka zamandla zidalwa yinqwaba yabantu ebavumela ukuthi ekugcineni baguqule zonke izingxenye zomphakathi wabo - kusukela esakhiweni nendima yoMbuso kanye nenhlangano yomnotho kuya ebuhlotsheni phakathi kwabantu. - konke ngenhloso yokuqeda zonke izinhlobo zengcindezelo. Kube khona intuthuko ebalulekile yenhlangano eyenziwe ezinye izingxenye zenhlangano yabasebenzi e-Egypt, okuhlanganisa nokwakhiwa kwezinyunyana ezizimele. Kodwa-ke, isibopho senhlangano soguquko oludinga ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezithandwayo ukuze kuqhutshekwe umzabalazo omkhulu futhi simele amandla akabili, sasingenamandla njengoba kwakufanele kube njalo eGibhithe.
Ekuqaleni kuka-2011 e-Egypt kwaba nesiyaluyalu esikhulu soshintsho lwezenhlalo kanye nokuvukela umbuso wobushiqela owakhuthaza imiphakathi nezigaba ezazihlukene ngaphambili—abalwela inkululeko baseNtshonalanga, abalwela amalungelo abasebenzi, abafundi abashisekayo, abashisekeli bamalungelo abesifazane kanye nama-Islamic fundamentalists - baba yiqembu elilodwa eliphikisayo lezenhlalo. Isidingo sokuqala sasiwukuqedwa kobushiqela bukaMubarak nokudala uhlelo lwentando yeningi olwaluhlonipha amalungelo entando yeningi - ingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo yeqiniso yenguquko yentando yeningi kazwelonke. Kodwa-ke, ukuvuthwa kwalolu hlelo kwaboshwa ngenxa yezinto ezintathu: (i) ukuhlwithwa kwamandla uMkhandlu Ophakeme Wezempi (i-SCAF) ngoFebhuwari 11, (ii) ukudluliselwa kokungezwani okukhulu ikakhulukazi ohlelweni lokhetho, kanye (iii) ukwehluleka kwamabutho aphikisayo ukuhlela izinhlaka ezizinzile ukuze zivikele futhi zihlanganise isimo soguquko esithuthukayo.
Ukukhathazeka ngokuveza uhlobo lomzabalazo omkhulu e-Egypt nase-Tunisia owagcina ubizwa ngokuthi “intwasahlobo yama-Arab,” awugqugquzelwa isifiso sohlobo oluthile lokuhlanzeka okuhlanzekile, okuhlanganisa izenzakalo zomphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi emlandweni wayo. Kodwa kunalokho okukhathazayo isidingo sokuhlukanisa ngokwepolitiki nangokohlelo izinselelo ezithile zezombusazwe kanye nemisebenzi phakathi kwesigaba somzabalazo sokuvukela umbuso kanye nalesi esingene esigabeni sangaphambi kokuguquguquka noma ukuguquguquka.
Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba ukwabiwa okukhululekile kwegama elithi "revolution" ukuchaza yonke into kusukela ezenzakalweni zaseLibya naseSyria kuya enhlanganweni yeGreen e-Iran akugcini nje ngokuhlanekezela iqiniso lenhlalo kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ukulandisa okuyingozi. Lokho kulandisa kusikisela ukuthi uguquko lwenguquko lwenzeka ngenxa yombukwane. Ibukela phansi ukuhlela nokwakha izakhiwo kusuka phansi njengokungenasidingo ngoba ishashalazi elibalulekile; umbukiso wesiqephu; umbukiso ophikisa isiyalo sikaGil Scott Heron sokuthi “uguquko ngeke lusakazwe kuthelevishini!”
Umqondo ohlanekezelwe wale ndlela ubonakala kukho kokubili ukwehluleka kwamaqembu aphikisayo ukuzihlela ngale kokugqugquzelwa okuzenzakalelayo kwango-2011 kanye nolwazi lwabamelene noMorsi, iTamarod - ngenxa yezimpawu zabaxhasi babo e-US - ukuthi uma bekhombisa umgwaqo omkhulu. Ukuphikisa kukaMongameli Morsi i-US izoba nesembozo sokusekela ukungenelela kwamasosha.
Isiteleka samasosha sangaphambi kokubhekana nenguquko
Ukuze sibe nombono ocacile wesimo samanje eGibhithe, kufanele sikhiphe izinkulumo ezingenangqondo, eziwumlando eziphakamisa ukuthi amasosha aseGibhithe angathathi hlangothi, umlamuleli omkhulu wamabutho ezenhlalo nezombusazwe aphikisanayo, futhi angena kwezombusazwe ngoJanuwari 2011 futhi futhi ngoJulayi 2nd njengebutho lesizwe elishisekela izwe elihambisana nezithakazelo “zabantu.”
Iqiniso liwukuthi esikubonile e-Egypt ukudluliswa kwamandla, ngokwezigaba, kusukela kubantu abavamile kuhulumeni kaMubarak, abamele izithakazelo zonxiwankulu eziboshelwe kuHulumeni, amasosha, anentshisekelo efanayo yezomnotho, namabhizinisi abo. kanye namasosha asethathe umhlalaphansi agcwalisa izinkampani ezixhumene nomkhakha kahulumeni. Eqinisweni, ngaphansi kukaMongameli Morsi, amasosha awazange ahambe ngempela. Igcine indawo ezimele ezweni nasemnothweni waseGibhithe. Izikhundla ezibalulekile zongqongqoshe kwikhabhinethi likaMorsi, njengoMnyango Wezangaphakathi, Wezokuvikela kanye neSuez Canal Authority, zanikezwa abantu abahlobene nombuso kaMubarak ababehlangene namasosha. Futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme Yomthethosisekelo waseGibhithe, eyayigcwele abantu ababeqokwe enkathini kaMubarak, yayiyithuluzi eliyinhloko elalisetshenziswa amasosha ukukhawulela nokulawula noma yimiphi imizamo yokwakha kabusha umbuso noma ukwandisa amandla kaMorsi.
Kwabakhi benqubomgomo baseMelika, iMuslim Brotherhood kanye nohulumeni kaMorsi abakaze babonwe njengenye indlela esikhundleni sikaHosni Mubarak. Naphezu kwengcindezelo eyatholwa amalungu e-Muslim Brotherhood ngumbuso kaMubarak, kwakuqondakala kahle ukuthi iBrotherhood yayiyingxenye yeqembu elicokeme kwezomnotho laseGibhithe futhi livuleleke ekwenzeni ibhizinisi namazwe aseNtshonalanga. Ngakho-ke, u-Morsi ubonwe njengomuntu owamukelekayo futhi ophephile ongangena esikhundleni sikaMubarak ngenkathi i-US iqhubeka nethonya layo ngemuva kwezempi.
Bobabili uhulumeni wase-US kanye nombutho wezempi waseGibhithe babenentshisekelo eqondile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amandla eHhovisi likaMongameli we-Morsi ahlala engokomfanekiso kuneqiniso. Amasosha, asebenza ngeNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo kanye neziphathimandla, enze isiqiniseko sokuthi uMongameli Morsi kanye neMuslim Brotherhood balawula uMbuso nje kuphela. UMorsi akazange alawule uphiko lwezobunhloli nezokuphepha, amaphoyisa, izikhulu zamanxusa, noma uphiko lwezikhulu, olwalusagcwele amasosha kaMubarak.
Eqinisweni, omunye wemithombo emikhulu yokushuba kwesimo phakathi kwamasosha kanye neMuslim Brotherhood kwaba usongo - kanye nezinyathelo zangempela - ezenziwa uhulumeni kaMorsi ukusebenzisa amandla abo ombuso ukunqanda umsebenzi wezomnotho wezempi, ophethe izintshisekelo zokulawula noma yini. kusukela kumaphesenti ayi-15 kuya kwangama-40 omnotho, ngokuvuna izintshisekelo ze-Muslim Brotherhood uqobo, emele imikhakha yesigaba sonxiwankulu esiqhudelanayo.
Enye indlela yokubheka ukuhlaselwa kwe-Muslim Brotherhood ukuthi bekungeyona into engaphezu kwesixazululo sezempi emzabalazweni wesigaba sama-intra-bourgeois ngaphakathi komongo womphakathi wase-Egypt, futhi bekungahlangene ngalutho nezintshisakalo zalabo abahlakazekile nababuthaka ngokwezikhungo. ukuphikiswa.
Ngakho-ke umqondo wokuthi amasosha, njengamandla angathathi hlangothi, azihlanganisa “nabantu” futhi angenelela kuphela ukuze axazulule inkinga yezombangazwe awuyona into engaphezu kwenganekwane yonxiwankulu.
Izithakazelo zezempi ezisekelwe ekilasini, ezenhlalakahle nezomnotho zisho ukuthi zizophikisana nanoma yikuphi ukuguqulwa okuyisisekelo komnotho waseGibhithe nomphakathi, inhloso ebonakalayo "yenguquko." Ngokuphawulekayo, lokhu kusho ukuthi amandla ezempi kuzofanele ephulwe uma kuzoba khona amathemba oguquko eGibhithe.
I-National Democratic Revolution: Isinyathelo esisodwa phambili, izinyathelo ezintathu emuva
Nokho, lokhu kuhlaziya akufanele kufundwe okusikisela ukuthi abantu badlala kancane emdlalweni owawuqondiswa amandla abangenawo amandla okuwalawula. Ukuhlubuka kwenqwaba e-Egypt kwadala inkinga yokubusa kwezikhulu ezikhohlakele ezaziphethe kanye nomxhasi wazo wase-US. Isidingo sokuphela kobushiqela sasiwukubonakaliswa okumangalisayo kwamandla abantu okwadala amathuba oguquko oluguquguqukayo. Inkinga yayiwukuthi umbuso wobushiqela wawucekele phansi kakhulu ikhono lamanye amabutho athandwayo ukuthuthukisa futhi bathole ulwazi lwezombangazwe kanye nezisekelo zesikhungo ezazingababeka esimweni sokuphusha kangcono uguquko oluqhubekayo futhi banciphise amandla ezempi. Ngeshwa e-Egypt, umbutho owaba nesipiliyoni eside kakhulu ekuphikisaneni kwezombusazwe kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwenhlangano kwakuyi-Muslim Brotherhood.
Ikhwelo lengxenye “yabantu” lokuthi uhulumeni uMorsi ehle esikhundleni bekuyimfuno esemthethweni ezwakalisa ukuma kwengxenye yabantu abangagculisekile ngezinqubomgomo nesiqondiso sezwe. Kodwa-ke, lapho amasosha aseGibhithe - amasosha angazange akhombise noma yikuphi ukuthambekela kokuxhasa izinguquko zentando yeningi - ethi azongenela, isikhundla seningi bekufanele sibe "cha ekungeneleleni kwezempi, siguqule kuphela ngentando yeningi" - isikhundla sokuthi umnyakazo okhule ngokweqiniso nozimele ngokweqiniso wawungase ucabange uma wawungalawulwa amandla anamandla aphezulu ngaphakathi nangaphandle.
Kwakuwukucabanga okufiselekayo okwakuncikene ne-psychotic yamandla akhululekile nanamandla ezweni kanye nabalingani babo ngaphandle ukuze bakholwe ukuthi inqubo yentando yeningi ingathuthukiswa ebonisa izintshisekelo zemikhakha ebanzi yomphakathi waseGibhithe ngenkathi kukhishwa i-Muslim Brotherhood, ibutho lezenhlalakahle. abaningi abasikisela ngokulandelako ukuthi isayala ukwesekwa okungenani ingxenye yesithathu yabantu baseGibhithe, futhi iyinhlangano yezombangazwe enkulu kunazo zonke ezweni. Abakhululekile kanye nabathile ababesekela ukuketulwa umbuso babengaqondi ukuthi ukwakhiwa “kwabantu” kuyinqubo yezenhlalo/yomlando edinga kokubili umshikashika nokuhlanganyela. Ukungasiqondi lesi simiso esiyisisekelo sekuholele ekubulaweni koguquko lwentando yeningi kazwelonke ngesikhathi lusanda kuzalwa.
Izicukuthwane zikazwelonke ezinamandla ezifake imali emkhankasweni omelene noMorsi kanye nabalingani babo bangaphandle, okuhlanganisa i-Saudi Arabia ne-US, baqalise ngempumelelo inqubo ephikisana noguquko ezohlakaza abaphikisi futhi ibeke eceleni noma yiziphi izici ezinamandla. Izicukuthwane zaseGibhithe zaziqonda ngokucace kakhulu kuneTamarod noma iNational Salvation Front ukuthi inqubo yoguquko yayizohlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lwezepolitiki olunezinjongo zalo zokubeka amasosha ngaphansi kwabantu, ukwabiwa komphakathi kwemboni yonxiwankulu bakahulumeni kanye ukwenqaba ukuthuthukiswa konxiwankulu be-neoliberal. Ngenxa yalokho kuqonda, bathuthele ngokunemba kwezincwadi onyakeni odlule nohhafu ukuze bavikele izintshisekelo zabo.
Ngokudabukisayo, ukusebenzisana okukhululekile nokunamandla namabutho aphikisana nentando yeningi ebutho lezempi laseGibhithe kanye nezomnotho kuye kwanikeza ukugunyazwa kwamandla afanayo okubuyisela emuva ayebusa umphakathi waseGibhithe ngaphansi kukaMubarak ukuqhubeka nalokho kubusa, kodwa kulokhu egameni elithi "revolution."
Ajamu Baraka uyisishoshovu samalungelo abantu kanye nomakadebona we-Black Liberation Movement. Njengamanje unguzakwabo e-Institute for Policy Studies. U-Baraka uyatholakala ku- www. Ajamubaraka.com
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