I-BUENOS AIRES, Ephreli 24 (Ukudluliselwa Kwe-NY)-'Ungangikhaleli, Argentina, iqiniso liwukuthi angikaze ngikushiye,' kuncenga umuntu othandana no-Eva Duarte kumculo othi 'Evita.' Kodwa iqiniso elinamandla namuhla liwukuthi izigidi azimlangazeleli yena, noma umyeni wakhe, umashiqela ongasekho uJuan Domingo Perón. Esikhundleni salokho kukhala ubulungiswa, futhi imizabalazo iqubuka yonke indawo njengoba isivinini senhlekelele ebaqhubayo siqhubeka nokukhula ngesivinini esimangalisayo.
Ngo-Ephreli, ithimba eliphezulu labamele i-International Monetary Fund, eliholwa ngu-Anoop Singh, lifika eBuenos Aires ukuzobeka izimo ezinzima zokubolekwa kwemali, izigidigidi zamaRandi ezizokwandisa kuphela izikweletu zezwe ezingenakwenzeka zamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-142 ezibekelwe isikhwama. yalabo okuthiwa ngamashonisa kanye nezicebi zezwe. Imiyalo yokumasha, ehlanganisa izimfuno zokuncishiswa kwesabelomali sesifundazwe kuze kufike kumaphesenti angama-60 - okusho ukuthi kujule kakhulu - ukudilizwa kwezisebenzi zikahulumeni kanye nokuncishiswa kwezinhlelo zokuxhumana ezivele sezichithiwe - iputshuzelwe kwabezindaba, abanye babo abamele uSingh. Zibhalwe ngesiNgisi.
Iphephandaba lansuku zonke i-Pagina 12 lithwebula lesi sigameko esithombeni ekhasini lokuqala. Isihloko esithi: 'Si, bwana,' 'Yebo mphathi' - inkulumo eqoshiwe, esetshenziswayo ethandwa yiHollywood yekoloni lase-Afrika kumphathi wakhe wedolobha elikhulu, eminyakeni eminingi edlule.
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Izibalo zokuwa kwezezimali komnotho wase-Argentina lapha - okwesithathu ngobukhulu e-Latin America, ngemuva kwe-Mexico enezikhathi ezintathu, kanye ne-Brazil, okuphindwe kabili inani labantu base-Argentina-zinikeza umongo ukuqonda kuchaza ububanzi bentukuthelo ethandwayo.
Imali 'yokulungisa,' eye yaphazamisa ukuguquguquka komuntu ngamunye kwepeso kuya kudola ngoDisemba odlule, yehlise inani lemali lapha ngamaphesenti angu-70. Lokhu kuqubule isiphithiphithi esikhulu, esahlukaniselwe abantu, esicishe sibe yizinxushunxushu, okuhlanganiswe nesiteleka esijwayelekile kanye nezehlakalo zikaDisemba 19-20, okuholele ekulandelaneni komongameli abahlanu esikhathini esingamasonto.
Kusukela lapho, amanani akhuphuke ngamaphesenti angama-42. Lokhu kumoshe amaholo kanye nezimpesheni ezihwamukile. Phakathi nesonto lika-April 1, izindleko zezimpahla nezinkonzo zikhuphuka ngamaphesenti angu-3.5, okubonisa isilinganiso saminyaka yonke samaphesenti angu-180.
Abasebenzi base-Argentina abangaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu abasebenzi, okuyiphesenti elingaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-23 abasebenzi. Lesi yisibalo 'esisemthethweni'. Bangaphezu kuka-170,000 abasebenzi asebeqashwe kusukela ngoJanuwari 1, 2002, okuhlanganisa noMashi 65,000 kuphela - okunyuke ngamaphesenti ayi-1,800 kusukela ngenyanga efanayo ngonyaka owedlule.
Ukwakhiwa nokulungiswa kwezindlu kuzomiswa, njengoba izisebenzi zokwakha ezingaba ngu-300,000 XNUMX zingasebenzi. 'Sifuna ukusebenza,' kusho iphosta entsha, enamathiselwe ezindongeni zedolobha laseBuenos Aires, enamathiselwe amalungu enyunyana.
Kusukela ngoJanuwari, izitolo ezingama-30,000 esifundazweni saseBuenos Aires, cishe nengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabantu bezwe, sezivaliwe - ihora eliyi-13, nsuku zonke, kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2002.
Inhlolovo eyenziwe nguhulumeni ikhombisa ukuthi amaphesenti angama-49 abantu - kanye namaphesenti angama-56 ezingane zabo - base-Argentina manje baphila ngaphansi kwezinga lobumpofu, cishe ingxenye yesine yabantu 'abampofu' - abakwazi ukuthenga ukudla okuncane kwamasonto onke. Kubantu abayishumi abasanda kuhlwempu, abayisithupha baphuma esigabeni esiphakathi - okuyinkomba yezinga lokuswela elithinta iningi labantu abasebenzayo.
Ukuswelakala kwezindlu, obekungekho enhloko-dolobha eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, kweqa, kusuka ku-1,200 nyakenye kuya ku-3,500 XNUMX namuhla.
I-Aguas Argentinas, uhlelo lwamanzi lukazwelonke oluzimele, lumemezela ukuqothuka maphakathi no-Ephreli, njengoba kuqubuka imibhikisho emelene nalo. Ezinye izakhamizi zikhokha amakhulu ama-peso njalo ezinyangeni ezimbili ngamanzi okuphuza.
NgokukaClarÃn, onxiwankulu abahlonishwayo nsuku zonke, kanye ne-Los Angeles Times, iqembu elibusayo lase-Argentina likhiphe imali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-106 ngaphandle kwezwe laya ezindaweni eziphephile zangaphandle kanye nenye imali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-30 zamaRandi ezibambiso ezingathinteki - 'ngokomthetho,' kokubili inothi yephephandaba - ngenkathi isigaba esiphakathi, ukonga komuntu siqu, okuncishiswe kakhulu ku-$8 billion, kuqandisiwe emabhange, ama-corallito akhiyiwe [playpens]. Ukudluliselwa kungenziwa kuphela ukuze kusetshenziswe imali ezintweni zamathikithi amakhulu, njengezimoto, izimpahla ezihlala isikhathi eside, kanye nemalimboleko yezindlu.
Kuyi-Enron njengezwe - futhi u-Enron wase-Argentina usasebenza esitezi se-17 sesakhiwo samahhovisi esisezingeni eliphezulu emaphethelweni edolobha. Yinhlekelele yezomnotho yomhlaba eqhuma endaweni ebuthakathaka yase-Argentina, okuthi, njengezinye izigqila zezikweletu zaseLatin America, isivele ikhokhele uthishanhloko wemali mboleko yayo yokuqala, kodwa manje iyabubula ngaphansi kwesikweletu sezwekazi sama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-750, njengoba izinkokhelo zenzalo zikhuphuka. Kwezinye izabelomali zikazwelonke, isevisi yezikweletu ifinyelele kumaphesenti angama-40 ezindleko zikahulumeni. I-Buenos Aires ihlulekile ukukhokha, futhi iziyekile lezi zinkokhelo.
Kungenxa yokuphanga abantu base-Argentina ukuthi i-IMF ilethe ibhola layo neketango. Ifuna ukuhlelwa kabusha kwesabelomali sikazwelonke, kuqedwe ukusakazwa kwamabhondi ezifundazwe - uhlelo lokusizakala olusetshenziswa ohulumeni bezifunda abagcwele izikweletu ukuze baxazulule izabelomali zezifundazwe - kanye nokuqedwa kwemithetho ezincwadini ezithatha 'njengezithiyo' ekutshalweni kwezimali kwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kusho ukudilizwa okukhulu kwabasebenzi bakahulumeni ezingeni likahulumeni kanye nesifundazwe, kanye nokwehliswa kwezinhlelo zokuxhumana ezidabukile, ngenkathi kuvula i-Argentina ukuthi ingene ngokujulile ngemali yangaphandle iphinde iphange izwe njengoba liyenza inkundla yokuthekelisa.
'Ukuphela kwento eshodayo ukuthi sehlise ifulegi lase-Argentina bese sifaka i-IMF's, kusho umbusi wesifundazwe saseSan Juan.
'Ngaphandle kobuhlungu,' kusho umqondisi we-IMF uHorst Kohler, e-Argentina 'ngeke ayibalekele le nkinga.' Osanda kuqokwa njengowesibili esikhundleni, owayengusomnotho omkhulu weBhange Lomhlaba u-Anne Kruger naye akaguquki.
'Umehluko ngo-Anne no-Horst Kohler,' kusho uzakwabo kumagazini wangempelasonto we-Financial Times yaseLondon, 'ukuthi bobabili bafuna ukudlala iphoyisa elibi.'
'Siyiriphabhuliki kabhanana engenawo ubhanana,' kusho umshayeli wetekisi. Uchaza ukuthi imali ayitholayo nsuku zonke yehle ngamaphesenti angama-80 kusukela ngonyaka odlule.
Ngiphakamisa ukuthi i-IMF ifune igazi.
'Nami ngifuna igazi,' esho, njengoba iphenathi elincane elithungwe negama labafana bakhe ababili lilenga esibukweni esingemuva. 'Igazi labosopolitiki.'
Ikusasa liphetheni, yini engenziwa ukunqanda le nkinga?
'Akekho owaziyo,' esho. 'Kodwa ngifuna izingane zami zifunde ukuze zihambe kuleli. Uma sebekhulile bangangithumelela ama-email..'
Ngo-April 18, uhulumeni wobumbano umemezela, ngokwe-Financial Times, 'ukumiswa okuphelele nokunganqunyelwe kwayo yonke imisebenzi yamabhange ezweni, okuwuphawu lokuphelelwa ithemba ngemali ephuma ohlelweni lwezezimali oluhlakazekile.' Amajaji e-Federal, ngaphansi kwengcindezi ethandwayo, akhiphe izinqumo ezivumela ukuhoxiswa okuthile, okuphakamisa amathuba okugijima emabhange. I-New York Times ibika ukuthi 'amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-100 ngosuku' ayekhishwa, okwabangela ukumiswa. IWashington, noma i-IMF ayinakho ukuphawula komphakathi ngesimemezelo sikaDuhalde.
Ngomhla zingama-21 kuMbasa, umongameli we-Peronist utshela u-ClarÃn ukuthi lonke uhlelo lwezezimali luzowa, lubambelele emakhazeni. 'Anginalo iPlan B,' usho kanje, njengoba abantu beqoqa ukudla. 'Isu okuwukuphela kwalo ukuxazulula inkinga esinayo futhi sithole usizo ku-IMF.'
Ngo-Ephreli 22, uvikela isilinganiso phambi kwengqungquthela, naphezu kwemibhikisho ngaphandle. Uthi: 'Mayenziwe intando kaNkulunkulu.'
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Akunakwenzeka ukubala inani lemibhikisho eyenzeka njalo ngehora ezweni lonke. Bathinta yonke imikhakha yezabasebenzi.
Ukuboniswa kwamakhulu ezisebenzi zenyunyana kazwelonke yamandla e-athomu, efuna ukukhokhelwa.
Isiteleka sosuku olulodwa samakhondaktha wesitimela esihamba ngaphansi komhlaba esiphikisana nokuncishiswa kwemizila yesitimela, kuyilapho becindezela ukukhushulwa kwamaholo.
Isimemezelo sabalimi abangu-500 ku-Rural Associations of Argentina yesiteleka esilindile.
Isexwayiso sabashayeli bamabhasi mayelana nesiteleka esizayo esimelene nensizakalo yokudilizwa, kanye nokunyuswa kwamaholo.
Imashi ye-1,000 ngokumelene nendawo yokulahla imfucuza yenuzi ehlongozwayo ePatagonia.
Umbukiso wabangu-3,000 eTucuman wabasebenzi abangasebenzi kanye nemindeni yabo - ama-desocupados - becindezela izinzuzo futhi bafuna ukudla ngenkani. 'Nilwa nendlala ngokudla, hhayi ukuqagela kanye nokuguqulwa komthethosisekelo,' kusho umholi wombhikisho.
'Siyisishiyagalombili,' kusho osemusha, onabazali abadiliziwe, 'futhi asinakho ukudla.' Ikhishi lakhiwe phakathi kwepaki.
Umbhikisho wabasebenzi abangu-300 benkundla yebhingo befuna ukukhokhelwa.
Umbhikisho wothisha eNeuquen, ufuna ukubuyiselwa imali yezinyanga ezintathu - njengoba beqhubeka nokusebenza.
Isenzo sasemgwaqweni sabalandeli beqembu lebhola likanobhutshuzwayo elizimele phambi kwebhilidi lekilabhu - iqembu lisonqenqemeni lokuqothuka futhi abalandeli bafuna ukulisiza ukuthi lingashintshile.
Imashi yamasonto onke phambi kweSigodlo Sezobulungiswa yabantu asebathatha umhlalaphansi izinzuzo zabo zehle zaba yize, bephikisana nokwenqaba kwenkantolo ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokumelene nohulumeni nabaqashi abazimele ababakhipha ezimpeshenini. 'Anginalutho, anginalutho, anginalutho,' kusho uchwepheshe kagesi osewathatha umhlalaphansi, 'ngenhlanhla, izingane zami ziyasebenza futhi ziyangisekela.' Umqashi wakhe oswele imali useyiyekile yonke imali yempesheni.
Uhulumeni manje ucabanga ngephakethe 'lomxhaso' lama-pesos ayi-100-150 ngenyanga, inani eliphakeme lama-$50 ngenani lokushintshanisa lamanje. 'Ungathengani ngalokho?' Kubuza osethathe umhlalaphansi embhikishweni.
I-Associated Press emfushane, cishe engashicilelwe ithumela imibiko evela eBuenos Aires ethi amaphoyisa adubula 'izinkulungwane zezisebenzi zikahulumeni' ngezinhlamvu zenjoloba ngo-Ephreli 18 emadolobheni aseJujuy, enyakatho, naseRawson, eningizimu-ntshonalanga, lapho amashe khona efuna ukubuyiselwa emuva. khokha u-December. Imibhikisho efanayo iyenzeka ezifundazweni zaseBuenos Aires naseChaco, kuyilapho eSan Juan, maphakathi nezwe, 'abasebenzi bombuso bashisa umnyango wesishayamthetho sendawo futhi bathatha izakhiwo zikahulumeni eziningana.'
Lezi zingxabano zivikela ngokuphelele ngokwemvelo, eziqhutshwa abasebenzi ezinyunyaneni ezizimele, noma emifelandawonye esemthethweni yamaPeronist ngemvume. Ukusebenzelana kwabaphathi bePeronist of the Central General de los Trabajadores (CGT) ekilasini labaqashi kanye nohulumeni balo abahlukahlukene - okuhlanganisa nombuso weRadical Civic Union owagumbuqelwa ukuqhuma okukhulu ngoDisemba - kwenze abaphathi bakwazi ukubhekana nokujeziswa kwezisebenzi ezihleliwe lapha. .
Amaphesenti angama-20 kuphela esigaba sabasebenzi ahlelwe abe izinyunyana, ehle kusukela kumaphesenti angama-90 eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Iziqongo zezinyunyana zibizwa ngokudumile ngokuthi ama-gordos, akhuluphele, ngoba ahlala ngemuva kwamadeski kuphela. Inkambo yenhlekelele, nokumelana nayo, akunakwenzeka ukuyiqonda ngaphandle kokuqonda ukuthi iyini i-Peronism.
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Imikhonyovu edumile ku-Peronism, equkethwe eqenjini elibusayo lonxiwankulu iJusticialista - okuyigama lamanje leqembu labasebenzi mbumbulu elakhiwe nguPerón - kanye nakulezi zimbangi ezimbili, kodwa ezingaqondakali, izikhulu zabasebenzi - yomibili imifelandawonye yayo ebizwa ngegama elithi CGT - ibuthaka. kunakuqala. Izingxabano ezimelene nobukhulu bazo ziqubuka nsuku zonke kulo lonke leli zwe, zicebile ngemithombo yemvelo, lapho izinkinga zezomnotho, zezenhlalo, zezombangazwe nezokuziphatha zijula futhi zanda ngesivinini esikhulu.
Imishini yamaPeronist ifuna ukusindisa ubunxiwankulu base-Argentina, hhayi, njengasesikhathini esedlule, ngokuvunyelwa kwabantu abasebenzayo, kodwa ngokuphuca izivumelwano zabo.
Izwe elibusayo elicebile - elingathathi hlangothi eMpini Yomhlaba Yesibili - lavuna inzuzo enkulu kanye nezinsalela zohwebo ezivela kwezentengiselwano namandla Ahlangene kanye ne-Axis. Ilungu eliqavile lombuso wezempi obusayo, uPerón usebenze njengongqongqoshe wezabasebenzi, futhi wawina ukhetho lokuba ngumongameli. Njengomuntu ogibele ihhashi elimhlophe, ebonakala elinganisela phakathi kwenkunzi nezisebenzi, uhulumeni wakhe wazimisa njengomngane wabantu. Inkulumo yakhe futhi imakwe nge-populist demagogy, egcwele imisho yobuzwe kanye ne-anti-imperialist, ehlonishwe ngunkosikazi wakhe u-Eva, umzuzi we-los descamisados - abasebenza kanzima abangenamahembe.
Njengoba izindimbane zabasebenzi zanda izilinganiso zezinyunyana, zazuza izinzuzo ezinkulu zamaholo kanye nezinzuzo ezibanzi zomphakathi - ngenxa yomzabalazo kanye nenhlese yeMpi Yezwe II yokuthunyelwa kwempahla e-Argentina kwamanye amazwe - imihuzuko ku-Peronism yacwila izimpande.
Lapho umuntu omkhulu wayengasadingeki kwabacebile wasuswa, waya ekudingisweni eSpain. Ngenkathi imizabalazo yabasebenzi kanye neyaziwayo iqhuma ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960 enkabeni yezimboni yase-Córdoba - ukuvukela kwabantu abaningi okwakwaziwa ngokuthi i-cordobazo - u-Peron wabizelwa inkonzo yokuqeda isiphepho, kodwa wafa ngaphambi kokuqeda umsebenzi wakhe. Umfelokazi wakhe u-Isabel wehlulekile emzamweni wokwenza kabusha i-demagogy enomusa ka-Eva owashona kudala.
Inkinga ye-Peronism yayizojula, ilungiselela indlela yokuketulwa kwamasosha ngo-1976.
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Isithombe sama-Argentina athukuthele, amabhodwe ashayayo namapani phambi kwamabhange, sijwayelekile. Le mibhikisho, eyenzeka njalo ezweni lonke, iphilisa izigaba zabantu abasezingeni eliphakathi ama-akhawunti abo okulondoloza, aqedwe yinkinga, 'ngokomthetho' awafinyeleleki. Ama-ahorristas - labo abaphethe ama-akhawunti - bazungeza amabhange, bawahlasele, becula, 'sinikeze imali yethu,' bashiye umbhalo odongeni, bavusa umsindo. Zimelela ulaka lwesigaba esiphakathi, esikhashiwe, ukukhohlisa kwaso kubhidlika, ukulondeka kwaso kucekelwe phansi.
Kodwa ngokungafani nezimpi eziqalwa ngabasebenzi nezinhlangano zabo, abanabo ubuntu obukhethekile obuqhubekayo, bona ngokwabo, nakuba bejabulela ukwesekwa okudumile. Ngenxa yokuntula isisindo namandla emibhikisho yabasebenzi, abanamandla, njengabamabhange, abavikelwe yizinkantolo, uhulumeni, nalo lonke uhlelo lwezomnotho, bavele basonge izandla, nabaphathi babonakale bekhungathekile ngenxa yokungena. Ngenxa yokugxila kwabo okulinganiselwe kanye nezinkulumo ezikhulunywa ngabantu abaningi, bazifaka engcupheni yokungena kwesokudla - okwamanje abangenaso isisekelo sabantu abaningi, ngenxa yokwenqaba okukhulu ubushiqela bezempi bama-1970s kanye nama-1980s, futhi lawo mabutho ahlanganiswa kuwo ngokomlando. hip.
Ngemuva kokuwa kombuso wezigebengu, izishoshovu zezombangazwe zahileleka ezenzweni zokuqothula - ukuvezwa esidlangalaleni kwendoda eyaziwayo yobudlova eyayifuna ukuphila ngokungaziwa. I-Graffiti ehlonza abahlukumezi nababulali, efuna ukuba bashushiswe, izovela eminyango. Babhekana nokusolwa okushubile ngamaqembu ezindaweni zomphakathi, amathilomu nasezinkundleni zemidlalo yeshashalazi.
Namuhla, osopolitiki bonxiwankulu bemibuso 'ye-neo-liberal' eyalandela ubushiqela, izibalo ezivela kuhulumeni we-Peronist Menem, abaphathi be-UCR abalandela, kanye nosopolitiki bonxiwa emagatsheni amanje omthetho, aphezulu, namajaji, bayizisulu zokuqothulwa. .
'Abakwazi ukuya ezindaweni zokudlela,' kusho omunye uchwepheshe wenkampani yezingcingo. Abantu bayababona bese beya ematafuleni abo babathethise.'
Muva nje, ubulungiswa obuphezulu beNkantolo Ephakeme buphoqelekile ukuba babalekele umdlalo wethenisi we-Davis Cup, ngemuva kokubonwa nokuba yisisulu sokuhlekwa usulu.
I-Piqueteros, amaqembu ahambayo ezisebenzi ezingasebenzi, ngokuvamile avimba ithrafikhi ukuze agxile ezidingweni zosizo oluphuthumayo kanye nezinzuzo. Lokhu kubandakanya ukugqugquzelwa kwentsha egxilile. Cishe abangu-1,000 bamasha banqamula, futhi bakhubaza ibhuloho elingukhiye e-Buenos Aires, bebhikishela ukufika kwethimba le-IMF. Iqembu elincane lingena endaweni yokwamukela izivakashi yehhotela elisezingeni eliphezulu eduze nesikhumulo sezindiza lapho umsebenzi wokubolekisa ngemalimboleko wamazwe ngamazwe umisa khona ikamu. Ngaphambi kokuba amaphoyisa ababophe, baphuma benyonyoba endaweni yokwamukela izivakashi, bashise ifulegi laseMelika otshanini obuseduze, bese becula iculo lesizwe lase-Argentina.
Lezi zenzo zisho ukunyakaza ngaphandle kokuqondisa, ukuhlakazwa kwamandla okungakagxili. Kuwo, amaqembu angakwesokunxele ase-Argentina, kusukela kuQembu LamaKhomanisi lendabuko kuya kwabazibiza ngamaMaoist, Trotskyist, kanye nezinhlangano ze-anarchist bafuna ukubuthwa.
Isiqubulo se-anarchist, 'i-communism without a state' sifuna ukuthuthukisa ukunengwa okudumile ngesimo esikhona - ikakhulukazi entsheni engasebenzi - kuyilapho siqinisa isimo sengqondo esimelene nezombusazwe esigcina izenzo ezinjalo zihamba emibuthanweni.
Wonke la maqembu alandelela uzalo lwawo kwesokunxele esaphukile - bese kuba mkhulu, okukhohlisayo, ukwahlukana, ubuthakathaka namaphutha asetshenziswa, ngokuphindisela, amabutho ahlomile ase-Argentina umyalo omkhulu wokuketula umbuso wamaPeronist ngo-1976 futhi esikhundleni sawo kufakwe amasosha anonya. ukubusa, 'ukunyamalala' kwabasebenzi abangu-30,000 abangamasosha kanye nezishoshovu zoguquko ohlelweni.
Ukuketula umbuso kukaVidela kwacekela phansi amaqembu abashokobezi - imikhankaso yawo yezempi, eyenziwa ngamaqembu kusukela kwabePeronists kwesokunxele kanye nabasekeli be-focista baseCuba kuya kumaTrotskyists, yenziwa ngaphansi kwesibhengezo seKhomanisi laseCuba elizalwa e-Argentina u-Che Guevara. Naphezu kobuqhawe nesibindi, akukho neyodwa kulezi zinhlangano ezazithathekile ezaziqonda ukuthi izimfundiso zikaChe ngomzabalazo wezikhali zazihlanganisa nesiyalo esicacile sokuthi inqobo nje uma 'intshi' yentando yeningi yonxiwankulu isekhona, lezi zenzo azivumelekile futhi azinangqondo.
Okubhekiselwa kukho ngokuvamile ngokuthi i-los partidos, ukuzalwa komuntu kwamanje kwesobunxele kuhlukaniswa nakakhulu futhi kuhlukaniswe, kugxilwe futhi kufakwe isikhathi esidlule, 'isandla sakhe esifile,' njengoba uKarl Marx wake wachaza, 'isisindo sobuchopho babaphilayo njengephupho elibi. .'
Ukuphindwaphindwa komlando, 'okokuqala njengenhlekelele' - ithuba elilahlekile lesimo sangaphambi kwenguquko, ebonakala ngenye yeziteleka ezinkulu kakhulu zaseLatin America, ukugqugquzelwa okudumile, kanye nochungechunge lwesigaba sabasebenzi, izibhelu zasemadolobheni eziholwa ngabasebenzi - kanye nokuxazululwa komphumela. kwezikolo yi-junta yezempi - idlala ngokwaso ku-sloganeering yesokunxele 'njenge-farce.'
Ngaso leso sikhathi, inhlangano entsha yabantu abaningi - engenabo ubuholi obuphakathi, obugunyaziwe, obusabalele, futhi obungahlangani - iqala ukuvela esimeni esibucayi esinikezwa ngisho ne-IMF Anoop Singh lapho ifika eBuenos Aires 'inzima kakhulu izwe elake labhekana nalo.'
Izinkulungwane zabantu abasebenzayo, abangasebenzi, nentsha, imikhaya, nabantu besigaba esiphakathi baba khona emihlanganweni ethandwayo. Ngokungcono kakhulu, le mibuthano yomphakathi - ezikhungweni zomphakathi, noma, ngaphandle, njengaleyo ebiseParque Centenario ngo-Ephreli 7 kubantu abayinkulungwane - isebenza njengezilungiselelo zezingxoxo zentando yeningi ngale nkinga.
'Asikaze siyihambe ngempela imihlangano,' kusho u-Alberto, umakhi wezakhiwo ongaqashiwe ngesikhathi sokudla kwakusihlwa, 'manje siya ezingxoxweni kakhulu.'
'Lapho amanye ama-piquetero emisa ukuhamba kwezimoto, abantu besigaba esiphakathi babecasuka,' uyaphawula. 'Manje, bathi, 'laba bantu banesizathu.' Sine-capitalism enqunu. Sibona iNgonyama kayigqokile.'
'Kunje,' esho ebeka izandla zakhe kude, enyakaza esinye sibheke kwesinye. 'Lesi yisigaba esiphakathi, isigaba sabasebenzi.' Izandla zakhe zihlangana kancane, zithintana zodwa. 'Nakhu okwenzekayo. Isigaba esiphakathi manje sesisondelene nesigaba sabasebenzi.'
Umkakhe u-Alejandra, unjiniyela owadilizwa, uyavuma, kodwa unezela izwi lesixwayiso. 'Nginabangane abasezingeni eliphakathi, futhi babona i-piquetero noma imashi futhi bathi, 'o, nansi i-horda [ibutho].' Basho izinto zobuFascist. Kuyangigulisa. Ngicabanga ukuthi, 'Ngikanye nesixuku.' '
Abazi ukuthi kuzokwenzekani ngokulandelayo, kodwa bobabili bayavuma ukuthi kuzoba kubi kakhulu. 'Ngishintshe ngokuphelele kusukela ngoDisemba,' kusho u-Alejandra, elandisa ngokwesaba nesasasa lokuhlangana okukhulu. Uma izimo ziba zimbi, kuzoba nomshikashika, 'Ngiqinisekile. Abantu bayavuka.'
Ngisho nezindawo zabo ezikhululekile ezisezingeni eliphakathi zaqhuma umbhikisho onomsindo lapho u-de la Rua ememezela isimo sokuvimbezela ngoDisemba odlule, okuwuhlaka lokugcina lwesixuku sase-Argentina.
Okwamanje, u-Alberto uthi, 'kunokuzola okushubile. Yebo, ukuzola okushubile.'
Ithini indlela yokuphuma kubantu? U-Alberto akaqiniseki, uhulumeni omusha, yebo, ngokubamba iqhaza okwengeziwe, intando yeningi. 'Kodwa ngeke sikhulume ngokuthatha amandla,' usho kanje.
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'Ama-Peronists bonakalise izwe lethu,' kusho u-Pina, ngaphansi kwemvula encane nomoya ovunguzayo phambi kwe-Casa Rosada, indawo esemthethweni yokuhlala kamongameli. Ugqoke isikhafu esimhlophe ekhanda, nesiqubulo esithi Omama basePlaza de Mayo, esibhalwe ngokuhlanganisa okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: 'abanyamalala bayizipoki ezinempilo.' Ukuphela kwale nyanga kuhlanganisa iminyaka engu-25 yokumasha kwamasonto onke - 'isimo sezulu asikhathali,' kusho omunye umama - lapho laba besifazane bebhikishela ukufa kwamadodana namadodakazi abo ezandleni zondlovukayiphikiswa, befuna 'icala nesijeziso.'
'Cabanga nje, izwe elicebe njengelethu,' kusho uPina, 'elinamafutha, i-uranium, futhi kukhona abantu besigaba esiphakathi ababuka udoti ebusuku, lapha endaweni eyi-plaza!' Buqamama, ithimba lamaphoyisa angu-20 eligqoke amavesti angangenwa izinhlamvu lilindile.
Abesifazane abangaba ngu-50 bayamasha, balandelwa abalandeli abangu-50, abaningi kubo okungabafundi baseFrance, eJalimane nase-United States. Omunye, waseTrinity College eHartford, Connecticut, uhlala nomndeni wendawo njengoba efunda eNyuvesi yaseBuenos Aires.
'Nginama-dollar ngakho-ke angiyizwa le nkinga kangako,' kusho yena.
Umngani wakhe, ongumfundi waseVillanova, ngasePhiladelphia, uthi emndenini ahlala nawo, isimo sibi. 'Abanakho ukudla okuningi, abadli kakhulu, abalali kahle, bakhathazeke kakhulu.'
Ngibuza omunye umama, uCarmela, owesifazane omncane, onomdlandla, ukuthi ucabangani indlela yokuphuma kule nkinga. Aphendule ngaphandle kokunanaza. 'Uhulumeni wangakwesokunxele, kwesokunxele kakhulu. Sidinga abaholi abasha, abaholi abasebasha, abanemibono emisha,' kusho yena, bese ethi ukuthula kancane, ecabanga isikhashana. 'Sidinga uFidel. Sidinga ama-Fidel amaningi,' esho ephila, amehlo akhe ecwebezela. 'Futhi sizobathola!'
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'Uyoba ubani uJuda?' kubuza isihloko esikhulu esihlokweni esigcwele ikhasi kuPagina 12. Umbuzo oqondile ubhekisele ekuthungatheni kukaWashington uhulumeni waseLatin America ukuthi ethule eGeneva isinqumo esilahla iCuba ngokuphulwa okucatshangwayo 'kwamalungelo abantu' emhlanganweni ozayo weNhlangano Yezizwe. ikhomishini yegama elifanayo. Iphonswe ivoti eliyimfihlo lenhlangano ngonyaka odlule, izicelo zayo eCzech Republic ziyenqaba ukuphinda uxhaso lwayo lombhalo onyundelayo kulo nyaka, i-US izama ukuzuza usheleni.
Zombili iNdlu yengqungquthela yase-Argentina ivota ngokumelene nokulahla iCuba, futhi ithanda ukungayi eGeneva, isiphakamiso sephalamende uDuhalde, oncike ngokuphelele kuWashington, ehlebela eceleni.
Ngomhla zi-5 kuMbasa, u-Alejandro Gonzalez, inxusa laseCuba e-Argentina ukhuluma eNyuvesi yaseBuenos Aires Law School namakhulu abantu emhlanganweni osekelwe kabanzi, ubukhulu bawo buhlaba umxhwele kakhulu ngoba kuze kube yibusuku bangaphambi komcimbi, abahleli behlulekile ukuthola igumbi.
Kamuva, ukhuluma endlunkulu ye-Mothers of the Plaza, indawo enkulu enekhefi, isitolo sezincwadi, futhi ibamba amakilasi ezombusazwe namasiko.
UFebe Bonafini ongumengameli wale nhlangano naye uyakhuluma. Bangu-100 abantu kuleli gumbi, kusukela kosopolitiki baseCuba kuya kubafundi, kanye nomakadebona ekulweni nobushiqela.
'Kithina,' kusho uBonafini, 'ubumbano neCuba kukho konke esikwenzayo, nsuku zonke.' Ulandisa ngokuhlangana nomguquki waseCuba u-Manuel Piñero - u-Barbarroja [Intshebe Ebomvu] ekuvakasheni kwakhe kokuqala lapho. Iminyaka eminingi, u-Piñero waxhumanisa ukusebenzisana kwe-Cuba nezinhlangano zamavukelambuso zase-Latin America.
'Ubeyazi indodana yami,' uBonafini etshela isixuku, ekhuluma ngengane yakhe enyamalele. 'Ngazizwa sengathi ngisekhaya.'
Lo mhlangano ungowokuqala ochungechungeni lokugubha iminyaka engu-25 yomzabalazo womama basePlaza. 'Sikhethe ukuqala ngeCuba ukudlulisela esizukulwaneni esisha ukuthi kuyini ubumbano, kungani lubaluleke kangaka.'
ECuba, 'ubumbano lunikeza umzimba wakho,' uyachaza. 'Akuwona nje amazwi, noma ngisho nezenzo, kuwukunikeza umzimba wakho, uyikho konke.'
UGonzalez, umCuba owakhiwe ngokuqinile ukhuluma ngephimbo eliqinile, elizwakalayo, ukuhambisa kwakhe okumnandi kuconsa ngokudelela labo abadelela isizwe sakhe. Ugxeka yonke imizamo 'yokwahlulela iCuba,' eGeneva nanoma yikuphi kwenye indawo, nanoma yikuphi ukungenelela kwamanye amazwe ezindabeni zaseCuba.
'Akekho ositshelayo ukuthi yimalini imali okufanele siyisebenzise emfundweni yomphakathi,' usho kanje, ebhekise ezidingweni zokuncishiswa kwesabelomali se-IMF e-Argentina. Igumbi liqhuma ihlombe. 'Akekho ositshelayo ukuthi yimalini esizoyisebenzisa e-Latin American School of Medical Sciences,' uyachaza, ebhekise esikhungweni esiqeqesha abafundi abangu-4,000 abavela kulo lonke izwekazi ngezokwelapha zaseCuba.
Abalalelisisa abafundi abayisikhombisa abasha abazoya esikoleni besuka e-Argentina—okwenza ingqikithi yezwe yaba ngu-270. URuben uthi ngemva komhlangano ngemva komhlangano, 'siyinzalo yamaMapuche,' omunye wabantu bomdabu balesi sizwe. . Baphuma ezigodini, ezinye ezincane zifinyelela ku-100, osekuphele iminyaka bengenabo odokotela.
Ingabe lolu uhambo lwabo lokuqala lokuphuma ezweni?
Izimpendulo ezintathu ekhorasini. 'Uhambo lwethu lokuqala oluya eBuenos Aires.'
Washington, inxusa laseCuba litshela isixuku, 'lizothola uJudas walo' - kamuva wamemezela njengohulumeni wase-Uruguay. 'Kodwa lokho akunandaba nathi,' kusho uGonzalez. 'Ngokushesha, uJuda uzoxoshwa ethempelini.'
Ngomhlaka-12 Ephreli, abavikeli abangama-500 baseCuba - amalungu ezinhlangano zobungane zase-Argentina-Cuba, izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni, kanye ne-los partidos bamasha beya eMnyangweni Wezangaphandle, ibhilidi eliwuthayela, elisezingeni eliphezulu, elizungezwe izindlu ezincane ezinamafulethi amnandi, ovulandi bawo abachichimayo. izimbali. Ungqongqoshe uvalwe yizinsimbi, ngemuva kwawo kumi amaphoyisa agqoke amavesti angangenwa yizinhlamvu. Kunamakhamera, amalambu, abashaya izigubhu, abantu abambalwa abashaya amabhodwe namapani, abaningi becula bevuna iCuba futhi bephikisana nokuma kukahulumeni we-lamebota [bootlicking].
'Ukuze uthole isithunzi,' esinye isibhengezo esikhulu sifundeka, 'votela iCuba.'
Isixuku siphinde sibhikishele ukuketulwa kombutho wezempi kuhulumeni wase-Chavez okhethwe ngentando yeningi waseVenezuela. Emahoreni angama-24 nje kamuva umbuso osekela i-US uzohlakazeka ngaphansi kwengcindezi yokugqugquzelwa okukhulu kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu abasebenzayo nentsha, ezophuma ezindaweni zabasebenzi emagqumeni angaphezu kweCaracas. Namuhla ebusuku lolu shintsho olumangalisayo lwezenzakalo alukafiki.
Esikhundleni salokho, phakathi kwezithombe ezivezwe kuthelevishini zivela eVenezuela, okuyizona ezihamba phambili ezindabeni, ngesinye sikaPedro Campora, 'umholi webhizinisi' ochithe umthethosisekelo, wasula izishayamthetho zezifundazwe, wayichitha ingqungquthela futhi wavala iNkantolo Ephakeme - isizathu esanele sokuthi abingelelwe. yi-White House 'njengoMongameli waseVenezuela.'
UCampora ukhuluma i-salon enkulu, ememeza ukuthi iVenezuela yakhe ngeke ithengise 'iconsi elilodwa lamafutha eCuba.' Uyacasuka, uyathuthumela ngenxa yokuthukuthela njengoba ekhipha isimemezelo, endaweni yenjabulo egcwele izithende zomphakathi waseCaracas, onxiwankulu, abaphathi, osomabhizinisi kanye nabesifazane. Bagqoke kuze kube ngu-nines. Idlanzana labesifazane libethelwe ngezingubo zoboya, ubucwebe eminweni, ezihlakaleni nasemqaleni. Abacebile bayahuba njengoba uCampora egxeka iCuba, 'ni un paso atras, ni un paso atras! [hhayi ukuhlehla nokukodwa!],' evuma ngenjabulo isiqubulo senhlangano edumile.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo iqulu labantu livela ehhovisi lenxusa laseCuba, liklebhula imigwaqo, linqamula izintambo zikagesi eziya esakhiweni, futhi liphihliza futhi lishise izimoto ezezisebenzi zamanxusa nalabo abaphephela ngaphakathi kwezindonga zalo.
Kulezi zithombe ezifinyeziwe i-odium ephelele yenguquko yaseCuba, isibonelo sayo, kanye nokwesaba ukulingisa kwayo, iyabonakala. Isixuku esimhlophe ngokweqile sibhonga ngokugunyaza kwaso kokumisa kukaCampora ukuthunyelwa kukawoyela eHavana. Kuyinzondo ejulile yohlobo olujulile - inzondo yesigaba - eqhutshwa ukwesaba ukuthi ibutho laseVenezuela lizofuna ukulingisa iCuba, lithathe umgwaqo waseCuba, futhi lidlulele ngale kwe-chavismo.
Ibala labagubhayo liyaphawuleka ezweni eliningi labo abantu abacetshiswe okhokho base-Afrika namaNdiya - okuphawulwe eshadini le-New York Times yango-April 18, elibonisa ukuthi amaphesenti angu-79 eVenezuela 'ayizinhlanga ezixubile,' Omnyama, kanye nama-Amerindian.
Ukunengwa okubonakalayo kwazo zonke izinto zaseCuba - 'Castroist' - ezikhuphuka njengenyongo ephuma emathunjini 'abantu abaphakeme' njengoba uCampora ehlasela iHavana isimo sangempela sonxiwankulu baseLatin America abaphelelwa amandla, abathembele eCuba - isigaba saso sabasebenzi, ukusebenzelana kwamazwe ngamazwe, i-socialism yayo - iyaphuma, ijabule ngesikhathi sokunqoba, umbukiso wesibindi mbumbulu esishiswe umbuso.
Kuyingxenye kazwelonke yekilasi likaJudas wezwekazi lapho iWashington izokhetha khona ukwenza umsebenzi wayo ongcolile ongakaqedwa eVenezuela, lapho amakhadi awo wonke umuntu esetafuleni futhi umlando unikeza abantu abasebenzayo, intsha, abampofu, lokho okwanqatshelwa uquqaba. waseChile ngo-1973 nase-Argentina ngo-1976 - ithuba lesibili lokuzilungiselela. UDuhalde wase-Argentina, njengabanye omongameli baseLatin America, ukhipha ukugxekwa kokuketula umbuso, kodwa konke kuyisigqoko futhi akukho mfana wezinkomo. Yena kanye nekilasi lakhe elikhungathekile futhi besaba ukuthi isixuku sizodlula amabhodwe namapani, imiklamo, neziteleka zokuzivikela, futhi basebenzise izifundo zase-Cuba e-Argentina.
Ikhebhu engikuyo ijika kwesokudla isuke ku-venida 9 de Julio — enye yochungechunge lwezindlela ezihambisanayo ezakha umthambo omaphakathi obanzi, obanzi, ozungezwe imigqa yezakhiwo ezinhle futhi ehlukaniswa iziqhingi zotshani. Yehlela ezansi eSuipacha, ibheke ehhotela elincane eSuipacha engihlala kulo. Ngaso leso sikhathi, izinyawo ezingu-20, amavolovolo amabili ahlukanisa umoya ebusuku. Isibhamu leso, ngisho ku-taxista.
'Othile ugebenga ibhange,' usho ngokungananazi. Kusenjalo kuqhamuke isithombe siphume emnyango, sishibilike, siwe, sivuke sibaleke. 'Akukho okungajwayelekile,' esho, ehlehlisa lesi sigameko. Ukusakazwa kwabezindaba okuvusa amadlingozi mayelana negagasi 'lobugebengu basemgwaqweni' - okuhlanganisa nokuhlasela okuningi ezitolo ezinkulu, kusabalele, kodwa akunawo umsuka wangempela, njengoba izigidi zikholelwa ukuthi abaphangi bangempela namasela aphethe izwe nohulumeni. Lena indlela eqabulayo yokubhekana nombuzo wokuthi obani abayizigebengu zangempela e-Argentina, nakwezinye izindawo.
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I-Casa Argentina-Chile, isikhungo somphakathi esigabeni sabasebenzi se-barrio San Telmo igcwele phama abantu. Njalo ngoLwesithathu, onyakeni odlule kube khona indawo ye-trueque [yokushintshana] emiswa lapho. Abantu - abazali, ogogo nomkhulu, abanye abanezingane ezincane noma bephelezelwa intsha - baletha izinhlobonhlobo zezimpahla ezizoshintshaniswa. Uhlu lwezinto alupheli, kusukela kumasokisi nezingubo zangaphansi kuya kumaqebelengwane namaphayi, ama-flatware asetshenzisiwe namapuleti, i-jeans, imishini yokubhala, izinto zokukhanyisa. Isikhathi ngasinye lapho kulethwa izimpahla, ophethe uthola ithikithi elibonisa isikweletu. Isetshenziselwa ukushintshanisa. 'Ayikho nhlobo imali lapha,' kusho uTeresa, isisebenzi sokuzithandela.
Ngokukhala kombhobho onesipikha esinyakazayo, osebenza ngamapulangwe unikeza izinkonzo zakhe. Abathengisi bangakwazi ukuhwebelana ngezinto zabo ukuze bavakashelwe futhi basebenze, noma othile anganikeza amakhredithi akhe, lowo osebenza ngamapulangwe angawasebenzisa ukuze athole noma yikuphi okuthengiswayo, noma isoseji elicwebezelayo ku-grill. 'Sinokunye ukudla nathi,' kusho uTeresa, 'kodwa inyama ayikho. Ayikho inyama eningi lapha kwamakhelwane.' Noma imali.
Naphezu kwezindawo eziminyene - amakhulu abantu ehlombe nehlombe, kunezingane ezincane ngaphansi - akukho ukungqubuzana, akukho ukuxabana, akukho ukusunduzana noma ukumemeza, umsindo wengxoxo, ukuklolodela kwezingane, umculo ovela endaweni ethile, izimemezelo ezithuthukisiwe.
Amanye ama-trueque amile, anesikhungo sawo esimisiwe. Ezinye zenzeka esikhungweni somphakathi kanje. Bakhula ezindaweni ezihlala abasebenzi kulo lonke idolobha njengendawo edumile, yokuzivikela ezimeni eziphuthumayo ngokumelene nokuqubuka kobumpofu obugcwele izwe lonke.
Ubani owahlela lokhu?
'Sikwenzile, bantu be-barrio,' kusho uTeresa, njengoba ebingelela abantu emnyango, ebangenisa, futhi ebanikeza izikweletu.
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Endaweni ephakeme yase-Buenos Aires Recolecta - inguqulo yakudala kakhulu, enomthunzi wesihlahla ye-toney upper East Side yase-Manhattan, noma amakhaya namafulethi ase-Beacon Hill e-Boston - amakhefi amahle nezindawo zokudlela ezihamba phambili ezinamachashazi emigwaqo ewugwadule, zishibhile manje. , njengamatekisi azokuyisa lapho, Uma unenqwaba yamapeso, noma amadola angcono.
'Kufanele uyibone le ndawo ebusuku,' kusho uFranklin, uweta noyisifiki ovela eDominican Republic. Indawo yokudlela asebenza kuyo ingaphesheya kweRecolecta Cementary yodumo lapho kungcwatshwa khona abacebile nabadumile base-Argentina, amabhokisi abo emigqeni yama-mausoleum. Ithuna lomndeni wakwaDuarte likhona, futhi, futhi ngemuva kwamafasitela alo anemigoqo kunebhokisi lika-Eva Peron, eliheha kakhulu izivakashi.
Ithuna lami eliyintandokazi yilelo lomshayisibhakela omkhulu wase-Argentina, uLuÃs Angel Firpo - 'Inkunzi yasendle yasePampa' - owalwa, futhi wahlulwa ku-Jack Dempsey emqhudelwaneni we-heavyweight womhlaba. Uphonswe, mkhulu kunempilo yethusi, ngeziqu nengubo.
'Izimoto ezizimele yonke indawo, awekho amabhasi, izimoto ezizimele, izimoto ezinhle,' kusho uFranklin, ekhomba umgwaqo oseduze odlula emathuneni, 'futhi abantu abaningi bathengisa izimoto zabo ukuze baphile, ukuze wazi ukuthi kunemali.' Abavakashi iningi labo livela eMexico nase-United States, naseBrithani, uthi.
Izinga lokushuba kwesimo emphakathini alifani neMexico, lapho amasosha adubula ngezibhamu egada esikhumulweni sezindiza enhloko-dolobha. Isikhumulo sezindiza samazwe ngamazwe esisemaphethelweni eBuenos Aires asinawo amasosha uma siqhathaniswa nozakwabo base-US.
Ama-bullet-proof vests ajwayelekile emaphoyiseni ase-Argentina, kodwa cishe abekho onogada abahlomile - njengoba kuvame eMexico City - phambi kwezitolo, amabhange, izikhungo zokushintshisana ngemali. Abacebile bangase bakhathazeke, kodwa abakakanyakazi emabhuthini abo.
Ku-Fashion TV, ishaneli yekhebula, mhlawumbe inkulungwane yobuso obukhazimulayo, obunempilo bubuka umdlalo we-Giordano ovela e-Mar del Plata, indawo yokungcebeleka ekhethekile. Amamodeli, 'ubufakazi bobuhle base-Argentina,' ummemezeli uyashosholoza, ehla esiteji, engenasibindi eziqongweni ezibonisa ngale, amakhamera abheke phezulu onqenqemeni lomgwaqo wendiza ukuze athwebule izithombe ezinhle kakhulu ezivezwa izintambo ezincane ezigqokwa amamodeli ngaphansi kweziketi ezincane. , noma njengama-bikinis.
Isixuku oohs futhi ahhs, amadoda grin, ummemezeli, ezinkomishini zakhe. Umlingani wakhe, owesifazane, uzama ukuchaza ukubaluleka kwama-frocks.
Ukuzijabulisa kusasele kwabacebile nama-hangers abo, kusukela emijahweni ezenzakalelayo yesitayela saseYurophu ukuya ethrekhi yezixuku zamahhashi, igalofu, nemiqhudelwano yethenisi emakilabhini abizayo.
Imibhangqwana nemindeni iphithizela ezindaweni zokudlela, yehlisa u-$100, ama-peso angu-200 ngesidlo sakusihlwa - inyama yenkomo ewubukhazikhazi, eyosiwe yaphelela, ephuzwa namawayini abomvu acebile, akhiqizwa endaweni.
Ngibuka umbhangqwana oshibhile udla ku-parilla enkulu, inqwaba yenyama yenkomo eyosiwe, ama-chops, inkukhu, amasoseji, izinkwa ezinoshukela, nama-tripe. Bashiya ingxenye yoqweqwe lwamaprotheni ingadliwanga.
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NgoLwesihlanu ebusuku obupholile, indlu ye-opera enkulu i-Teatro Colón - enkulu kune-La Scala, e-Italy - ivulela undunankulu wase-Buenos Aires we-Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny, ka-Kurt Weill no-Bertolt Brecht. Lesi singathekiso se-asidi sempilo eRiphabhulikhi ye-Weimer - sihlukaniswa yinhlekelele, egcwele inkohlakalo, ekhulelwe amathuba oshintsho - saziwa kakhulu ngomculo oshisayo, iNyanga yase-Alabama, esimbozwe abaculi kusukela ku-Doors kuya ku-Dave Van Ronk.
UBrecht no-Weill babhala i-opera phakathi kuka-1927-30 eBerlin, idolobha langempela lempilo yaseMahagonny, lapho 'ubugebengu obubi kakhulu buwukungabi namali.'
Isiteji siqinile futhi sigcwele, sigcwele udoti. I-orchestra ye-Colón's idlala isikolo se-Weill - i-symphony ebambekayo, ephikisanayo, esongelayo, egijimayo - ecishe ibe nomdlandla wokusubatha. Abalingisi - bonke abantu base-Argentina - bacula ngesiJalimane sangempela, nemibhalo engezansi ngeSpanishi ikhanya phezulu ngaphezu kwesiteji esibanzi.
Kusebusuku bokuvula futhi nakhu kufika ukhilimu womphakathi waseBuenos Aires.
Ngenza iphutha lokungena emnyango ongaphambili, lapho ngihlangana khona noboya obanele ukuze intandane isizukulwane sama-minks. Ngiphakathi nesikhangiso saseNew Yorker esikhuluma iSpanishi, esinamadoda agqoke amasudi angu-$1,000 nabesifazane abanciphile abacwebezelayo ukuze babonakale besesimweni sobuciko bezimonyo.
Ngikhumbula ukuphawulwa kwangaphambili okwenziwa umdayisi osemncane wasemgwaqweni e-La Boca, indawo yomfula ependwe ngendlela exakile eyaqala ukuhlaliswa abokufika base-Italy ngawo-1920s. 'Bonke abesifazane abacebile eBuenos Aires babukeka ngendlela efanayo,' usho kanjalo, 'ngoba baya kudokotela ohlinzayo ofanayo.'
Ngaziswa u-usher, ogqoke ama-pantaloon, ama-tight, kanye newigi emhlophe eyimpuphu, 'ukungena okungalungile.' Ngiphuma esakhiweni, ngiye emnyango oseceleni, ngikhuphuke ngekheshi eline-riff-raff, ngiye kuvulandi wesine, isiteji kwesokunxele, phezulu lapho nabafundi, nabanye abakhokhela amathikithi ashibhile, ama-pesos angama-40. Ngikhalisa intamo yami ukuze ngibone ukusebenza futhi ngifunde ukuhumusha, ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngisho namajuba ayabanda.
Njengoba idolobha laseMahagonny liwa, abalingiswa badonsa kanzima ukuze bathole izimpawu 'zokuqasha' futhi bazibeke ngaphesheya kwesethi. AngeSpanishi, anezinombolo zocingo ze-Buenos Airs, uhlobo olubona kulo lonke idolobha. Konke okushodayo kuwuphawu oluvame kakhulu: ingqikithi ye-liqudación.
Lokhu kugcizelela lokho okusobala, njengoba izikhombo eziphathelene nenhlekelele yezenhlalo nezomnotho kanye nokuwohloka kokuziphatha ezabhalwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-70 edlule zivimbela labo abeza eKoloni ukuze baphambuke enhlekeleleni edla yonke into. Laba akubona abadlali bomdanso base-Italy, noma i-Three Penny Opera yezepolitiki ngababhali abafanayo. Abanye ezilalelini kusobala ukuthi bathukile, kodwa abaningi bayasukuma futhi bajabulele abalingisi phakathi nocingo olude.
Angiyena uwazi we-opera kodwa ngiyazi engikuthandayo, futhi lokhu - ngobuhle bayo bomculo, ukuwohloka kwawo okujulile komphakathi wonxiwankulu, isithombe sawo esimangalisayo - kuyinto ongayibona njengokungathi ihlanganisa okwedlule nesimanje ngokunemba okwesabekayo.
Ngemva kwalokho, ikhumbi engihamba ngalo emgwaqeni oseceleni ime eduze kwemodeli yakamuva yohlobo lweMercedes eshayelwe ukushayela. Abagibeli, izinsizwa nezintokazi ezigqoke kahle ezisanda kuhlangana nabantu baseMahagonny, bagqolozele phambili, bathule futhi bebheke itshe.
Lawa ma-plutocrats, mhlawumbe, aphakathi kwabantu abangaziwa abacelwe ngu-Diego Guelar, inxusa lase-Argentina e-United States, ukuthi asindise izwe. 'Abacebe kakhulu futhi yibona abanomthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu,' ubhala, ekhasini eligcwele lesiqephu se-op-ed e-ClarÃn, kulo msebenzi. Isihloko sinesihloko esithi, 'Okushodayo wukuthola kabusha ubunxiwankulu bangempela e-Argentina.'
UGuelar usebenzisa impikiswano yakhe ngokuqala achaze inkolelo-mbono yenani elingaphezulu kanye nokuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi abakhokhelwayo ukuze bathole inzuzo yangasese, echazwe 'uKarl Marx…ukuphela kwesazi sezomnotho esachaza ubunxiwankulu ngokwesayensi.' Kubalandeli bakaMarx, lolu hlobo lomnotho 'lubi futhi kufanele luqedwe uguquko lwabasebenzi.'
Nokho, kulabo 'abangewona ama-Marx,' lesi simiso 'siwumthombo wentuthuko yezenhlalakahle,' kusho inxusa. Ngaphandle kwase-Argentina akusebenzi. 'Unxiwankulu bangempela' bungalethwa kanjani ezweni?
'Noma yibaphi osomabhizinisi abangu-30 kumele bajikijele itshe lokuqala,' kunxusa uGuelar, 'kufanele babuyisele ezweni labo abakukhiphele kwamanye amazwe ngokusemthethweni' - imali eyizigidigidi eziyi-106 asebenyamalale ezweni. Ngokwenza lokhu, 'bangaceba nakakhulu, kodwa, kulokhu, njengabasindisi be-Argentina onqenqemeni lwesiphithiphithi nokuhlakazeka.'
Lesi siphakamiso esithobekile, esantanta ngo-Ephreli 8, sihlangatshezwana nokuthula okufile emakhasini wokuhlela alandelayo.
Ukuma okunenhlamba okunjalo sekuvele kwenye indawo, ngaphambilini. I-Los Angeles Times, esihlokweni esithi 'Ukuhlolwa Kokholo Kwase-Argentina' iphakamisa ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe 'kufanele agqugquzele abatshalizimali be-jittery abathumele imali phesheya ukuthi babuyisele ingxenyana yayo njengendlela yokutshala imali ekusaseni lase-Argentina. Lokhu kungaba ukukhombisa ukholo oluhle. Abantu base-Argentina kumelwe babonise ukuthi bayakholelwa ezweni labo ngaphambi kokuba bacele abanye ukuba benze kanjalo.'
I-editorial ivela ngo-April Fool's Day.
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'Umbono akukona nje ukuhlala efektri, hhayi ukukhiqiza kuphela,' kusho u-Raúl Godoy, umholi omaphakathi we-Independent Ceramic Employees and Workers Union e-Neuquen, efektri yase-Zanón, eqhele ngamamayela angu-700 ukusuka e-Buenos Aires. 'Kuwukuba nohlelo lwezenhlalakahle, ukufuna imisebenzi kwabangasebenzi ukuze kwandiswe umkhiqizo. Lokhu akuphathelene nenkontileka'
Ecikekile, u-Godoy ukhuluma nabasebenzi abangaba ngu-40, iningi labo okungabesifazane, endaweni ekhululekile yefekthri yezingubo yaseBrukman asebeyithathe kusukela ngoDisemba. Isitolo sesimanje, esigcwele sokukhiqiza, imboni enezitezi eziyisithupha eqhele ngamakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka enkabeni yedolobha ikhiqiza amasudi amadoda. Abaphathi banyamalala ngaphambi kokuqhuma komphakathi, futhi kanye nabo, abaphathi nonobhala.
Amaceramisistas aseNeuquen aqale umsebenzi wawo ngo-Okthoba nyakenye. Izisebenzi ezingaba ngu-330 ziyaqhubeka nokukhiqiza amathayela okwakha, zisebenza amashifu amabili, futhi zinakekela ohhavini engxenyeni yesithathu yefektri, uGodoy utshela izisebenzi zezingubo, ezingaba ihektare ngosayizi.
Lawa maqembu amabili abasebenzi azama ukuthola ukuthi angahlanganisa kanjani inhlangano yabasebenzi ehlukene yase-Argentina kanye nemizamo yokulwela ukubuyela emuva iyakhula. Ezabo ziphakathi kwezimpi ezinjalo ezithuthuke kakhulu.
UGodoy utshela abasebenzi baseBrukman - bangama-55 sebebonke, cishe ingxenye yabasebenzi bangaphambi komsebenzi, 'nisebenza ngokuzikhandla ngokuphindwe kabili kunathi, nenza imisebenzi ephindwe kabili, njengabasebenzi, nanjengabesifazane.' Abesifazane bavume ngekhanda.
Uchaza isidingo sokwakha inhlangano entsha yabasebenzi, 'ezimele, yentando yeningi, evikela abasebenzi.' Uchaza ukuthi akekho osebenza ngokugcwele eZanón, ukuthi umhlangano wefekthri ungasusa amalungu ekomidi eliphezulu lenyunyana ezimele noma nini, ukuthi wonke umuntu unezwi elilinganayo kanye nevoti. Le nyunyana ifinyelele kwabangasebenzi, isebenzisana nama-piqueteros, yasika nemizila ebalulekile edolobheni ukuze igxile emzabalazweni. Inyunyana ithole ukuhlonishwa yizinkantolo zezifundazwe ngokuthi abaphathi babavalela ngaphandle, nokuthi lo msebenzi 'usemthethweni,' kusho uGodoy.
Osolwazi basemanyuvesi endawo kanye nabafundi ebunyeni nomzabalazo wabo bayabasiza ngaphandle kwezinselelo zokubalwa kwezimali nezobunjiniyela. Bake baba namamashi nemibhikisho ethinta intsha nabangasebenzi. Imbewu yenhlangano yezenhlalakahle itshaliwe.
Abasebenzi baseZanón, njengalabo baseBrukman, bafuna ukuthi ohulumeni bezifundazwe bathathe ubunikazi balezi zikhungo ezimbili, futhi baqhubeke nokusebenza ngaphansi kokulawulwa ngabasebenzi.
Umhlangano umakwa ngokuhamba kalula nikeza-futhi-uthathe, imibuzo yangempela, akukho sloganeering. Umhlangano ugunyaza isicelo sokubizela abasekeli ndawonye ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ukuze bathuthukise ukuqwashisa ngemizabalazo yabo efanayo, banikeze abanye inkundla, futhi bathathe igxathu eliya phambili ekuhleleni nasekuxhumaneni.
'Ngazalelwa njengesisebenzi kule mboni,' kusho uCelia MartÃnez. Ungumholi weKhomishana ekhethiwe yamalungu ayisithupha Yomzabalazo Wangaphakathi, ethathe inkomba yokukhiqiza nokusabalalisa amasudi ake anamalebula e-Christian Dior kanye noPierre Cardin, ingqophamlando yezohwebo kulo msebenzi weminyaka engama-51.
Emfushane, eyakhiwe ngokuqinile, esebenzayo, uthi 'akakaze aziphuphe ngezinguquko ezenzekile. Umhlaba wonke usushintshile. Sikubonakalisile esingakwenza. Asibadingi.'
Ngasekupheleni konyaka odlule, abasebenzi baxoshwa ngamaphoyisa kodwa babuya njengoba amakhulu egcwele imigwaqo ezobavikela, amaphoyisa akhipha ibhilidi. Abanye balala efekthri njengebutho lezokuvikela. Abasekeli nabasebenzi basebenza ekhishini lomgwaqo. Izibhengezo nama-streamer avela esakhiweni amemezela umsebenzi. Ezokuphepha zamukela amakhasimende egunjini lombukiso, lapho azama khona, futhi athenge amasudi.
Ngizama eyodwa, inhlanganisela ye-wool-polyester empunga, enamabele amabili, bese ngiyithenga. UCelia uyabuza ukuthi ngiyafuna yini ilebula elithungelwe phakathi. Ngimtshela ukuthi badinga ethi, 'made under workers control.' Uyamamatheka. Ngimtshela ukuthi uma ngikhuluma nge-Argentina, ngizoyigqoka, ukuze ngibonise ukuthi izisebenzi zingenzani ngaphandle kwabaphathi. Ukumamatheka okukhulu. 'Lokho ukukhushulwa okungcono kakhulu,' usho kanje. 'Singakwazi ukukhiqiza ezinye izinto. Kunezibhedlela eBuenos Aires ezidinga amashidi. Singazenza. Siphenya ezinye izimakethe.'
Kuyibhizinisi njengenjwayelo, kodwa okungajwayelekile kakhulu. Ngomzabalazo wabo, abasebenzi bathola izincwadi zangempela zabaphathi. Bafunda izimfihlo zokuphatha.
'Sengineminyaka engu-40 ngisebenza ezimbonini ezintathu zezingubo,' kusho uMatilde, okumelwe ukuba waqala umsebenzi esanda kweva eshumini nambili. 'Lesi isitshalo sami sesithathu. Isithunywa senyunyana yamaPeronist kule mboni namuhla singomunye owayeyisithunywa ngesikhathi ngiqala umsebenzi. Okufanayo!' Uyahleka.
Uthi: 'Asikaze sazane lapha kwaze kwaba yizinyanga eziyisithupha ezedlule. Abasebenzi babehlukaniswa yinhlebo, umsebenzi, ukucasulwa okuncane abaphathi abasebenzisa kubo. 'Sekuhambe kakhulu lokho. Ubone omunye iminyaka eyi-10 noma engu-15 kwesinye isitezi futhi awukaze ukhulume. Sekuphelile lokho.'
Abanikazi, abaxoxisana nomlobi weBoston Globe, bathukuthele ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kuyaqhubeka. 'Sinebhizinisi eliduniwe,' kusho omunye, 'izisebenzi zenza umbukiso omkhulu wezinyembezi.'
Kodwa, i-athikili ye-Globe iphawula, 'izinhlangothi ezimbili ziyavumelana' eqinisweni lokuthi amasonto amabili ngonyaka odlule izisebenzi zazihola amaRandi angu-5 ngesonto.
I-Globe ibika ukuthi izisebenzi 'zakwezinye izimboni ezingu-11 ezenza noma yini ngogandaganda kuya kufulawa nensimbi ziye zathatha ukukhiqizwa nokusebenza kwezinkampani ezingasebenzi kahle, ngemva kokuba abanikazi benyamalala noma bexoshwa.' Ushicilelo lwangoFebhuwari lwePerspectiva Mundial lushicilela izingxoxo nezisebenzi ezimbalwa zalezi zimboni, isikhathi eside. Kuyacaca ukuthi imizamo enjalo iyingxenye ebucayi yabalwi bezikhundla abafinyelela ubumbano lwezigaba, njengoba bezabalaza ukuthola indlela yokubhekana namagalelo amakhulu abaqashi kanye nombuso. 'Sithole ukwesekwa okukhulu kwabanye abasebenzi, naphezu kwamaphoyisa ahlala elapha ezama ukusabisa,' kusho umsebenzi ovela kwa-EMFER, lapho amalungu angu-150 eMetal Workers Union ehlala endaweni yawo yokulungisa izimoto.
NgokukaClarÃn, umholi we-ceramisista u-Raúl Godoy ungitshela ukuthi, 'kunezindawo zokusebenza ezingu-5,000 ekuxabaneni ngabaqashi e-Argentina namuhla, ezinye seziphenduka imifelandawonye ngenxa yabasebenzi, noma kube nomsebenzi, noma umnikazi uzama akhe umfelandawonye ukuze enze imali.' Ngenxa yokwehlukana kwenhlangano yesigaba sabasebenzi, la masosha abhekene nenselele yokumane atholane.
U-Raul, u-Celia kanye nami sixoxa sizungeze itafula esitezi sesithupha semboni, kanye nommeli osekelayo, idlanzana labathwebuli bevidiyo abasebasha. I-Sp mate, isiphuzo sesizwe sase-Argentina esinamandla, ukufakwa kwetiye le-herbal, esithathwa ngotshani bensimbi, siphuzwe kushisa, sisuka enkomishini efana nepayipi elincane lamanzi. Akuvamile ukutholakala kumathilomu enhloko-dolobha, eyaziwa ngekhofi elicebile. Ukunambitheka komlingani, ngifunda ngokushesha, kutholwa.
Ucabangani umholi wabasebenzi basefekthri kathayela ngesiphakamiso senxusa lase-Argentina sokuthi 'noma yibaphi' abantu abacebile abangu-30 kufanele babuyisele ezinye zezigidigidi zabo ukuze 'basindise' izwe?
'Zingu-30 kuphela izimuncagazi, kungasekho?' Kusho u-Raúl, emamatheka njengoba ekhipha intuthu kagwayi.
'Abasebenzi bazosindisa izwe,' kusho uCelia.
'Simbalwa kakhulu,' kusho uGodoy wabahlali basefekthri. 'Kunzima kakhulu lokhu esikwenzayo. Kodwa abaholi bezinyunyana ezisemthethweni abenzi lutho, ababanaki abasebenzi. Kukhona into esiyiqalayo.'
Kamuva ngesonto, abantu abangaba ngu-2,000, okuhlanganisa nabasebenzi abambalwa baseZanón, abahamba amakhilomitha angu-1,200 ukuya e-Buenos Aires, abesifazane namadoda asuka e-Brukman, ababambisene nabo besigaba sabasebenzi, kanye nabaningi abangasebenzi, bangena emigwaqweni ukuvikela imizabalazo. Kunomhlangano 'wabaphathi' - abamele uhulumeni, abaphathi abavela eBrukman, izikhulu eziphezulu zenyunyana - ukudingida lesi simo. Ihlala amahora ayisishiyagalombili, kungaxazululeki lutho. Akukho okusatshalaliswa kwabezindaba ngemashi.
Ngo-Ephreli 13, uCalle Jujuy uvinjwe imigqa yamasondo. Ilanga liphuma ngemva kwesonto lesibhakabhaka esimpunga, futhi abantu abangafika ku-500, abasebenzi abaningi kakhulu, intsha eningi, iningi elingasebenzi, ligcwalisa izihlalo phambi kukaBrukman eMhlanganweni Wokuvikela Izimboni Eziqashiwe. Abaningi abangazitholi izihlalo bayama. Umoya olula uhlekisa umoya ngephunga lamasoseji amavolontiya azolisa ekhishini labasebenzi bangaphandle.
Amaphoyisa akude, ekugcineni kwebhulokhi. Abasebenzi baseBrukman kanye neZanón bachaza ngokuningiliziwe imizabalazo yabo, izinhloso zabo: ukwanda kobumbano lwabasebenzi, ukuvikela okunamandla kwamaholo, ukwakhiwa kwamathuba emisebenzi, ubumbano, ukusebenzelana kazwelonke kwemizabalazo, ukwanda kwemithombo yolwazi.
'Lona umzabalazo wase-Buenos Aires,' kusho u-Oscar Bayer, intatheli yePagina 12, ehlonishwa yiyo yonke imisinga eqhubekayo kanye nesizukulwane esisha sezintatheli ezisencane ngokumela kwakhe umbuso wezempi. 'Akwaziwa kahle kakhulu, kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu. Le-encuentro izosiza, ngiyethemba.'
Wethulwa esiteji futhi ukhuluma kafushane nesixuku. 'Lesi ukuqala kwento entsha,' esho, 'into edingekayo.'
Kukhuluma abasebenzi abayishumi nanhlanu, abanye babo abayizithunywa zendawo ezinyunyaneni ezizimele, abanye balwa nabaphathi bePeronist, abazama ukubaxosha. Baseminyakeni yabo-20 kanye nengama-30, bayidlanzana kuphela ababonakala bebadala. Eplatifomu enoGodoy kanye noMartÃnez ungumholi wefekthri yezingubo ezinabasebenzi besifazane abangu-135, abavela eMonteviideo. Iningi labamele abasebenzi livela esifundazweni saseBuenos Aires, abambalwa abavela ezifundazweni eziseduze. Okuhlukile kakhulu ithimba elivela kubasebenzi beZanon, ama-ceramisistas athathe uhambo olude lwebhasi ukufika lapha.
Izikhulumi zihlanganisa abasebenzi basembonini yezitimela, ezokuthutha umphakathi, othisha basezikoleni zamabanga aphezulu nabasenyuvesi, abaqoqi bakadoti wezinkontileka, abasebenza ngensimbi, abasebenzi bakamasipala nabakahulumeni nabanye abaningi. Idlanzana elibalulekile ngabesifazane. Babika ngemizabalazo yabo, kuhlanganise nomsebenzi omusha esitolo esincane sokusebenza ngensimbi eBuenos Aires. Abasebenzi bafunde imilayezo yobumbano evela emikhakheni eminingi yezingxabano ezweni lonke, okwenza umbuthano ube nephunga elimnandi ezweni. Bonke banxusa ukubamba iqhaza kumashi yosuku lukaMeyi omkhulu ePlaza de Mayo, 'umhlangano omkhulu wabasebenzi' ukukhombisa enye indlela ngaphandle kwezikhungo ezibhekene nale nkinga. Lolu suku lukaMeyi ngeke lube lwemikhosi noma lwendabuko.
'Ungasebenzi noma uqashiwe,' kusho umholi wothisha, 'uyisisebenzi.' Isixuku siyahalalisa.
Kunengxoxo yokuhlanganisa iphepha likazwelonke lokusabalalisa ulwazi mayelana nale mizabalazo, amanethiwekhi okuxhumana, izenzo zobumbano. Kunemibiko ngezenzo zesiteleka ezingaba khona.
UCelia MartÃnez uyakhuluma. Ugqoke ingubo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka egqokwa abasebenzi bezingubo. Uchaza ngemizamo yabasebenzi bezingubo eBrukman. Akhubeke kancane, axolise, kodwa akekho ohlukunyezwayo, wonke umuntu ulalela ngokucophelela. 'Ngiyaqala ngqa ukukhuluma nabantu abaningi kangaka,' kusho uCelia.
Kodwa umshikashika osembonini, nalokho abakwenzile yena kanye nozakwabo kulezi zinyanga ezinhlanu ezedlule kumnikeze ukuzethemba kanye nabo. Aqhubeke.
'Sibonisile ukuthi singayiphatha ifektri,' kusho uCelia, izwi lakhe ligcwele ibhulokhi ngalolu suku olupholile e-Buenos Aires, njengoba isixuku sishaya ihlombe, 'futhi singaliphatha izwe.'
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