Isazi sezombangazwe esidumile uMichael Parenti muva nje kuxoxwa naye omunye usosayensi wezombangazwe owaziwayo, uCarl Boggs. Ingxoxo ekuqaleni yavela kujenali yezemfundo i-New Political Science, Juni 2012. Yethulwe lapha ngokuphelele..
UCarl Boggs (CB): Umsebenzi wakho wokufunda uye wazuza udumo olungajwayelekile, ezweni lonke nasemhlabeni wonke, phakathi nenkathi yamashumi eminyaka ambalwa. Konke lokhu, naphezu kokuxoshwa kwesayensi yezombangazwe ekuqaleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa, futhi, ingxenye enkulu, benqatshelwe ukusekelwa kwesikhungo, imiklomelo, kanye nemali engenayo inqwaba yezifundiswa - kuhlanganise nalabo abangakwesokunxele - abayithatha kalula. Manje kahle kuze kube yiminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa, uhlala ukhiqiza njengakuqala. Kube yini ukhiye wempumelelo yakho?
UMichael Parenti (MP): Ngifuna ukusho โukuphila okuhlanzekileโ kodwa akekho ongangikholwa. Eqinisweni, ukuphela kwezinto engangikwazi ukuzenza ekuphileni kwakuwukubhala nokukhuluma, ngakho ngaqhubeka ngizenza. Okwangishukumisela ukuba ngiqhubekele phambili kwaba isifiso sokufuna iqiniso phakathi kwamanga nokufiphazwa kwezithakazelo ezibusayo. Imizamo yami yangidonsela ngokuphindaphindiwe endaweni eyenqatshelwe, engayiholeli ekuthatheni isikhundla. Njengoba ngiphucwe isikhundla esivamile sasenyuvesi ngenxa yobushoshovu bami nemibhalo ye-iconoclastic, ngazinikela ekuzameni ukuba ungqondongqondo womphakathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngisagcina izixhumanisi nezemfundo: ezinye zezincwadi zami zisetshenziswa ezifundweni; Ngenza izinkulumo zezivakashi ezikoleni ezahlukene futhi ngibe nezimemo ezimbalwa zokufundisa izivakashi emashumini eminyaka adlule. Futhi ukholwa noma ungakholwa, ezikhathini ezingavamile ngisahlanganisa i-athikili yezincwadi zezindatshana eziqoqiwe zezazi noma amajenali ezemfundo. Kwezezimali bekuba nzima kwesinye isikhathi kodwa ngisindile kuze kube manje.
I-CB: Ngizikhulumela mina kanye nabanye abaningi abathuthukayo kanye nabashisekeli engibaziyo, inqubo yokushintshashintsha esidlule kuyo ngokuvamile ivela eminyakeni yethu yabantu abadala. Ube yini umsuka wokushiya kwakho imikhuba ekhona kanye nepolitiki evamile? Futhi kwenzeka nini empilweni yakho?
MP: Ayikho inabukeni elibomvu eliqhakazayo kimi. Njengomfana wesikole ngangike ngifunde ngezenzakalo zezombusazwe e New York Daily News nezinye izinsalela ezinjalo. Ngesipelingi esifushane ngisemusha esikoleni esiphakeme, ngangizibheka njengeRiphabhulikhi (ungabuzi). Ekolishi ngangiyisishoshovu seLiberal Party eNew York City. Ngaleso sikhathi umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu wawungibambe ngamandla. Ukungabi nabulungisa kukaJim Crow ukucwasa kwakucace ngokuphoqelela. Ngicabanga ukuthi ngasuka ngaya kwesokunxele ngoba ngithanda ubulungisa ngaphezu kwanoma yini enye, ngaphezu kobuhle noma uthando noma injabulo ngokwayo. Noma kunjalo kwakuneziphambeko. Isikhathi esibucayi kakhulu sempilo yami yomuntu omdala kwaba iminyaka emithathu noma ngaphezulu ngiseYale University ngithola i-Ph.D. kwisayensi yezepolitiki, noma njengoba ingabizwa kangcono ngokuthi โisayensi ye-apolitical.โ Ekugcineni kwaba yiMpi YaseVietnam eyangisusa ekubeni nenkululeko ephaphathekile yangiyisa ekubeni yi-radicalism yangempela. Ngaqala ukungabaza ngempi, ngabe sengibuza abaholi abakhiqiza impi, ngabe sengibuza uhlelo olwakhiqiza abaholi. Ekuqaleni ngangicabanga ukuthi impi yayiwumsebenzi ongenangqondo, iphutha elibi. Ekugcineni ngaphetha ngokuthi impi yayinengqondo impela, impumelelo edabukisayo (noma okungenani ingxenye yempumelelo) esebenzela izithakazelo zezinkampani zomhlaba wonke. Ngaleso sikhathi ngaqala ukusuka esikhaleni esikhululekile mayelana nokuthi izinto zimbi kangakanani ngaya ekuhlaziyeni okujulile mayelana nokuthi kungani zinjalo.
I-CB: Ubungomunye wabasunguli beCaucus Yesayensi Yezombangazwe Entsha ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960. Ekuphakameni kwe-New-Left radicalism, i-Caucus yagqugquzelwa ithemba lokuthi isiyalo singathonywa kakhulu igagasi lokwakha lomfundaze oqhubekayo nobushoshovu - futhi liqhubekele phambili kakhulu kwesokunxele. Ubuka umkhondo wesiyalo, kuthini ukucabanga kwakho manje kuleyo migomo ye-Caucus yasekuqaleni?
Ilungu lePhalamende: Imigomo yeKhaucus isafaneleka njengakuqala, futhi ayikakagcwaliseki ngokuphelele: ukungena ezindaweni ezingavunyelwe, ucwaningo olubucayi, oluqondakalayo, noluhambisana nomzabalazo wepolitiki nomlando. Kwakungacabangeki emuva ngo-1967 ukuthi cishe ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka izinto kulo msebenzi zizofana kakhulu. Namuhla sinombono ofanayo wokuminyanisa we-centrist owenza isimangalo esingamanga sombono. Namuhla ososayensi abajwayelekile bezepolitiki basaphikisana ngemibuzo efanayo ekhathele mayelana nokuqina kwendlela yokusebenza kanye nokushintsha kwepharadigmatic. Kanjani? Nokho, ama-centrists kanye nama-conservatives basalawula amabhodi wabaphatheli; basamile lawula ukuphatha, izimali zocwaningo, amathangi okucabanga kanye namajenali ezifundo, kanye ngokuqashwa, ukukhushulwa kanye nokuhlala; ngamafuphi, zonke izindlela zokukhiqiza kabusha izimo zokubusa kwazoโekuphishekeleni okuqhubekayo kwesayensi yezombangazwe.
Kuyo yonke iminyaka yawo-1970 kuya ko-1980 ngikhumbula icala ngemva kwecala lokudedelwa kwezifundiswa nothisha. Ngokuvamile, izifundiswa eziphephile kwezombusazwe zazineโfuthi zisenazoโizindlela zemisebenzi ezibushelelezi futhi ezihlonishwa kakhulu kunalezo ezisebenza ngombono obucayi, nakuba kuhle ukwazi ukuthi amanani ama-radicals asindile ekusikeni.
I-CB: Ngenkathi singabafundi abaneziqu eminyakeni eminingi edlule kwaqubuka izinkulumo-mpikiswano phakathi kwesikole โsabantu abaningiโ siqiniseka ngentando yeningi yaseMelika eyisibonelo kanye โnesakhiwo samandlaโ esithonywe isiko likaMarxist kanye nomsebenzi wama-radicals afana no-C. Wright Mills. Kwindida exakile, ngenkathi ukuthambekela kwe-oligarchic emphakathini waseMelika kwanda phakathi namashumi eminyaka, isayensi yezepolitiki ejwayelekile yamukele ubuningi njengombono ocishe ungcwele, othathelwe kalula kuyilapho imibono ebucayi isalokhu ibandlululwa. Sikuchaza kanjani lokhu kuphikisana okuphawulekayo?
Ilungu lePhalamende: Kwenzeke okufanayo nakwezomnotho. Eminyangweni yezomnotho ezweni lonke, iMarxism iye yashabalalaโhhayi ukuthi yake yaba nethonya elikhuluโkodwa kanjalo nobuKeynesian! Cishe bonke osomnotho bezemfundo sebengabamakethi bamahhala. Ilungelo lemibono belisebenza ngokujulile kule ngxenye yekhulu leminyaka edlule, liqasha abagcini bemithetho kwezobuntatheli nezomsakazo, izikole zomthetho kanye namajaji, inqubomgomo yomphakathi kanye nehhovisi likahulumeni, imifundaze kanye nokufundisa kwasekolishi. Abaphendulayo bayaqonda ukuthi abantu bayashukunyiswa futhi balawulwa ngamazwi nemibono. Khonamanjalo ama-liberals enze okuncane ngendlela yokufundisa ngemibono ngaphandle kokucindezela labo abangakwesobunxele kubo. Kuze kube namuhla, ama-liberals ngisho nabaningi โabaqhubeka kwesokunxeleโ bayaqhubeka nokulwa nezindimbane zemicabango yama-Marxist kuyilapho bona beshaywa njalo ilungelo lokusabela. AmaRiphabhulikhi ashaya isihogo kuwo futhi aqhubeka nokwelula isandla, aphuphe ama-bi-partisanship. Abakhululekile kanye neDemocratic Party ngokuvamile (ngaphandle kokunye) bafana nomlingani oshayiwe ebuhlotsheni obuhlukumezayo.
I-CB: Uma sikhuluma nge-oligarchy, inhlangano yakamuva ye-Occupy yakhiwe phezu kwesisekelo sokuthi izikhulu zezinkampani namabhange (i-1%) manje sezibusa izwe ngamandla akhulayo kanye nonya futhi ziye zabukela phansi ngehlazo noma yiziphi izikhungo nezinqubo zentando yeningi ezisele. Uma ubheka lokhu "i-populism entsha," uyibona ngezinga elingakanani njengempumelelo ebalulekile yezombangazwe - inselelo engase ibe namandla, eqinile ekwakhiweni kwamandla?
Ilungu lePhalamende: Inhlangano ye-Occupy yavela njengamandla ezombusazwe amakhulu futhi azenzakalela ezindaweni ezingamakhulu, ejabulisa kakhulu abaningi ababecabanga ukuthi babodwa futhi abanamandla. Inhlangano yasakaza isifinyezo esihlakaniphile sempi yekilasi eqhubekayo e-United States nakwezinye izindawo: i-1% vs. 99% Sekungamashumi eminyaka abanye bethu bezama ukwenza abantu babone ukuhlukana okukhulu kwesigaba (kwezezimali) kulo mphakathi. futhi ngenxa yalowo mzamo saphathwa โnjengabashisekeli benkoloโ kanye โnabemibono kaMarxistโ yilabo ababengafuni ingxenye yokuhlaziywa kwezigaba nokungqubuzana kwezigaba (njengokungathi bangakubalekela ngokumemezela ukuthi kudlule). Futhi manje kungazelelwe amakhulu ezinkulungwane zababhikishi abone ukuhlukana kwesigaba esikhulu, ngokucacile nangokufingqiwe. Ngisho nabanye abahlaziyi bezindaba manje babhekisela ku-1%. Njengoba sikhuluma, nokho, inhlangano ye-Occupy icindezelwa ngendlela ehlelekile ngamaphoyisa ahlomile. Lapho imizwa ethandwayo iphakama, ihlanjalazwa, ihlanekezelwe, futhi iphathwe ngobudlova bamaphoyisa.
I-CB: Izingqapheli eziningi zezombusazwe - okuhlanganisa nabangakwesokunxele - babona ukufana phakathi kwenhlangano ye-Occupy kanye "ne-populism" yenhlangano ye-Tea Party. Kuyini ukuhlola kwakho?
Ilungu lePhalamende: I-Tea Party ihlanganisa abantu abathatha izikhalazo zabo ezisemthethweni mayelana nezintela namasevisi futhi baziqondise kabi ezitheni ezingabalulekile. Abakhwabanisi betiye bafake ngaphakathi okuningi kwesimo sokuphendula seRiphabhulikhiโabaphakelwa ngaso yiFox News kanye nabasakazi bezingxoxo zomsakazo. โIzindinganiso ezingcweleโ zabo zihlanganisa: ukusekela amasosha, ukushisekela izwe, ubunxiwankulu obungenakweqiwa, ilungelo lokuqhumisa amanye amazwe ngokuthanda kwabo, ukungahlukaniswa kwesonto nombuso, umkhaya wezinzalamizi, ukukhulelwa okuyimpoqo, ukuncishiswa okukhulu ezinkonzweni zikahulumeni, kanye nokwehlukaniswa kwesonto nombuso. wasebenzisa isigwebo sentambo ngenkanuko. Bakholelwa ukuthi lezi โzimiso eziyiguguโ zihlaselwa โizicukuthwane zamasiko,โ isixuku โsaseMelika enenzondo,โ abashisekeli benkululeko abangenangqondo, abezenhlalakahle, izihlakaniphi ezingamaqanda, abashisekeli bezinyunyana, abangakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu, ongqingili, abantu besifazane, abambalwa, abokufika. namanye amademoni anethunzi. I-Tea Party ingumhloli we-reactionary populism kanye ne-rightist libertarianism.
Sekukonke, Iphathi Yetiye ayinakufana okuncane nenhlangano ye-Occupy ngaphandle kokuthi yomibili iyinhlangano yokubhikisha (nalapho, oyedwa kuphela kubo oshaywa amaphoyisa). Mhlawumbe ngolunye usuku sizokwazi ukufinyelela abakhwabanisi betiye futhi sibabonise ukuthi ngempela bahlukunyezwa kanjani. Kodwa okwamanje akumele sinciphise ukwakheka noma ukunqotshwa ukucabanga okufisayo.
I-CB: Ubhale kabanzi ngemibuzo yamandla omhlaba aseMelika kanye namandla e-US imperialism ebuyela emuva eMpini Yezwe II nangaphambilini. Kuye kwaba yimfashini, ngisho nangakwesokunxele, ukulahla imibono yakudala ye-imperialism (njengaleyo, ngokwesibonelo, ethathwe ku-Lenin, Luxembourg, kanye no-Hobson noma kamuva evela ku-Williams no-Baran/Sweezy) njengeziphelelwe yisikhathi, njengezihlala kakhulu kwezomnotho. izici. Uyibheka kanjani imithombo eyinhloko yokungenelela kwezempi yase-US?
Ilungu lePhalamende: Ukusho ukuthi ukungenelela kwe-US emhlabeni jikelele kugqugquzelwa yizinto zomnotho akusho ukuthi ukutholwa kwezinsiza kuyinkomba eyinhloko noma ukuphela kwesici ekukhuliseni umbuso. Inhloso ye-imperialism isalokhu injalo, ukulwela ukubusa phezu kwabanye ukuze kuphucwe umhlaba wabo, abasebenzi, imithombo yemvelo, izimakethe, kanye nezimali. Umgomo oncomekayo uwukusiphula nokucekela phansi noma yimuphi umholi, uhulumeni, noma inhlangano efuna omunye umzila (ngokuvamile ongowomphakathi noma wamaqoqo) ngaphandle kwesistimu yombuso womhlaba. Abantu abanjalo kufanele bafunde ukuthi izwe labo akulona elabo; ingeye-imperium kanye nezinkampani zayo zamazwe ngamazwe.
Umbuso wase-US ubona izinhlobo ezimbili kuphela zezizwe ngaphesheya kogu lwawo: (1) amasathelayithi (abuye abizwe ngokuthi โizifundazwe zamakhasimendeโ) alalela ngokwepolitiki futhi avuleleke ngokuphelele ekuphucweni amazwe angaphandle, okuhlanganisa namadlelandawonye ethu ashade ngokwezomnotho emhlabeni wezinkampani zasentshonalanga futhi sebenzisana neWashington ezintweni eziningi; kanye (2) nezitha noma izitha ezingaba izitha, amazwe aphishekela ukuzithuthukisa okuzimele ngaphandle kwesistimu yemakethe yamahhala yomhlaba wonke, amazwe โahluphayoโ njengeYugoslavia, Iraq, Cuba, Panama (ngaphansi kweNoriega), Haiti (ngaphansi kuka-Aristide), iNicaragua (ngaphansi Sandinistas), Libya (ngaphansi kukaGaddafi), Venezuela (ngaphansi kukaChavez); omunye angaqhubeka.
Esikhundleni sokuzifundisa ngemigomo yezomnotho yombuso, iningi lababhali banamuhla, abafana noChalmers Johnson, bathi impiriyali imayelana nokukhulisa amandla, amandla ngenxa yamandla, izisekelo zempi, kanye nobukhosi bukamesiyaโnjengokungathi lezi zinto zazihlangene ngokuphelele ne-imperialism yezomnotho. Umgomo owodwa oyinhloko walaba babhali ukugwema noma iyiphi ingxoxo enolwazi mayelana nezidingo eziyisisekelo zamandla esigaba ekukhonzeni izintshisekelo zesigaba. Kuncane okunikezwayo kokuthi amandla (ezandleni zabambalwa) asetshenziswa kanjani ukuze kuqoqwe ingcebo, nokuthi ingcebo isetshenziswa kanjani ukuze kutholakale amandla. Kwenye yezincwadi zami ngibabiza ngokuthi โama-ABC theorists,โ (Anything But Class).
I-CB: Abagxeki abaningi besikhathi samanje benqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US - umsebenzi kaChris Hedges no-Andrew Bacevich ufika ngokushesha engqondweni - babhale ukuthi amandla omhlaba e-US manje ancipha kakhulu, ukuthi amandla eWashington ukungenelela emhlabeni wonke abekwe engcupheni ngenxa yobuthakathaka obukhulayo bezomnotho. kanye nokufinyelela kwamanye amazwe okulangazelela kakhulu. Sinombono wokuthi umdondoshiya wombuso uya ngokuya uwohloka ongasakwazi ukuphishekela izifiso zawo zamandla amakhulu. Ithini impendulo yakho kulaba bagxekayo?
Ilungu lePhalamende: Ngingathanda ukucabanga ukuthi zilungile kodwa abukho bonke ubufakazi obuningi bokuthi umbuso wase-US uyantengantenga. Umbuso unezisekelo eziningi nezinemininingwane eminingi emhlabeni wonke kunangaphambili. Inamandla okucekela phansi alethwayo kanye nemithombo eminingi โye-imperialism ethambileโ kunangaphambili. Ingene ezimakethe nasezindaweni zezinsiza eziningi kunangaphambili. Ibhubhise ngempumelelo abaholi kanye nezinhlangano ezihlelekile emazweni amaningi azamile ukusungula inkambo yokulingana nezimele. Umbuso unwebe ukufinyeleleka kwawo emhlabeni wonke, usuka empumelelweni eyodwa uye kwenyeโkanye nesiteleka esisodwa noma ezimbili njengase-Afghanistan. Ngisho nalapho umbuso wehlulwa, ungase uqhubeke uba namandla kakhulu. Cabanga ngokuhlulwa kwe-US eVietnam. Kusukela lapho umbuso wase-US usukhule ngamandla. Futhi minyaka yonke inikezwa isabelomali sezempi esisadla lubi, manje ngesizotha sikaMongameli Obama oma ngokunaka ebingelela iPentagon, ehlale elungele ukusebenza.
Yebo, kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi umbuso udla i-republic. Zonke izindleko zayo zikhokhwa yi-republic. Idla ukudla okudliwa umphakathi ngezindleko ezinkulu ukuya emkhakheni wezakhamuzi. Yiriphabhulikhi ewohlokayo kakhulu hhayi umbuso. Kodwa njenganoma iyiphi i-parasite, uma umbuso uphumelela kakhulu futhi ungalawuleki ekuphakeleni kwawo kwezimuncagazi, ekugcineni uzobulala umsingathi wawo kanye nawo uqobo. Njengamanje ijabulela i-Keynesianism yezempi, ukusetshenziswa kwemali komphakathi okuqinisa (ngendlela esontekile) umnotho weriphabhulikhi kanye nenzuzo yeCorporate America.
I-CB: Encwadini yakho Ukubulala Isizwe, ukugxila kwakho ebuningini bobugebengu obenziwa amabutho ase-US kanye ne-NATO phakathi nezinyanga ezicishe zibe zintathu zokuqhuma kwamabhomu emoyeni - okwandulelwa cishe iminyaka eyishumi yemizamo yezomnotho, yezombangazwe, nezempi yokucekela phansi iYugoslavia njengesizwe esibumbene - .kulethe intukuthelo esabalele evela kubashisekeli kanye nabakhululi benkululeko abamukela ngokungagxeki ukwenziwa kwamademoni kwaseNtshonalanga kwamaSerb njengeqembu elilodwa elinecala lonya phakathi nempi yombango ende nechitha igazi. Ukubuyekeza kwami โโโโokuvamile kwencwadi yakho kunikeze izimpendulo ezinokhahlo ezifanayo. Ngokubona kwakho, kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi abathuthukisi baseMelika abavame ukugxeka ukungenelela kwe-US phesheya ngokuzumayo babe yi-myopic esimweni saseYugoslavia?
Ilungu lePhalamende: Iningi lama-leftists ase-US lifuna ukuvula libheke kulabo abangakwesokunene sabo futhi ligweme lelo kwesokunxele. Intshiseko yabo eyinhloko ibonakala ilwa nobukhomanisi noma lokho abakubiza ngokuthi โi-Stalinism,โ idemoni elingachazwanga kakhulu futhi elinosuku. Ngikhuluma ngabantu abasohlangothini lwesobunxele lwezihlakaniphi, hhayi i-reactionary ye-Tea Party. Abaningi bama-liberal-kwesokunxele babone uMilosevic njengo-Stalinist wokugcina e-Europe obekumele angeniswe. izindaba eziphathelene nonya lokuqothula uhlanga okuthiwa lwenziwa amaSerb. Bama ihlombe nehlombe ne-NATO, i-CIA, iPentagon, i-White House kanye nabezindaba abajwayelekile, abasolwa abafanayo abajwayelekile abathi akufanele neze sibathembe. Babekholelwa yonke indaba enobudemoni ababeyifundiswa ngamaSerb. Ukwenza isibonelo esisodwa nje: babekholelwa ukuthi abantu abangu-100,000 XNUMX eKosovo babulawa amaSerbia nokuthi izimayini zaseTrepca zazigcwele izidumbu. Awekho amathuna anjalo atholakele futhi emigodini yaseTrepca akutholakalanga ngisho nebhande lesicathulo noma ibhande. Empeleni amaSerb yiwo ayenabantu abaningi bezizwe ezihlukahlukene eriphabhulikhi yawo, kuhlanganise namaCroat, ama-Albania, namaSlovenia; amaSerbia hhayi ukuzitika ekuhlanzweni kohlanga futhi ngokuqinisekile hhayi ukuqothulwa kohlanga. I-Kosovars eyayibalekela eningizimu phakathi nempi yakhala ngokusobala ukuthi yayibalekela ukuqhuma kwamabhomu e-NATO hhayi ku-Juggernaut yaseSerbia. Nginayo yonke imithombo nezingcaphuno Ukubulala Isizwe, cishe yonke imithombo yasentshonalanga kuhlanganise ne-United Nations kanye ne-NATO.
Kepha kuyisimo esijwayelekile: Abaholi baseMelika benza idemoni kumholi okuhlosiwe, kulokhu uMilosevic okhethwe ngentando yeningi, futhi lokhu kubanika ilayisense lokuqhumisa abantu bakhe - nge-uranium ephelile. Encwadini yami Ubuso Be-Imperialism Ngikubiza ngokuthi โUkwenziwa Kwangasese Ngokuqhunyiswa Kwebhomu.โ NgangiseSerbia emasontweni ambalwa ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-78 ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu futhi waphawula ukuthi yizimboni, izinsiza, amahhotela nokunye okuphethwe uhulumeni kanye nabasebenzi kuphela okuqhunyiswe ngamabhomu. Ihhotela elizimele i-Hilton Hotel nezinye izinkampani ezizimele azizange zibe nomqala.
Okungajwayelekile ukuthi abaningi abasele bangene kulesi simo โsempi yobuntuโ. Njengoba ngisho, ngicabanga ukuthi abanye babo balwa nesipoki sika-Stalin, esingenwe njengoba bengenwa amadolo abo aphikisana nobuKhomanisi. Ama-Serbs ayebhekiswe kuma-imperialists aseMelika ngenxa yokuthi babeyisizwe esikhulu kunazo zonke, esasimelene kakhulu nokuhlukana, futhi sinesigaba sabasebenzi esasinobusoshiyali kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi enye yamaRiphabhulikhi aseYugoslavia.
I-CB: Inqubo yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke ivamise ukwethulwa enkulumweni evamile (kanye nesayensi yezombangazwe evamile) njengento engokwemvelo - ukuthambekela okungenakugwenywa komnotho womhlaba ekuhlanganiseni okuthuthukile, ukuxhumana phakathi kwamanye amazwe, ukuchuma, kanye (kokunye ukufundwa) nentando yeningi. Ubhale, ngokuphambene, ukuthi ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke akuyona inqubo engenakugwenywa kodwa kunalokho kuwumklamo oqaphelayo, ohleliwe wezintshisekelo zezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ukuze kwandiswe umkhakha wezimakethe zonxiwankulu kanye nenzuzo, okwenza kube noma yini ngaphandle kwentuthuko evuna ukuchuma komnotho kanye nentando yeningi yezepolitiki. Ungakwazi ukuchaza kabanzi ngale mpikiswano?
Ilungu lePhalamende: In Ubuso Be-Imperialism Nginesahluko esikhuluma ngokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke; Ngithatha amakhasi ambalwa ukuze ngigxeke lawo maMarx ayebonakala engakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi kuyini ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Njengama-Conservatives, ama-Marxists amaningi (kodwa hhayi wonke) aphuthelwa yonke imvelo yomzabalazo. Babona ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke njengenqubo yokwandisa ukutshalwa kwezimaliโokuchazwe uMarx no-Engels kudala, ngakho kungani kunengxabano. Kodwa thina esasikwazi ngempela okuthile nge-ajenda yokuhweba ngokukhululekileโkuhlanganise nabalimi, izisebenzi, abafundi, nezihlakaniphi emhlabeni wonkeโsaqonda ukuthi ngaphansi kwezivumelwano zohwebo lwamahhala zembulunga yonke imisebenzi yomphakathi ingase ingabi khona ngoba ibangela โukulahleka kwamathuba ezimakethe. .โ Imithetho ezama ukuvikela indawo ezungezile noma izindinganiso zezabasebenzi nezezempilo isichithiwe kakade emazweni amaningi ngenxa โyokudala imigoqo ekuhwebeni okukhululekile.โ I-Globalization ilawula ukukhiqizwa ngokususa ukuvikela kubakhiqizi abancane nabalimi abadayiswa kancane futhi bakhishwe yizinkampani ezixhaswe kakhulu.
Okuphinde kuketulwe yintando yeningi uqobo, i kwesokudla ukuba nemithetho evikela amaholo omphakathi, izinsiza zabantu, kanye nezomnotho wendawo. Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuphakamisa amalungelo okutshalwa kwezimali ngaphezu kwawo wonke amanye amalungelo. Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke nakho kuzama ukubusa imvelo ngokwayo, okuvumela izinkampani ukuba zifune izinsiza eziyisisekelo zokuphila, okuhlanganisa imbewu yasemapulazini, irayisi, ummbila, ngisho namanzi emvula. Akukhona ukuhweba mahhala; wutshalomali lwe-monopoly. Imiphumela iyinhlekelele ezizweni Zomhlaba Wesithathu futhi ayimlungele noma yimuphi wethu ngaphandle kwe-1%.
I-CB: Inkinga yezomnotho enzima esihlangabezane nayo e-US - nasemhlabeni - phakathi neminyaka embalwa edlule ivame ukuqondwa njengokuwohloka kwesikhashana noma ukulungiswa okujikelezayo ngaphakathi kohlelo "lwezimakethe" olunempilo, oluguquguqukayo olugxile ekukhuleni. Phela, izinkinga zangaphambilini zivame ukulandelwa yizigaba eziqhubekayo zentuthuko. Ingabe ikhona into enoveli esezingeni eliphezulu, enesakhiwo esijulile kanye neyesikhathi eside, mayelana nenkinga yamanje?
Ilungu lePhalamende: Ukwehla komnotho kunzima futhi kubuhlungu kithi kodwa akuyona into embi kangako kuCorporate America. Ukwehla komnotho kuvumela amafemu amakhulu ukuthi agwinye kalula amancane amancane (noma amanye ama-giants) ngaleyo ndlela andise ukugxila kwe-oligopolistic nokunciphisa ukuncintisana. Inzuzo ilokhu ingena ngenkathi izintela zebhizinisi zihlala zilula kunangaphambili (njengoba ngisho ne-Wall St. Journal isanda kubika). Ukwehla komnotho nakho kuthambisa noma kuzinqobe ngokuphelele izinyunyana zabasebenzi. Nomphakathi jikelele ufunda ukuthobeka. I-1% ayifuni umphakathi ofunde kahle futhi onolwazi oluhle, ongenaso isikweletu, okwazi ukuhlela nokwenza izimfuno, oqondiswa umuzwa onamandla wokufaneleka nokulindela okuphezulu, okhuthaza izinhlelo nezinsizakalo zenhlalo ezingenzi nzuzo. Ukuwohloka komnotho kuvame ukufundisa umphakathi osebenzayo ukuthi uhlale endaweni yawo ephansi futhi usebenze ngokuzikhandla nangokuzikhandla kancane kancane. Izinkinga, ukwethuka, ukuwohloka komnotho, kanye nobumpofu yizimo ezivamile zonxiwankulu bemakethe yamahhala hhayi okuhlukile. Bheka umhlaba wonke ngonxiwankulu iNigeria, i-Indonesia yonxiwankulu, iHungary yonxiwankulu, iBosnia yonxiwankulu, iHaiti yonxiwankulu, iHonduras yonxiwankulu, kanye neLibya ezoba ngonxiwankulu maduze nje.
Kodwa ubunxiwankulu bubuye bube yisilwane esizidlayo. Umsebenzi owodwa wombuso wonxiwankulu okungajwayelekile ukukhulunywa ngawo, ngisho nangama-Marxists, ukuvikela ubunxiwankulu konxiwankulu. Uma u-1% eba yimpumelelo kakhulu ekuphishekeleni inzuzo ephithizelayo kanye nokuzimisela kwabo okuthukuthele ukuhlehlisa yonke imithetho nemikhawulo, bangase bacekele phansi uhlelo lwabo. Ama-plutocrat azophanga yonke into nawo wonke umuntu obonakalayo, kubandakanya nabanye onxiwankulu. Gxila enkingeni yomhlaba wonke yezemvelo kulo mthakathi futhi kungenzeka sibheke enhlekeleleni enkulu. Maphakathi nakho konke sinomongameli (u-Obama) oqhubeka nokuqoqa isabelomali sezempi futhi manje usesebenzisa izigidigidi ukwakha isikhungo sokuqala senuzi (futhi esiyingozi kakhulu) emashumini eminyaka, ememezela ngokuziqhenya "Ngikholelwa emandleni enuzi."
I-CB: Ubhale encwadini yakho Imibono Ephikisanayo, ukuthi โizimpawu ezibalulekile ezisemthethweni zesiko lethu zilamula ngesakhiwo senhlalo esilawulwa kakhulu izinhlangano ezigxile kuhulumeni, ezinemali. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi endaweni yethu yolwazi emakethe yayo enkulu ilawulwa kakhulu yimithombo yezindaba ephethwe yizinkampani.โ Lokhu kunikeza umbono we-monolithic wesiko lemidiya e-US Ingabe ubona noma yiziphi izimpawu, noma imithombo, yokuqhekeka kulesi simiso - zokwehlukana kwe-hegemonic order?
MP: Imithombo yezindaba ephethwe yinkampani ayiphenduli ngendlela abanikazi bemidiya abangafuna ngayo. Zonke izinhlobo zolwazi zingatholakala zingcwatshwe emakhasini angemuva New York Times, I-Wall St. Journal, nezinye izincwadi ezivamileโnoma zanamathela ezihlokweni zezindaba. Okunye kwakho kungaba okudabukisayo, uma wazi ukuthi ungawaxhuma kanjani amachashazi. Izehlakalo eziyizinkathazo zibuka obishini: ukuwohloka komnotho, ubumpofu, izikweletu ezinkulu zomphakathi, ukungenelela kwezempi okuhlasimulisayo, abenzi bomthetho abakhohlakele, abaxhasi bezimali abantshontshayo, ukukhishwa kwezincwadi nokuhlukunyezwa, izinhlekelele zemvelo ezingakaze zibonweโkodwa lezi akuzona izinto thina abasele esizikhipha ezigqokweni zethu ezinkulu. Zikhona ngempela. Iqiniso liyi-radical. Ngokuvamile abezindaba kufanele babike okuthile mayelana nalawa maqiniso angajabulisi, futhi uma kwenzeka, lokhu kuqinisekisa abaphendulayo abanemali ukuthi kukhona โimithombo yezindaba ekhululekile echemileโ ezama ukwenza umphakathi wonxiwankulu ubukeke kabi.
Mayelana โnemifantuโ endaweni yezokuxhumana, kukhona iziteshi zomsakazo ezingamakhulu ambalwa ezingenzi nzuzo zomphakathi nekhampasi ezivumela izwi eliphikisayo emoyeni ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngenza izingxoxo zomsakazo ezingaba ngu-35 ngonyaka eziteshini ezincane ezweni lonke ezisakaza izethameli ezincane kakhulu. Kukhona futhi omagazini abambalwa abasatshalaliswa ngezimali ezincane abanikeza imibono ethile yesokunxele. Bese kuba ne-inthanethi enokukhubazeka kobuhle bayo, enamawebhusayithi namabhulogi anwebeka kuwo wonke ama-spectrum ezombusazwe, kanye namakhulu ababhali bezingosi abazikhethele bona kanye nabahlaziyi bazo zonke izinhlobo zezombusazwe.
Noma kunjalo isigaba esinemali nama-acolyte aso alawula cishe yonke indawo yokuxhumana. Ukulalelwa umphakathi omkhulu kuyimpi ekhuphukayo uma ungakwazi ukufinyelela imidiya enkulu. Ngikhuluma ngokuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile. Ngivamise ukuthola amahithi angaphezu kuka-100,000 ngenyanga kuwebhusayithi yami, kuyilapho u-Glenn Beck ethola izigidi zamahithi futhi unezigidi eziningi zababukeli nabalaleli (futhi wenza izigidi zamadola). Ingabe ngempela angaba ohlakaniphe kakhulu futhi anolwazi kunathi sonke? Noma ingabe ulungile ngokwemibono ngakho-ke umakethwa kangcono izithakazelo ezicebile kakhulu? Ngakho-ke i-Internet isinikeze indawo yokuphuma kodwaโuma kubhekwa indlela izinsiza zemali ezisatshalaliswa ngayoโkunzima ukwakha inkundla yokudlala.
I-CB: Encwadini yakho UNkulunkulu namademoni Akhe uyabhala: โIzimangaliso zikaNkulunkulu azilokothi zisebenze ngendlela engaqondakali โ futhi ngokucasulayo โ kunasekusakazweni kwenkolo ngokwayo. Inkolo ibizwa kabanzi ngokuthi ingumsunguli omkhulu wezimfanelo ezinhle zokuziphatha, kodwa uma sibheka izinto ezingokoqobo zomlando asinakukwazi ukuqaphela ukuthi izinkolo ziye zasebenza kaningi kangakanani njengamathuluzi okukhuthaza ukungabekezelelani, ukubusa kombuso ngezizwe, nonya.โ Lolu hlobo lwenkolelo-ze yezenkolo lube nomthelela ongakanani ekuguqukeni kwamanje kwezombusazwe zaseMelika, lapho abashisekeli benkolo yobuKrestu (phakathi kwabanye) bebonakala benenhlanganisela yokulunga kokuziphatha okuhle, ukucwasa ngokobuzwe nobushiqela kwezepolitiki?
Ilungu lePhalamende: Njengoba ngiphawula ku UNkulunkulu namademoni akhe, amaqembu amaningi obufandamentali aphikisana ngokuphelele nentando yeningi yezwe โengenaNkulunkuluโ; bangabashisekeli bobushiqela abangayekethisi futhi bakusho obala lokho. Bazinikele ekungeneni ezikhungweni ezahlukene zakuleli. Cishe eminyakeni engu-25 edlule ngamenywa ukuba ngikhulume e-US Air Force Academy. Umnyango wesayensi yezombangazwe wesikole wawusebenzisa incwadi yami yokufunda, Intando yeningi yabambalwa. Akudlalwa. Ngaba nesikhathi esithakazelisayo futhi ngaba nabangane abahle. Kodwa namuhla ngeke ngivunyelwe ukungena ngesango. I-Academy ithathwe ama-fundamentalist amaProthestani njengoba kwenzeka kwezinye izikhungo zempi nezisekelo kuwo wonke amabutho ahlomile. Ngokuvamile, abakhulekeli bobufandamentali baye babamba iqhaza elikhulu ekufakeni izindinganiso ezingokwasezulwini enkulumweni yezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi ngomongameli abasabelayo abanjengoReagan noGeorge W.
Icala elicacile lokungena okungokwasezulwini kwezombusazwe zezwe kwaba ukubhujiswa kukaPapa John Paul II kwemfundiso yenkolo yenkululeko kulo lonke elaseLatin America, ukucindezela okuxhaswe yiCIA okudinga ukwambulwa okwengeziwe kunamakhasi ambalwa engiwunikeze yona encwadini yami. Futhi-ke kukhona umphumela oyindilinga. Izinhlangano eziphikisayo zezwe zixhasa abalandeli bobufandamentali nganoma yiziphi izindlela ezingase ziqoke abanye babo ezikhundleni zomphakathi. Ngakho umthelela wesonto esizweni nasesifundazweni uqinisa ibandla, konke ngendlela yokusabelana, umshado owenziwa ezulwiniโnoma cishe kwenye indawo.
I-CB: Uma sibuyela kunhlangano ye-Occupy kanye namahlumela ayo amaningi, singakwazi yini ukuthola isizathu sokuba nethemba lapha ngesikhathi lapho ulwazi lwethu ngeminye imibutho yezenhlalo yesimanje lube luncane kunokuhle. Ukuvukela umbuso okudumile okusekelwe ebulungiswa bomhlaba wonke, ipolitiki emelene nempi (Iraq), kanye namalungelo okuthuthela kwelinye izwe, ngokwesibonelo, kumile futhi kwehlulekile ukufeza izinkulumo eziningi zezepolitiki noma ukuqina. Ingabe umuntu angabona okuthile okuhluke ngokuphelele mayelana nalokhu kuvukela umbuso okusha - okuhluke ngokwanele ukuze athethelele ithemba elivuselelwe ngekusasa?
Ilungu lePhalamende: Lowo ngumbuzo webhola lekristalu. Ubani ongasho? Ngingakufanelekela lokho engikushilo ekuqaleni mayelana ne-imperium. Inamandla asabekayo kodwa ayinakunqotshwa futhi ayinamandla onke. Kube khona ukunqoba nezinguquko. Empilweni yami ngibone uJim Crow ekhishwa esisekelweni sakhe. Ngibone inhlangano yokuthula eyagcina icishe yakhubaza impi yase-US e-Indochina futhi yavusa ukuvutha kwasekhaya okwanyakazisa izikhungo zethu kanye nempilo yethu. Kube khona ukuzuza okumangazayo ngabalandeli besifazane kanye nezitabane, futhi manje ukuqhuma okungazelelwe kokulwa kwesigaba kwenhlangano ye-Occupy. Izibhelu yizinto ezingalindelekile. Akekho owayelindele ukuketulwa kukaMubarak e-Egypt, ngisho nongoti base-Egyptologists kanye nongoti baseMiddle East. Uma benza kanjalo, ngokuqinisekile babeyigcina kubo. Konke kungase kubonakale kungenathemba bese kuthi ngokuzumayo abantu bathole okuthile kubo futhi omunye nomunye futhi intando yeningi iphumele emigwaqweni.
Ngicabanga ukuthi indlela engcono kakhulu yile eyanikezwa u-Antonio Gramsci owathi kumele sibe โnokungathembi lutho kwengqondo kanye nethemba ngentando.โ Okusho ukuthi, kufanele sikwazi ukubheka ukuthi izinto ezimbi zingaba kanjani futhi singabi nakho ukukhohlisa kwelanga ngalokho esibhekana nakho, kodwa futhi kufanele siqhubeke silwa njengokungathi senza umehluko futhi sinomthelelaโngoba ngezinye izikhathi kuyawenza.
Ake ngiphethe ngokubonga uCarl Boggs ngemizamo yakhe yokuhlanganisa le ngxoxo. Kuyilungelo ukuxoxwa nomuntu osezingeni lakhe.
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