Ukuthi ipolitiki yethu isilokhu igudlukela phambili iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu kuyiqiniso elamukelwayo ngempilo yaseMelika. Ukuthi lo mnyakazo oqondile ufezwe kakhulu ngabavoti besigaba sabasebenzi izimpilo zabo eziye zaba zimbi kakhulu ngenxa yezinqubomgomo ezilandelanayo abazisekelile kuyiqiniso elinganethezekile, esinenkinga yokukhuluma ngayo ngendlela eqondile.
Futhi nokho ukuhlehla kusekhona, noma nini lapho sithanda ukubheka, kusukela "ku-hardhats" ye-1960s kuya "ku-Reagan Democrats" ye-1980s kuya "ezifundeni ezibomvu" zanamuhla. Ungabona indida mathupha cishe kunoma yimuphi Umgwaqo Omkhulu eMelika emaphakathi - izimpawu "zokuphuma ebhizinisini" zihambisana nezingqwembe ezisekela u-George W. Bush.
Ngikhethe ukubukela lesi sigameko ngokubuyela ezweni lakithi e-Kansas, indawo ebikade inganakekelwa kahle yizinqubomgomo ezilandelanayo zokwenziwa kwangasese, ukuhoxiswa kokulawulwa, kanye nokususwa kobunye, futhi esiphendule esimeni sayo esibhedayo ngokuba ngaphezulu. i-Conservative still. Impela, iKansas namuhla isiyindawo yomzabalazo ononya phakathi kweRiphabhulikhi Yeqembu, impi eqhatha abantu abacebile baseRiphabhulikhi abalinganiselayo ngokumelene nama-Conservatives avela ezifundeni zabasebenzi kanye namasonto aphansi. Futhi kunzima ukungalithandi iqembu eligcina imithetho, njengoba unyanya imibono yalo yezepolitiki. Phela laba yibo abantu okumele kukhulunywe nabo inkululeko yenkululeko: abalimi abanenhlanhla, abasebenzi basezimbonini abanomunyu, abangaphandle, abangenamalungelo, abangenagama.
Amademokhrasi achitha ulimi lwempi yekilasi
Ubani okufanele asolwe ngalesi simo sokuhlanekezelwa, ukudideka, nabantu abalungile abadukisiwe? Yize abavoti baseKansas bekhethe izinqubomgomo ezizilimazayo, kusobala kimina ukuthi inkululeko ifanele ingxenye enkulu yecala ngesenzo sokuhlehla. I-liberalism ingase ingabi itulo elibi, elinamandla onke abenza ukuthi kube yilo, kodwa ukwehluleka kwayo kusobala nokho. Ndawana thize emashumini amane eminyaka adlule inkululeko iye yayeka ukusebenza ezingxenyeni ezinkulu zesifunda sayo esivamile, futhi singasho ukuthi inkululeko yalahlekelwa izindawo ezifana neWichita neShawnee, Kansas ngokunemba okukhulu njengoba singaveza ukuthi ukonga imvelo kwabanqobile.
Lokhu ngokwengxenye, ngicabanga, kubangelwa ukusabela okusemthethweni kweDemocratic Party okungaphezulu noma okuncane enhlanhlani yayo enciphayo. IDemocratic Leadership Council (DLC), inhlangano ekhiqize izibalo ezinjengoBill Clinton, Al Gore, Joe Lieberman, noTerry McAuliffe, kudala iphoqa iqembu ukuthi likhohlwe abavoti abamhlophe futhi ligxile ekuqasheni abacebile, abamhlophe. ochwepheshe abakhululekile ezindabeni zomphakathi. Izintshisekelo ezinkulu i-DLC ezifuna kakhulu ezinkantolo yizinkampani, ezikwazi ukukhiqiza iminikelo yomkhankaso eyedlula kude noma yini evezwe abasebenzi abahleliwe. Indlela yokuqoqa amavoti futhi - okubaluleke nakakhulu - imali yalezi zindawo ezihanjelwayo, "AmaDemocrats Amasha" acabanga ukuthi, ukuma uqine, ake sithi, isikhundla sokukhetha ngenkathi wenza izivumelwano ezingapheli ezindabeni zezomnotho, kwezenhlalakahle, I-NAFTA, Ukuvikeleka Komphakathi, umthetho wezabasebenzi, ukwenziwa kwangasese, ukuhoxiswa komthetho, nokunye. Amademokhrasi anjalo akubeka ngokusobala lokho akuhleka usulu โnjengempi yekilasiโ futhi athatha izinhlungu ezinkulu ukuze agcizelele ubungane babo ezintshisakalweni zebhizinisi. Njengama-Conservatives, basusa izindaba zezomnotho etafuleni. Mayelana nabavoti besigaba sabasebenzi abebewumgogodla weqembu kuze kube muva nje, i-DLC ibala ukuthi ngeke ibe nandawo abangaya kuyo; AmaDemocrat azohlala engcono kancane ezindabeni zezomnotho kunamaRepublican. Ngaphandle kwalokho, yimuphi usopolitiki kuleli zwe elikhulekela impumelelo ofuna ngempela ukuba izwi labantu abampofu? Iphi imali ethambile kulokho?
Lokhu, ngamafuphi amancane, iqhinga eliwubuphukuphuku eliwubuwula eliye labusa ukucabanga kweDemokhrasi kusukela ngezinsuku โZezombangazwe Ezintshaโ zasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-70. Eminyakeni edlule iye yajabulela impumelelo embalwa, kodwa, njengoba umbhali wezombangazwe u-EJ Dionne ephawulile, umphumela omkhulu kwaba ukuthi zombili izinhlangothi seziphenduke โizimoto zezithakazelo zesigaba esiphakathi nendawoโ kanye nolimi oludala olusekelwe esigabeni kwesokunxele. ngokushesha wanyamalala endaweni yonke yabahloniphekile. AmaRiphabhulikhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, abezakhela ngobuchule ulimi lwawo olusekelwe ekilasini lwelungelo, futhi ngenkathi enza isicelo sawo esithandwa ngabantu abaningi kubavoti abaluhlaza, amaDemocrats abenikeza labo bavoti abafanayo - isisekelo sabo sendabuko - ibhulashi elikhulu, exosha abamele izikhundla ngaphakathi eqenjini futhi badlulise izindaba zabo, behleka kanye nokubhuqa, emgqonyeni womlando. Isu elilimaza kakhulu lamaDemocrat kungaba nzima ukulisungula. Futhi incithakalo ilokhu iza. Noma kunjalo, i-angunxantathu futhi ivumelana ngokuphelelwa yithemba, ukulahlekelwa kuyaqhubeka kukhuphuka.
Kuyamangaza ukuthi, amaDemocrat ezinhlobonhlobo ze-DLC awakhathazekile. Babonakala bebheke ngabomvu usuku lapho iqembu labo liyilokho uDavid Brooks no-Ann Coulter abathi liyikho manje: ukuhlangana ndawonye kwabacebile nabazibona belungile. Ngenkathi amaRiphabhulikhi ekhohlisa inkolelo yawo enobuthi ye-liberal elite, amaDemocrat abonakala ezimisele ukuphila ngokuvumelana nendebe.
AmaDemocrat anjalo abheka isimo esifana neKansas yanamuhla lapho abongi bezenhlalo belwa kabuhlungu namaRiphabhulikhi alinganiselayo futhi bahlikihla izandla belindele: Bheka nje ukuthi โizinkinga zenhlaloโ zikaRonald Reagan zibuye kanjani zizoluma iqembu lakhe! Uma nje ama-Cons ahlanya ephusha kancane, lawa maDemocrats ecabanga ukuthi, I-Republican Party izohlukanisela abantu abacebile amaMods angaphansi kwedolobha, futhi sizokwazi ukungenelela siphathe izindawo ezifana nezicebe kakhulu zeMission Hills, Kansas, kanye nabo bonke. i-bodle enamanzi izakhamuzi zakhona ezikwazi ukuyiphonsa indlela yethu.
Ngenkathi ngijabulela ukubuka amaRiphabhulikhi elwa njengomfana olandelayo, angicabangi ukuthi indaba yaseKansas inikeza abakhululekile beqiniso noma yisiphi isizathu sokujabula. Mhlawumbe ngolunye usuku iphupho le-DLC liyofezeka, njengoba amaDemocrats esuke kude kakhulu ngakwesokudla kangangokuthi awahlukile kunamaRiphabhulikhi asezingeni elidala, futhi mhlawumbe abacebile ekugcineni bazofika ohlangothini lwabo ngobuningi. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi izinto ezake zamela inkululeko - ukulingana nokuphepha kwezomnotho - zizobe zishiywe ngokuphelele. Zilahliwe, masikhumbule, ngesikhathi esingokomlando lapho sizidinga kakhulu.
Isakhiwo sokunyakaza kwesokudla
Isifundo sangempela sabakhululi benkululeko endabeni yaseKansas ukuphika ngokuphelele futhi kokugcina kwesinqumo sabo somlando sokuzenza kabusha njengelinye iqembu elisekela amabhizinisi. Ngawo wonke amalungelo abantu baseWichita kanye noShawnee kufanele namuhla bathutheleke ephathini kaRoosevelt, bangalishiyi. Ngokwesiko, nokho, leyo nketho ayisatholakali kubo. Amademokhrasi awasakhulumi nabantu ngokulahlekelwa kwesimiso semakethe yamahhala esiba nesihluku futhi esikhukhumele kakhulu ngosuku.
Inkinga akukhona ukuthi amaDemocrats angama-monolithically pro-choice noma aphikisana nesikole-umthandazo; ukuthi ngokulahla ulimi lwekilasi olwake lwabahlukanisa kakhulu namaRiphabhulikhi bazishiye besengozini yezindaba ezithinta amasiko njengezibhamu nokukhishwa kwezisu kanye nokuklolodelwa kweHollywood okukhanga kwayo okungaqondakali bekuzosibekela kude ukukhathazeka ngezinto ezibonakalayo. Sisendaweni lapho amaRiphabhulikhi ekhuluma njalo ngekilasi - ngendlela enekhodi, ukuze aqiniseke - kepha lapho amaDemocrats esaba ukukuveza.
Isu lepolitiki yentando yeningi limane lithathe ngokuthi abantu bayazi ukuthi intshisekelo yabo yezomnotho ikuphi nokuthi bazokwenza ngokuvumelana nayo ngokwemvelo. Asikho isidingo sanoma iyiphi inkulumo-ze yempi yekilasi yebhizinisi-bumming engxenyeni yabaqokelwe noma abakhulumeli beqembu, futhi asikho isidingo sokuthi umuntu okhululekile angcolise izandla zakhe ebudlelwaneni nabangenelile. Mababheke irekhodi bazibonele bona: Amademokhrasi anesandla esivulekile kancane ngezinzuzo Zokuvikeleka Komphakathi, aqinile kancane emithethweni yezemvelo, futhi enza kancane ukuhlukumeza inyunyana kunamaRiphabhulikhi.
Iphutha elikhulu kukho konke lokhu ukuthi abantu abasiqondi ngokuzenzakalelayo isimo sabo ekushanelweni okukhulu kwezinto. Inkululeko akuwona amandla emvelo e-karmic ahlehlayo lapho umhlaba webhizinisi uya kude kakhulu; kuyisu elenziwe umuntu elibhekene nezithiyo nokuhlulwa njenganoma yikuphi okunye. Cabangela izinsiza zethu zezenhlalakahle, uhlelo lwentela, izimiso, kanye nomshwalense womphakathi ohlaselwa okuqhubekayo kulezi zinsuku. I-Social Security, i-FDA, nakho konke okunye akuzange kuvele emhlabathini okwakhiwa ngokugcwele ekuphenduleni ukweqisa okusobala kwesistimu ye-laissez-faire; zaziwumphumela wamashumi eminyaka wokwakha ukunyakaza, izimpi ezichitha igazi phakathi kwabagadli namasosha ombuso, ukuxokozela, ukufundisa, nokuhlela ngokungabongi. Kwadlula iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amane phakathi kwezinhlansi zokuqala zenhlangano ye-left-wing reform ngeminyaka yawo-1890 kanye nokwenziwa kwangempela kwezinguquko zayo ngawo-1930. Phakathi naleso sikhathi inqwaba yezinhlobo ezinonya kakhulu zezigebengu ze-baron ziye emvuzweni wazo zingakhokhiswa intela, ezingalawulwa, futhi zingatshazwa.
Ukubonakaliswa okukhulu nakakhulu kokubaluleka kokunyakaza ekusunguleni imibono yabantu kungatholakala ezenzweni zokuvota zamalungu enyunyana. Thatha umvoti wakho wesilisa omhlophe omaphakathi: okhethweni lwango-2000 bakhetha uGeorge W. Bush ngamanani amakhulu. Thola abesilisa abamhlophe ababengamalungu enyunyana, nokho, futhi bavotela u-Al Gore ngenani elifanayo. Umehluko ofanayo uyaphindwa noma ngabe isiphi isigaba sabantu: abesifazane, abanikazi bezibhamu, asebethathe umhlalaphansi, njalo njalo - lapho bengamalungu enyunyana, ipolitiki yabo ishintshela kwesokunxele. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngisho nalapho amalungu enyunyana okukhulunywa ngawo ayenokuncane ukuxhumana nabaholi bezinyunyana. Ukuba senyunyana nje kuyayishintsha indlela umuntu abuka ngayo ipolitiki, kumjobelele ekudidekeni kokuhlehla. Lapha, izindinganiso zibaluleke kakhulu kunakho konke, kuyilapho umnotho, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, kanye nemfundo kuyizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu. Abavoti bezinyunyana, ngamanye amazwi, bawumfanekiso ophambene we-Brown-back conservative ongakhathali lutho ngezomnotho kodwa ozihluphayo ubusuku nemini ngokwesaba okungacacile โngokuwohloka kwamasiko.โ
Izinyunyana zabasebenzi ziya ngokuya ziwohloka namuhla, njengoba wonke umuntu azi, zehle zifike ku-9% wabasebenzi bomkhakha ozimele besuka emanzini aphezulu angama-38% ngeminyaka yawo-1950. Ukwehla kwabo akubhekwanga kangako yiqembu leDemocratic Party elilangazelela ukukhombisa ubuqotho balo ebhizinisini laseMelika, futhi lingadabuki ngenxa yezokwelapha ezingakaze zithande lezo zinhlobo ze-Archie Bunker kwasekuqaleni. Kubantu abaningi, abajwayele ukucabanga izinhlangano sengathi yimikhiqizo yabathengi, kuvele kuthathwe ngokuthi izinyunyana ziyancipha ngoba akekho osafuna ukuzihlanganisa nazo, ngendlela efanayo nomphakathi olahlekelwe wumculo weBay City Rollers. . Futhi emahhovisi ochwepheshe ababhidliza inyunyana kanye nabathengi baseWall Street nabaphathi bezitolo, izindaba ziqondwa ngendlela efanayo nezicukuthwane kulo lonke elaseYurophu zabingelela ukunqotshwa kukaNapoleon ngo-1815: njengokunqoba okukhulu empini eya ekufeni.
Ngenkathi abanxele behlezi bezibongela ngobuhle babo, abakwesokudla bayakuqonda ukubaluleka kokwakha ukunyakaza, futhi bawuthathele lo msebenzi ngenkuthalo encomekayo. Beka amehlo akho phezu kwesakhiwo esikhulu nesiyinkimbinkimbi โsesiko lokunyakaza,โ into engasenamlingani ophiko lwesokunxele omncane. Kunezisekelo ezifana nalesi esiqhutshwa abakwa-Koch e-Wichita, abafaka izigidi zabo empini yezombangazwe emazingeni aphezulu, bexhasa iminyango yezomnotho yemakethe yamahhala nomagazini kanye nabacabangi. Bese kuba nama-think tanks, i-Institutes Hoover kanye ne-American Enterprise, ethumela imali ingena emaphaketheni eqembu le-right-wing pundit, u-Ann Coulter, u-Dinesh D'Souza, nabanye, bebanikeza lokho abakudingayo. gcina izincwadi zabo ziza kanye nezingqondo zabo ekulweni nokunciphisa phakathi kwezimpi zabezindaba. Iqembu lama-lobbyists. Umhlambi wamamagazini namaphephandaba. Indlu yokushicilela noma ezimbili. Futhi, phansi, abagqugquzeli abazinikele emazingeni aphansi bengena umuzi nomuzi, behlela omakhelwane babo, beboleka izindlu zabo, ukuze baqhubekisele phambili ivangeli lokuhlehla.
Futhi le nhlangano ikhuluma nalabo abaphansi komphakathi, ikhuluma nabo nsuku zonke. Kwesokunxele abezwa lutho, kodwa kumaNyoni bathola incazelo ngakho konke. Okungcono nakakhulu, bathola isu lesenzo, isikimu sokunqoba umhlaba ngenkinga ye-wedge. Futhi kungani kungafanele baphuphe amaphupho abo epolitiki-njengokukhohlisa? Benziwe kubo ngokwanele eqinisweni.
Kansas ekuqaleni?
I-American conservatism incike ekulawuleni kwayo okuqhubekayo ngisho nokuba khona kwayo kubantu abangalokothi benze ukuxhumana okuthile ngokwengqondo ngomhlaba, ukuxhumana okuze kwafika kamuva nje kuthathwe njengokusobala noma okusobala kuyo yonke indawo emhlabeni. Isibonelo, ukuxhumana phakathi kwamasiko amaningi, iningi lawo ama-Conservatives azondayo, kanye ne-laissez-faire capitalism, abayithanda ngaphandle kokugodla. Noma phakathi kwamadolobhana amancane abathi bayawathanda kanye namandla emakethe agaya kancane lawo madolobhana abuyela othulini lwezwe elibomvu - okuphoqa ukuthi badumise ngamagama aphakeme kakhulu.
Kulo mbukiso oshubile wokulwa nokwazi izwe lakithi ngokuziqhenya lithathe indawo phambili. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi iKansas iyindaba exakile, nokuthi kusenezindawo zabasebenzi lapha ezisazoguqulelwa kuvangeli likaCon. Kodwa kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi izinto eziqala e-Kansas - Impi Yombango, Ukuvinjelwa, I-Populism, i-Pizza Hut - inomkhuba womlando wokuhambela izwe.
Mhlawumbe iKansas, esikhundleni sokuba yinhlekisa, empeleni ihamba phambili. Mhlawumbe okwenzekile lapho kukhomba indlela zonke izinkulumo-mpikiswano zethu zenqubomgomo yomphakathi zibheke phambili. Mhlawumbe ngolunye usuku maduze ukukhetha kwezepolitiki kwabantu baseMelika yonke indawo kuzoncishiswa ezinhlangothini ezimbili zeRepublican Party. Ukuthi ama-Mods asazibiza ngokuthi โamaRiphabhulikhiโ ngaleso sikhathi noma ashintshele ekubeni amaDemocrat ngeke abe nandaba ngempela: womabili la maqembu azoba yilokho abakwaKansans abakubiza ngokuthi โama-fiscal conservatives,โ okusho ukuthi โabangane bebhizinisi,โ kanye nezinkinga ezisigqugquzele. Iqembu leDemocratic Party labazali ngeke libe khona etafuleni unomphela.
Izazi zezokuhlalisana kwabantu zivame ukuxwayisa ngokuvumela ukwabiwa kwengcebo kwesizwe kuhlukaniseke kakhulu, njengoba kuye kwenzeka ngokusobala emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule. Imiphakathi efulathela ukulingana, osolwazi bayaphikelela ngokuthi, nakanjani ihlangana nokuvela okubi okubi. Kodwa lezozazi zezokuhlalisana kwabantu zazicabanga ngezwe elidala lapho intukuthelo yesigaba yayiwumkhuba wakwesokunxele. Bebengabheki neKansas, nomhlaba esiba nawo.
Bheka ukuvumelana kwezepolitiki iKansas esiphayona ngayo sonke. Umhlaba wezinkampani - ngenxa yezizathu ezihambisana kakhulu nokusebenzelana kwawo - umboza isizwe ngesitayela samasiko esiklanyelwe ukucasula kanye nokuzenzisa: intsha ehlakaniphile e-Skechers flout the Man; ama-hipster agqoke izikibha ezifunda โi-FCUKโ ehleka amasudi abangawatholi. Kuhloswe ukuthi kucasule, futhi uKansas ucasulwe ngokufanelekile. Umbuso ubuka ngokungenamandla njengoba isiko laso, elikhazimulayo ukusuka ogwini, liba mahhadlahhadla futhi licasule kakhulu unyaka. I-Kansas ibuhlungu ukuziphindiselela. UKansas uyajabula lapho osaziwayo besho izinto eziwubulima; kuyajabulisa uma izihlabani zamafilimu ziboshiwe. Futhi lapho izihlabani ezimbili zesifazane ze-rock ziqabulana ngendlela engcolile ku-TV kazwelonke, i-Kansas iya e-haywire. I-Kansas ikhalela amakhanda e-liberal elite. UKansas uza egijima endaweni yokuvota. Futhi i-Kansas inciphisa izintela zalezo zihlabani ze-rock.
Njengesistimu yezenhlalakahle, ukuhlehla kuyasebenza. Lezi zitha ezimbili zidlana zodwa ngohlobo lwe-symbiosis ehlanekezelwe: enye ihlekisa enye, futhi enye inqwabelanisa amandla engeziwe kwenye. Leli lungiselelo kufanele libe umona wazo zonke izigaba ezibusayo emhlabeni. Akukhona nje ukuthi ingaphushwa kakhulu, iye kude kakhulu, kodwa kuqinisekile ukuthi izophushwa kakhulu. Zonke izikhuthazo zikhomba ngaleyo ndlela, kanjalo nezimfuneko zamasiko ezingakaze zihlolwe zonxiwankulu besimanje. Kungani amasiko ethu akumele aqhubeke ebheda kakhulu, uma ukuwenza abe mabi kakhulu kuzodala ukuthi abantu abawabhebhethekisayo bachume futhi bacebe?
UThomas Frank wazalelwa futhi wakhulela endaweni engaphansi kwedolobha Kansas City. Ungumhleli wephephabhuku i-Baffler kanye nombhali we Imakethe Eyodwa Ngaphansi KukaNkulunkulu, ucwaningo lokucabanga kwe-โNew Economyโ, kanye Ukunqotshwa Okupholile, ukuhlolwa kwezimpande ze-hipsterism yezinkampani. Lesi siqeshana sithathelwe encwadini yakhe entsha, Yini inkinga ngeKansas? Indlela Ama-Conservatives Ayizuza Ngayo Inhliziyo YaseMelika.
Kuthathwe encwadini: Yini inkinga Kansas? Indlela Ama-Conservatives Ayizuze Ngayo Inhliziyo ye neMelika nguThomas Frank. Ilungelo lobunikazi (c) 2004 nguThomas Frank. Iphrintwe kabusha ngohlelo ne-Metropolitan Books, isigxivizo sika-Henry Holt and Company, LLC
[Le ndatshana yaqala ukuvela ngo I-Tomdispatch.com, ibhulogi yewebhu ye-Nation Institute, enikeza ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, izindaba, kanye nemibono evela ku-Tom Engelhardt, umhleli wesikhathi eside ekushicileleni kanye nombhali wencwadi. Ukuphela KweMasiko Okunqoba futhi Izinsuku Zokugcina Zokushicilela.]
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