Ababhali bamanoveli obugebengu base-Italy babhala kahle ngomkhathi wango-1968, kodwa basanda kuqala ukubhekana 'neminyaka yokuhola' - ishumi leminyaka elibuhlungu elalandela, nombhikisho walo ongakwesokunxele kanye nokucindezelwa kwamalungelo.
Izinganekwane zobugebengu zase-Italy zinempilo eqinile, uma kubhekwa ukuthengiswa kwazo. AmaNtaliyane akubona njengohlobo oluvumela ukuzibandakanya okusebenzayo ekugxekweni komphakathi ngakho-ke ungalindela ukuthi ibhalise igagasi loguquko lwezepolitiki nezenhlalo olukhukhula i-Italy phakathi kokuphela kwawo-1960 kanye ngasekupheleni kwawo-70, elaziwa ngokuthi " anni di piombo" (iminyaka yokuhola).
Le lebula bekuyi-media shorthand, indlela yokwenza isikhathi sikhohlwe kalula. Kwasiza amaNtaliyane ukuthi akhohlwe ukuthi ukuhlasela okuchitha igazi kakhulu, okungakhethi kwakuwumsebenzi wama-fascists anezixhumanisi ezinsizeni eziyimfihlo kanye neziphathimandla, nokuthi abenzi bobubi noma abaphathi babo abakaze bagwetshwe (1). Kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukukhohlwa amandla engcindezelo omthetho alethwa ohlangothini olukude kwesokunxele: ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 kwaba nezinkulungwane zokuboshwa, amashumi ezinkulungwane zokulahlwa, ukushaqwa kwezincwadi, namacala abekwe abameli, izintatheli, nezihlakaniphi. Futhi kwavumela amaNtaliyane ukuba akhohlwe ukuthi izinkulungwane, uma kungenjalo izigidi, zahlala iminyaka ngokuphikisana nombuso:
Isikhathi sishiye uphawu olujulile emlandweni wase-Italy, kodwa izincwadi ezivamile azikayitholi indlela yokuveza lokho (2). Ingabe inoveli yobugebengu yenze kangcono? Ngo-1968 izinganekwane zobugebengu zazisewuhlobo oluncane ngaphansi kwethonya lemikhawulo eyayibekwe ngesikhathi sobufascist: osukwini luka-Mussolini onecala endabeni yobugebengu kwakungeke kube umNtaliyane futhi izindaba zazingavunyelwe ukukhombisa impilo yansuku zonke eduze kakhulu. Kwaba sobala ngo-1968 ukuthi kwaba noshintsho lapho u-Giorgio Scerbanenco (1911-69) ehlonishwa - i-Grand Prix de la littรฉrature policiรจre - ye-Traditori di tutti (Abakhapheli Babo Bonke). Waphula isisekelo esisha ekubekeni izincwadi zakhe phakathi kwezimpilo zansuku zonke zeMilanese yabasebenzi. Ukuvezwa kwakhe okucashile kokungaqondakali kanye nezingqinamba zokuziphatha kubonise uzwela kulabo abashiywe ngenxa yokukhula komnotho.
Isingathekiso senkathi
NgokukaLuca Crovi, uchwepheshe wezinganekwane zobugebengu zanamuhla, inoveli yakhe ethi I ragazzi
UScerbanenco, indodana yomuntu wase-Ukraine owabulawa amaBolshevik, ngokusho kwendodakazi yakhe, "wayeyingqondongqondo yekhulu le-19, umuntu oyedwa owayenenzondo ejulile emibusweni yobushiqela, kodwa futhi nasekuthengeni kanye nomhlaba obuswa imali eyayilungile. iqala ukuvela ngaleso sikhathi". Kodwa ulimi olucwasa abantu abathandana nobulili obufanayo, nolunenzondo yabesifazane lwenoveli yakhe lubonisa ukuthi uhlobo alukwazanga ukubhekana negagasi elisha loshintsho.
Abanye ababhali baye bafinyelela inselele kamuva. Impumelelo enkulu ka-Andrea Camilleri iyisizathu esikhulu esenza izinganekwane zobugebengu zase-Italy zithole ukuqashelwa emhlabeni jikelele (3). Kodwa nakuba esethathe izikhundla ezingqubuzana nezinkolelo-ze zesikhungo kwesokunxele (4), ukubhekisela eminyakeni yawo-1970 ezincwadini zakhe kunqunyelwe ekugxekeni abaholi bangaphambili abahlubuka abadlulele kwesokudla futhi baba abanikazi bemidiya noma osopolitiki.
U-Loriano Macchiavelli wayeneminyaka engu-34 ngo-1968. Wayephethe iqembu lemidlalo yezombusazwe
Ngaphambi kokuba omunye
Ibhomu labulala abangu-17 kwalimala abangu-80 ngomhlaka-12 Disemba 1969 ePiazza Fontana.
I-L'ultimo sparo (Izinhlamvu Zokugcina) ka-Cesare Battisti (owazalwa ngo-1954) ibhalwe kakhulu ngokuphila kwayo. Ikhuluma ngendaba yeqembu elincane elihileleke kwezombusazwe ngokuxhumana kwakhe namaqembu e-anarchist. Kuvusa ukungezwani kwemibono kanye nomoya wangaleso sikhathi, owawunenjabulo nokuphelelwa ithemba, kanye nokunqotshwa kwamaqembu ahlomile. Akuvamile ukuba umlingisi oguquguqukayo wezenzakalo athathwe kahle kangaka: "Bangaki kini lapho? Yebo, ngisho... ngathi, iqembu. Ngingazi kanjani? Ngolunye usuku sibabili, esinye singamashumi amabili. Futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinkulungwane eziyikhulu." U-Battisti wayengathandwa kakhulu ngoba wayemelene nokucindezelwa kwezinkumbulo zeminyaka yangemva kuka-'68.
Ngaphandle kwababhali okukhulunywe ngabo kanye nabanye abambalwa, inganekwane yobugebengu yase-Italy ayikahlukani nale amnesia ehlangene. Izikhumbuzo ze-Nostalgic, wry zango-1968 kanye nababhikishi baye bafihla izinkumbulo zeminyaka eyalandela, ngobunkimbinkimbi bezenzakalo nokuhlupheka okubangelwa "ukubuyela ekuzoleni". Kungene amazwi ambalwa
Wasola wonke umphakathi wamaRom ngemva kokuba indoda engumRoma ibulale owesifazane wendawo, futhi yathumela ogandaganda emijondolo. Osopolitiki kuzo zonke izinhlangothi bahlanganyela. Labo abaphikisana nalokhu, okuphinde kube yilabo abambalwa abaphikisana ne-Berlusconism yokunqoba, bakwenze lokho kuwebhusayithi (carmillaonline.com) enikelwe ohlotsheni lwezincwadi - ubugebengu nenganekwane yesayensi - kanye nesiko lokuphikisa. Kule sayithi indima ye-roman noir njengokugxeka komphakathi igcinwa iphila.
Ababhali abasha bakhombisa amandla ohlobo lokubhekana nobunzima bezenhlalo nezepolitiki. U-Giancarlo De Cataldo uyimantshi eneminyaka ephakathi nendawo nombhali wezincwadi zobugebengu obuningi. Isigebengu sakhe sase-Romanzo sichaza imigudu yamandla ku
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USerge Quadruppani ungumbhali kanye nomhleli we-Bibliothรจque italienne enyatheliswa uMรฉtailiรฉ
(1) Bheka uValerio Evangelisti, "
(2) Ngaphandle komsebenzi kaNanni Balestrini (owazalwa ngo-1935) no-Erri de Luca (owazalwa ngo-1950). Balestrini, omunye wabo
(3) Amanoveli akhe amaningi atholakala ngesiNgisi kwaPicador ku
(4) Engxoxweni wathi: "Akuwona ama-red brigades noma umbuso ... abangani ababengalungile basengabangane, futhi isimo sasiyilokho okwakuyikho ngaleso sikhathi".
(5) Izincwadi zakhe zishicilelwa ngesiNgisi ngabakwa-Europa Editions.
(6) Egameni lika-Ishmayeli itholakala ngesiNgisi (i-Atlantic Books,
Ihunyushwe nguGeorge Miller
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela