Isinkwa esithobekile singasitshelani ngezwe?
Impendulo iwukuthi: kude kakhulu kunalokho ongase ukucabange. Phakathi kokunye, leso sinkwa โsingafundwaโ njengokungathi siyisampula esiwumgogodla esikhishwe enhliziyweni yomnotho wembulunga yonke ongemuhle. Uma kubhekwa enye indlela, kwembula amanye amaphutha abalulekile ezombusazwe zomhlaba, okuhlanganisa nemvelaphi yentwasahlobo yama-Arab osekuyihlobo lokunganeliseki.
Cabanga ngalokhu: phakathi kukaJuni 2010 noJuni 2011, amanani okusanhlamvu emhlabeni wonke cishe kabili. Ezindaweni eziningi kule planethi, lokho kwaba inhlekelele engenakuncishiswa. Kulezo zinyanga ezifanayo, ohulumeni abaningana bawa, kwaqubuka izibhelu emadolobheni asuka eBishkek, eKyrgyzstan, kuya eNairobi, eKenya, futhi okwashaqisa kakhulu kwaqala izimpi ezintathu ezintsha eLibya, Yemen naseSyria. Ngisho naseNhlonhlweni yaseSinayi yaseGibhithe, izizwe zamaBedouin manje sezivukela uhulumeni wesikhashana waleli zwe futhi ziphethe ezazo izivimbamgwaqo ezihlomile.
Futhi kuzo zonke lezi zimo, inkinga yokuqala yayilandeleka, okungenani ngokwengxenye, enanini laleso sinkwa. Uma lezi zinxushunxushu bekungekona โukungqubuzana kwezinsizaโ ngomqondo osemthethweni waleli gama, cabanga ngazo okungenani njengeziyaluyalu ezibangelwa isinkwa.
Ukukhula Kokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Ensimini Kakolweni
Isinkwa sasaziwa ngokuthi isisebenzi sokuphila. Ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, awukwazi ukuthola okuyisisekelo, njengoba leso sinkwa sansuku zonke sivame ukuma phakathi kwenqwaba yesintu nendlala. Noma kunjalo, ukuze ufunde ezombangazwe zamanje zomhlaba ngesinkwa, kufanele uqale ubuze: ngabe leso sinkwa senziwe ngani ngempela? Amanzi, usawoti, nemvubelo, kunjalo, kodwa ikakhulukazi ukolweni, okusho ukuthi lapho amanani kakolweni enyuka emhlabeni wonke, intengo yaleso sinkwa iyanda - kanjalo nezinkinga.
Ukucabanga ukuthi akukho okunye esinkwa, nokho, ukungaqondi ezolimo zesimanje emhlabeni jikelele. Esinye isithako esiyinhloko esinkwa sethu - sibize ngokuthi "isici sokukhiqiza" - i-petroleum. Yebo, uwoyela ongahluziwe, obonakala esinkwa sethu njengomanyolo nophethiloli kagandaganda. Ngaphandle kwawo, ukolweni ubungeke ukhiqizwe, ucutshungulwe, noma uhanjiswe kuwo wonke amazwekazi nezilwandle.
Futhi ungakhohlwa ukusebenza. Kuyisithako esinkwani sethu, futhi, kodwa hhayi mhlawumbe ngendlela ongase uyicabange. Phela ukwakhiwa kwemishini kususe izisebenzi eziningi emasimini ziye efemini. Esikhundleni sezinkulungwane ezingenakubalwa zabalimi abatshala futhi bavune ukolweni ngesandla, izisebenzi zasezimbonini manje zenza ogandaganda nezibhulayo, zikhiqize uphethiloli, izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali nomanyolo we-nitrogen, konke okwenziwa nge-petroleum nakho konke okubalulekile ekutshalweni kukakolweni kwesimanje. Uma amandla okusebenza alabo basebenzi edluliselwa ensimini kakolweni, kwenzeka ngendlela yobuchwepheshe. Namuhla, umuntu oyedwa oshayela i- omkhulu $400,000 ukuhlanganisa, ukushisa amalitha angu-200 kaphethiloli nsuku zonke, okuqondiswa ama-computer nokuhamba ngesathelayithi ye-GPS, kungahlanganisa amahekthare angu-20 ngehora, futhi kuvune amabhakeli angu-8,000 10,000 kuya kwangu-XNUMX XNUMX kakolweni ngosuku olulodwa.
Okulandelayo, ngaphandle kwemali yezimali - imali - isinkwa sethu besingeke sibe khona. Kudingeka ukuthenga amafutha, umanyolo, lokho kuhlanganisa, nokunye. Kodwa imali eyinhloko yezimali ingase ithinte intengo yesinkwa sethu ngamandla amakhulu nakakhulu. Uma kunemali eningi ewuketshezi ehamba ohlelweni lwezezimali lomhlaba wonke, abaqageli baqala ukubhida intengo yezimpahla ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa zonke izithako zesinkwa. Lolu hlobo lokuqagela lunomthelela ngokwemvelo ekwenyukeni kwamanani kaphethiloli nokusanhlamvu.
Izithako zokugcina zivela emvelweni: ukukhanya kwelanga, umoya-mpilo, amanzi, nomhlabathi onomsoco, konke ngenani elifanele nangesikhathi esifanele. Futhi kukhona okunye okokufaka okungenakushaywa indiva, uhlobo oluhlukile lomnikelo oluvela emvelweni: ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, okusanda kuqala ukungena, futhi kuya ngokuya kuyingxenye ebalulekile eqeda uzinzo ekuletheni lelo lofu lesinkwa emakethe.
Inhlekelele Yokumaketha
Uma lezi zithako zixubana ngendlela ethumela intengo yesinkwa inyuke, ipolitiki ingena esithombeni. Cabanga ngalokhu, ngokwesibonelo: izinxushunxushu eGibhithe zazisenkabeni ye-Arab Spring. I-Egypt iphinde ibe yizwe elilodwa elingenisa ukolweni kwamanye amazwe, lilandelwa eduze yi-Algeria ne-Morocco. Khumbula futhi ukuthi i-Arab Spring yaqala eTunisia lapho ukukhuphuka kwamanani okudla, izinga eliphezulu lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi, kanye nokwanda kwegebe phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu kwabangela izibhelu ezibulalayo futhi ekugcineni ukubaleka kombusi ozimele wezwe uZine Ben Ali. Isenzo sakhe sokugcina kwaba isifungo sokwehlisa intengo kashukela, ubisi, nesinkwa - futhi kwase kuncane kakhulu sekwephuze kakhulu.
Ngalokho, imibhikisho yaqala e-Egypt futhi uhulumeni wase-Algeria wayala ukwanda kokuthengwa kukakolweni ukuze kugwenywe izinxushunxushu ezikhulayo mayelana namanani okudla. Njengamanani kakolweni womhlaba angena ngomfutho ngo-70% phakathi kukaJuni noZibandlela wezi-2010, ukusetshenziswa kwesinkwa e-Egypt kwaqala ukwehla ngaphansi kwalokho osomnotho abakubiza ngokuthi โizilinganiso zamanani.โ Futhi leyo ntengo ilokhu ikhuphuka yonke intwasahlobo ka-2011. NgoJuni, ukolweni wabiza u-83% ngaphezu kwalokho owawunakho ngonyaka odlule. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amanani ommbila akhuphuke ngo-91%. I-Egypt iyizwe lesine ngobukhulu emhlabeni elingenisa ummbila kwamanye amazwe. Uma ungasetshenziselwa ukwenza isinkwa, ummbila uvame ukusetshenziswa njengesengezo sokudla futhi uphakele izinkukhu nemfuyo. I-Algeria, iSyria, iMorocco, neSaudi Arabia ziphakathi kwabangu-15 abahamba phambili abangenisa ummbila kwamanye amazwe. Njengoba lawo manani entengo kakolweni nommbila ayekhuphuka, kwakungelona nje izinga lokuphila labampofu baseGibhithe elalisongelwa, kodwa izimpilo zabo njengoba amanani okudla abangelwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwabangela udlame lwezombusazwe.
EGibhithe, ukudla a udaba oluguquguqukayo lwezepolitiki. Phela umGibhithe oyedwa kwabahlanu uphila ngemali engaphansi kwe-$1 ngosuku kanti uhulumeni uhlinzeka ngesinkwa somxhaso kubantu abayizigidi eziyi-14.2 kubantu abayizigidi ezingama-83. Ngonyaka odlule, ukwenyuka kwamanani okudla sekukonke e-Egypt kwakugijima ngaphezu kwama-20%. Lokhu kube nomthelela osheshayo nolimazayo emindenini yase-Egypt, echitha isilinganiso esingu-40% wemali engenayo evame ukuba yingcosana kakhulu yenyanga imane iziphilise yona.
Ngokuphikisana nalesi simo, uMongameli weBhange Lomhlaba uRobert Zoellick ukhathazekile ukuthi isimiso sokudla somhlaba wonke "sasiyinto eyodwa eshaqisayo kude nenhlekelele egcwele." Futhi uma ufuna ukulandelela leyo nkinga eseduze ngokugcwele emuva ezimpandeni zayo zemvelo, indawo ongayibheka ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, isimo sezulu esikhulayo esibi nesicekela phansi esikhona kulo mhlaba wonke.
Uma kuziwa endabeni yesinkwa, kwahamba kanje: Ehlobo lika-2010, iRussia, enye yezindawo ezihamba phambili zokudayisa ukolweni kwamanye amazwe, yabhekana nesomiso esibi kunazo zonke eminyakeni eyikhulu. Lesi simo sezulu esibi kakhulu esibizwa ngokuthi Isomiso sasoLwandle Olumnyama sabangela imililo eyashisa amahlathi amaningi aseRussia, yacwilisa amapulazi, futhi yalimaza isivuno sikakolweni wezwe kangangoba abaholi balo (wanxusa ngabaqagela okusanhlamvu basentshonalanga) babeka umthetho wokuvinjelwa kokuthengiswa kukakolweni unyaka wonke. Njengoba iRussia iphakathi kwamazwe amane ahamba phambili kakolweni kunoma yimuphi unyaka, lokhu kubangele ukuthi amanani enyuke akhuphuke.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izikhukhula ezinkulu zenzeke e-Australia, omunye umhwebi omkhulu kakolweni, kuyilapho izimvula eziningi e-American Midwest naseCanada zalimaza ukukhiqizwa kommbila. Izikhukhula ezinkulu ezimangalisayo ePakistan, ezifake ama-20% alelo zwe ngaphansi kwamanzi, nazo zonakalise izimakethe futhi zagqugquzela abaqagela.
Futhi yilapho lezo ntengo eziqhutshwa yisimo sezulu zaqala ukukhuphuka eGibhithe. Inkinga eyalandela, ingxenye ethile eyabangelwa yilokho kukhuphuka kwentengo yesinkwa sethu, yaholela ezinxushunxushwini nasekugcineni ukuwa kombusi wezwe ophethe u-Hosni Mubarak. I-Tunisia kanye ne-Egypt basize ekuqaliseni inkinga eyaholela empini yombango eqalayo kanye nokungenelela kwasentshonalanga ezweni elingumakhelwane i-Libya, okwasho ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwalelo zwe kwemiphongolo kawoyela eyizigidi eziyi-1.4 ngosuku kuvaliwe. Lokho-ke kudale ukuthi intengo kawoyela ongahluziwe inyuke, ngesikhathi ifinyelela ku- $125 umphongolo, nokwadala ukuqagela okwengeziwe ezimakethe zokudla, okuqhubeza nokwenyusa amanani entengo okusanhlamvu.
Futhi izinyanga zamuva azizange zilethe impumuzo enkulu. Kuyaphinda futhi, okuphawulekayo, kwezinye izimo kurekhodiwe, izikhukhula zonakalisa izitshalo eCanada, e-United States nase-Australia. Khonamanjalo, isomiso sasentwasahlobo esingalindelekile enyakatho yeYurophu silimaze nezitshalo zokusanhlamvu. Uhlelo lokudla emhlabeni wonke lubonakala ludonsa kanzima, uma lungafinyeleli, ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu yokukhuphuka kwesidingo, ukukhuphuka kwamanani kagesi, ukuswelakala kwamanzi okukhulayo, kanye nokuqala kwezinxushunxushu zesimo sezulu.
Futhi lokhu, ochwepheshe basitshela, kuyisiqalo nje. Intengo yesinkwa sethu kubikezelwa ukuthi izokhuphuka ifike ku-90% eminyakeni engu-20 ezayo. Lokho kuzosho izinxushunxushu ezengeziwe, imibhikisho eyengeziwe, ukuphelelwa ithemba okukhulu, izingxabano ezikhulayo emanzini, ukwanda kokufuduka kwabantu, udlame lobuhlanga nenkolo, ukugebenga, impi yombango, futhi (uma umlando wangaphambili uyinoma yiliphi ijaji) mhlawumbe uxhaxha lokungenelela okusha kombuso kanye amandla esifunda okungenzeka.
Futhi sisabela kanjani kule nkinga yokuqoqana? Ingabe kube khona uhlelo olusha olubanzi lwamazwe ngamazwe olugxile ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha kokudla kwabampofu emhlabeni wonke - okusho ukuthi, inani elizinzile, elithengekayo lesinkwa sethu? Usuyayazi impendulo edabukisayo yalowo mbuzo.
Esikhundleni salokho, izinkampani ezinkulu ezifana neGlencore, inkampani enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ehweba ngempahla, kanye neCargill eyimfihlo futhi eyimfihlo, umhwebi omkhulu wezinto zezolimo emhlabeni, bathuthela hlanganisa ukulawula kwabo izimakethe zomhlaba zokusanhlamvu futhi bahlanganise amaketanga abo okunikezwayo emhlabeni wonke ngendlela entsha ye-imperialism yokudla eklanyelwe ukuzuza usizi lomhlaba wonke. Ngenkathi isinkwa saqala impi kanye nenguquko eMpumalanga Ephakathi, i-Glencore yenza inzuzo ephansi ngokukhuphuka kwamanani entengo okusanhlamvu. Futhi lapho isinkwa sethu sibiza kakhulu kuba yikhona okwenza izinkampani ezifana neGlencore neCargill zenze. Cabanga ukuthi cishe uhlobo olubi kakhulu โlokujwayelaโ nenkinga yesimo sezulu.
Ngakho yimuphi umbhalo okufanele ukhanyise ebuchosheni bethu lapho sifunda isinkwa sethu? Isexwayiso, ngokusobala. Kodwa kuze kube manje, kubonakala sengathi, isixwayiso asinakwa.
UChristian Parenti, umbhali wencwadi esanda kushicilelwa I-Tropic of Chaos: Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye ne-New Geography of Violence (I-Nation Books), ingumhleli onikelayo e- Umagazini weSizwe, I-Puffin Foundation Writing Fellow e-Nation Institute, kanye nesazi esivakashele e-City University yaseNew York. Izihloko zakhe zivele ku fortune, lo New York Times, the Washington Post, Futhi umama Jones, phakathi kwezinye izindawo. Angafinyelelwa ku [i-imeyili ivikelwe]. Ukuze ulalele inhlolokhono yakamuva ka-Timothy MacBain yomsindo we-TomCast lapho u-Parenti exoxa ngomsuka wencwadi yakhe yakamuva nokuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kunomthelela kanjani odlameni lomhlaba, chofoza lapha, noma uyilande ku-iPod yakho lapha.
Lesi sihloko sivele okokuqala ku-TomDispatch.com, i-weblog ye-Nation Institute, enikeza ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, izindaba, kanye nemibono evela ku-Tom Engelhardt, umhleli wesikhathi eside ekushicileleni, umsunguli we-American Empire Project, umbhali we Ukuphela Kwesiko Lokunqoba, njengenoveli, Izinsuku Zokugcina Zokushicilela. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva ithi The American Way of War: How Bush's Wars Became Obama's (Haymarket Books).
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Nikela