Itholakala enhliziyweni yeNingizimu Melika, iBolivia iqukethe idiphozithi enkulu ye-lithium emhlabeni - isikhundla esihehayo, emehlweni amazwe amaningi, njengoba imakethe yezimoto zikagesi iqala. Nakuba ama-EVs zikhipha amagesi abamba ukushisa ambalwa kunezimoto ezisebenza ngophethiloli, amabhethri azo zidinga amaminerali engeziwe - ikakhulukazi i-lithium, ephinde isetshenziselwe ukwenza amabhethri omakhalekhukhwini namakhompyutha.
Ngokungafani nomakhelwane bayo I-Chile ne-Argentina, iBolivia ayikakabi ngumdlali omkhulu ku imakethe ye-lithium yomhlaba wonke. Ngokwengxenye, lokhu kungenxa yayo amafulethi anosawoti aphezulu azifaneleki kokujwayelekile indlela yokukhipha, ukuhwamuka kwelanga.
Kepha lokho kubukeka sekuzoshintsha: NgoJanuwari 2023, inkampani yesifundazwe i-YLB sisayine isivumelwano ne-Chinese consortium CBC, ehlanganisa namazwe omhlaba umkhiqizi omkhulu wamabhethri e-lithium-ion, Kuya ethula indlela entsha ebizwa ngokuthi i-lithium extraction.
Kungase kubonise inzuzo yezomnotho. Kodwa kusukela ezikhathini zamakholoni, i ifa lokuchichima kwamaminerali eBolivia futhi kube ngeyokungcola, ubumpofu nokuxhashazwa. Ngenkathi ezinye izakhamizi zinethemba ngezinzuzo ezingaba khona zemboni ye-lithium ekhulayo, abanye bakhathazekile umthelela wasendaweni wokukhishwa. Ikakhulukazi, ukukhishwa kwe-lithium okuqondile kudinga okuningi amanzi amasha, kungenzeka ezibeka engcupheni imvelo ezungezile njengoba kwenzekile kwezinye izingxenye ze “Unxantathu we-lithium waseNingizimu Melika. "
Ukwenyuka okusheshayo kokukhishwa kwe-lithium e-Andes yase-Bolivia futhi kumelela ukungqubuzana okuzayo phakathi kwemibono emibili ehluke kakhulu yemvelo: umphakathi wezimboni wesimanje kanye nokuthi Imiphakathi yabomdabu ababiza isifunda ngokuthi ikhaya - engigxile kukho okwamanje ukusebenzisana kocwaningo futhi iphrojekthi yocwaningo.
The Pachamama
IBolivia iyikhaya Ama-36 ezinhlanga kuzo zonke izindawo zayo eziphakeme neziphansi. Aymara futhi quechua abantu bahlanganisa iningi lemiphakathi yoMdabu ku izintaba zase-Andes.
Kula masiko, imvelo ayiyona indlela yokufinyelela izinjongo zomuntu. Kunalokho, libonakala njengeqembu lezidalwa ezinobuntu, umlando namandla angaphezu kwawabantu. Isibonelo, ubunkulunkulu besifazane bokuzala, abantu okufanele bamhloniphe, yi I-Pachamama. Njengoba esekela futhi evikela ukukhiqizwa kwempilo, abantu boMdabu base-Andean benza iminikelo kumaPachamama imikhuba yamadlozi waziwa ngo "challas" abafuna ukuqinisa ukuxhumana kwabo naye.
Ngokufanayo, amaqembu asezintabeni aziboni izintaba njengeqoqo lamadwala angenalutho, kodwa njengoba abaqaphi bokhokho babebiza kanjalo. "Achachilas" ngesi-Aymara futhi I-“Apus” ngesiQuechua. Umphakathi ngamunye wase-Andean uncoma intaba eseduze abakholelwa ukuthi ivikela futhi yengamele izimpilo zabo.
In Uyuni, isibonelo, lapho omunye izitshalo ezimbili ezintsha ze-lithium kuzokwakhiwa, imiphakathi yomdabu ivuma ukuba khona kwalaba abangcwele. Kuze kube namuhla, abakhulekeli esifundeni saseLipez esiseduze bachaza umsuka wefulethi likasawoti ngokuthi inganekwane yomdabu: Ubisi lukamama lwe-Apu yabo, intaba-mlilo yesifazane okuthiwa iTunupa.
Nokho, imiqondo yenkolo njengokuthi “ngcwele” noma “okwaphezulu” akubambi ubudlelwano abantu boMdabu base-Andean asebebusungula kudala nalaba. ngaphezu-kunabantu, obani eyaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kobukoloni ngokuthi “huacas.” Lezi zinhlangano azithathwa ngokuthi “onkulunkulu,” noma kucatshangwa ukuthi zisebenzelana nezinkolelo zamanye amazwe. Kunalokho, zibhekwa njengezibalulekile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwabantu kwasemhlabeni.
Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphambi kokudla, abantu besiQuechua nama-Aymara bajikijela amaqabunga e-coca noma bachithe iziphuzo zabo phansi ukuze babelane ngokudla kwabo nalezi zidalwa njengophawu lokubonga nokubuyiselana.
Indaba engaphili
Emiphakathini yezimboni, ngakolunye uhlangothi, imvelo iqondwa njenge okuthile ngaphandle kwesintu – into engenziwa kahle ngesayensi nobuchwepheshe. I umnotho wesimanje uphendulela imvelo ibe umthombo Ama-Raw material: izinto ezingenangqondo nezingokomoya ezizokhishwa futhi zihlanganiswe emhlabeni wonke. Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, i-mineral efana ne-lithium iyinsiza okufanele ithuthukiswe ekuphishekeleni ukuzuza kwezomnotho kubantu.
Eqinisweni, umlando wale mibono eqhudelanayo uhlanganiswe ngokujulile nomlando wenkathi yamakholoni, njengamasiko ahlukene. wangena ezingxabanweni ezinodlame. Njengoba abaseSpain bethola inzuzo yamaminerali yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi iZwe Elisha, njengegolide nesiliva, baqala umsebenzi omkhulu. ukukhishwa kwengcebo yayo, bethembele ekusebenzeni ngempoqo kubantu bendawo nasezigqileni ezivela kwamanye amazwe.
Umqondo “wezinto ezingavuthiwe” ungalandelelwa kumbono wemfundiso yenkolo othi “into esemqoka.” Igama livela ku-Aristotle, umsebenzi wakhe wethulwa ebuKristwini ngezinguqulo zesiLatini phakathi nekhulu le-12. Ngendlela amaKristu ashintsha ngayo umbono wakhe wezinto eziyinhloko, yonke into yayinjalo ilawulwa izinga layo “lokuphelela,” kusukela ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu - into eyinhloko, "izinto" eziyisisekelo kunazo zonke emhlabeni - kuya emadwaleni, izitshalo, izilwane, abantu, izingelosi futhi, ekugcineni, noNkulunkulu.
ISonto LamaKatolika noMbuso WaseSpain kamuva basebenzisa lokhu kuqondwa kwendaba kwenkathi ephakathi njengento engenzi lutho, engenawo umoya. thethelela ukukhishwa yezinsiza ngezikhathi zamakholoni. Izinto ezisondelene kakhulu kwakuwukubaluleke kakhulu, ukuphikisana kwazo kwakucatshangwa, kulapho zazidinga khona ukwaziswa komuntu kanye nenjongo yangaphandle yokuzenza zibe yigugu.
Lo mbono wabuye wasetshenziswa amakoloni angamaKristu ayehlose ukucekela phansi amasiko ayewabona ewukukhonza izithombe. Emehlweni abo, ukuhlonipha intaba noma umhlaba ngokwawo kwakuwukukhulekela “into” nje, unkulunkulu wamanga. Isonto nombuso bakholelwa ukuthi kwakubalulekile hlambalaza lezi zidalwa ezingaphezu-kunabantu futhi ubaphathe njengezinsiza nje.
Lo mbono owenziwe isicaba wemvelo usebenze njengesisekelo somqondo wesimanje wezomnotho wezinto ezingavuthiwe, owethulwa ngekhulu le-18 nge ukuzalwa kwezomnotho njengesayensi yezenhlalo.
Umgwaqo ongaphambili
Amaphrojekthi e-lithium aseBolivia adala ukungqubuzana okusha okungaba khona kwemibono yomhlaba. Kodwa-ke, kuye kwabhekana nezinhlelo zokumba izithiyo ezinzima eminyakeni embalwa edlule, kuhlanganise imibhikisho yomphakathi, i-2019 ubunzima bezepolitiki futhi ukuntuleka kobuchwepheshe obudingekayo. Isivumelwano saseShayina simelela ingqophamlando entsha, okwamanje imiphumela yawo ayikaqiniseki: ezomnotho, ezemiphakathi yendawo kanye nezoMhlaba.
Namuhla, izimoto zikagesi zibhekwa kabanzi njengengxenye yesixazululo isimo sezulu. Nokho bazodinga ukuqubuka kwezimayini kuya ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabo zebhethri. Uma imiphakathi ifuna ngempela ikusasa eliluhlaza, izinguquko zobuchwepheshe ezifana nama-EV azoba ingxenye yempendulo, kanye nezinye izinguquko ezifana nezinzile. ukuhlela emadolobheni kanye nezinto zokuhamba zomphakathi ezithuthukisiwe.
Kodwa ngaphezu kwalokho, mhlawumbe amanye amasiko angafunda ebudlelwaneni base-Andean nemvelo njengezidalwa ezingaphezu-kunabantu: ugqozi cabanga kabusha ngentuthuko futhi siguqule indlela yethu yokuphila ibe into engonakalisi kangako.
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