I-Israel isiseduze nokuqalisa uhlelo lwesikhathi eside lokuguqula isimo sabantu se-East Jerusalem ehlanganisiwe. Izinqubomgomo zokuhoxisa izimvume zokuhlala zamaPalestine Jerusalemites kanye neJudaise idolobha lichazwe njengokuhlanzwa kohlanga.
Ngemva kokunqoba empini yezinsuku eziyisithupha yango-1967, u-Israyeli wathatha i-East Jerusalem - leyo ngxenye yedolobha eyayingaphansi kombuso waseJordanian kusukela ekupheleni kwegunya leBritish ngo-1948 - kanye namanye amakhilomitha-skwele angama-64 eyayiyingxenye yeWest Bank. . Ngakho iJerusalema laba idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke kwa-Israyeli futhi kwathiwa โliyinhloko-dolobha yalo ehlangene nengunaphakadeโ. Umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba, oholwa yi-UN, uhlale usigxeka lesi senzo sika
ukuhlanganiswa okuhlangene, bethi kuwukwephula umgomo oyisisekelo emthethweni wamazwe omhlaba owenqabela ukutholwa kwendawo ngendluzula. Umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba ubulokhu ubheka i-East Jerusalem njengendawo ethathwa abantu, ngaleyo ndlela ifana neWest Bank neGaza.
Ukweseka kwabo isimangalo samaPalestine e-East Jerusalem kwaqiniswa yiqiniso lokuthi ngesikhathi sokuhlala amaPalestine ayeyiningi lezakhamizi kulo mkhakha wedolobha. I-Israel ibambe iqhaza empini yezibalo ukuze ivikele ubukhosi bakwa-Israyeli phezu kwedolobha lonke. Cishe iminyaka engamashumi amane ohulumeni abalandelanayo basebenzise izinqubomgomo eziklanyelwe ukuguqula isimo sabantu bedolobha futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuphakama kwezinombolo.
amaJuda. Kuze kube kwakhiwa uDonga eMpumalanga neJerusalema nasezindaweni ezizungezile, lezi zinhloso zalandelwa ngochungechunge lwemithethonqubo ebandlululayo ukuze kuncishiswe inani labantu basePalestine ngokwenza izimpilo zabo zibe zingabekezeleleki futhi zikhuthaze ukukhula kwezindawo zokuhlala zakwa-Israyeli ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane basePalestine. Namuhla cishe i-230,000 Palestinian Jerusalemites imelela cishe u-30% wesamba sabantu baseJerusalema.
Ngaphansi kohlelo lwangemva kuka-1967 olwaklanywa ngabaphathi bezempi bakwa-Israel, izindawo zasePalestine ezinabantu abaningi azizange zifakwe, kodwa umhlaba wamadolobhana asePalestine wafakwa eJerusalema. Labo abashiywa ngaphandle kwemingcele emisha kamasipala, noma ababengaphandle kweJerusalema ngo-1967, bahlala beyizakhamuzi zaseWest Bank futhi, kanjalo, ngaphansi kombuso wezempi. Uhulumeni wakwa-Israel wenze ukubalwa kwabantu basePalestine
abantu abahlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele emisha yokuphatha yedolobha futhi banikeze isimo sokuhlala unomphela kubahlali basePalestine bezindawo ezixhunywe. Babenelungelo lokuba izakhamuzi zakwa-Israyeli inqobo nje uma bevuma ukufunga ukwethembeka kuHulumeni wakwa-Israyeli. Ukwenqaba okukhulu ukuqaphela ubukhosi bakwa-Israyeli phezu kweJerusalema elihlaselwe kwakusho ukuthi kuphela ama-2.3% ama-Palestinian Jerusalemites abe izakhamuzi zakwa-Israel. Abanye baba izakhamuzi zaphakade
U-Israyeli ungaphansi komthetho negunya lakwa-Israyeli, njengabafokazi abazinza ngokuzithandela kwa-Israyeli.
Isimo sokuhlala unomphela eJerusalema sihluke kakhulu kubuzwe. Izakhamuzi zaphakade zakwa-Israel zinelungelo lokuhlala nokusebenza e-Israel ngaphandle kwezimvume ezikhethekile, ukuthola izinzuzo zomphakathi ezivela ku-National Insurance Institute kanye nokuvota okhethweni lwasendaweni. Ukuhlala unomphela akunikwa ngokuzenzakalelayo izingane zabanikazi noma abashade nabo, noma kunjalo, futhi izakhamuzi ezihlala unomphela, ngokungafani nezakhamuzi zakwa-Israel, azilijabuleli ilungelo lokubuyela kwa-Israyeli nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
Phakathi kuka-1967 no-1994 u-Israel washaqa umhlaba ongamakhilomitha-skwele angama-24.8 eMpumalanga yeJerusalema, u-80% wawo ungowabasePalestine. Ukudliwa komhlaba kuyaqhubeka. Namuhla i-7% kuphela yendawo yase-East Jerusalem isatholakala kubantu basePalestine. Umhlaba oshaqiwe usetshenziselwe ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokuhlala zamaJuda kanye nemigwaqo edlula izifiki, ngokwephula umthetho wamazwe omhlaba wosizo lwabantu owenqabela amandla okuthatha ingxenye ethile.
labantu bayo endaweni eyithathile. Umasipala waseJerusalema usebenzise imikhawulo yokuklama izindawo ukuze usungule 'izindawo eziluhlaza', okuthiwa zibekelwe izinjongo zemvelo nezokuzijabulisa, kodwa empeleni wasetshenziswa njengeqhinga lokususa umhlaba ekusetshenzisweni kwamaPalestine futhi wakhe indawo yokugcina izindlu zamaJuda.
I-Town Planing Scheme (TPS), enye ithuluzi elibalulekile 'lokudlulisa buthule', ikhawulela izimvume zokwakha ezindaweni esezakhiwe kakade, okuwukuphela kwezindawo ezitholakalayo ukuze zisetshenziswe i-Palestine. I-TPS isetshenziselwe ukukhawulela ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ezingomakhelwane zasePalestine. Abantu basePalestine bavunyelwe kuphela ukwakha isakhiwo esiyisitezi esisodwa noma ezimbili kuyilapho izindlu eziseduze zase-Israel zingaba nezitezi ezifika kweziyisishiyagalombili. Abantu basePalestine kumele badlule kunqubo yokuphatha eyinkimbinkimbi futhi edla isikhathi ukuze bathole imvume yokwakha. Lokhu kubiza cishe u-$25,000 - isithiyo esikhulu njengoba imali yasePalestine ingaphansi kakhulu
ama-Israyeli. Abantu basePalestine bathola iphesenti elincane ngokulinganayo lezimvume zokwakha ezikhishwa minyaka yonke nguMasipala waseJerusalema.
Kuphela u-7.5% wezindlu ezakhiwe ngokusemthethweni phakathi nenkathi ye-1990-1997 engeyabasePalestine.
Isikhungo sempilo
Ngo-1995 uMnyango Wezangaphakathi Wakwa-Israel wethula umthethonqubo omusha odinga izakhamizi zasePalestine ukuthi zifakazele ukuthi zazihlale futhi zisebenza eJerusalema phakathi neminyaka eyisikhombisa eyandulele. Indinganiso yobufakazi efunwayo iqine kangangokuthi ngisho nabantu abangakaze balishiye iJerusalema baba nobunzima ekuhlangabezaneni nayo. Abantu basePalestine abahluleka ukufakazela ukuthi 'isikhungo sabo sempilo' yiJerusalema basengozini yokuhoxiswa isikhundla sabo sokuba ngabahlali
izicelo zokuhlanganisa umndeni kanye nokubhaliswa kwengane zinqatshiwe. Isibalo samakhadi kamazisi okuhlala e-Jerusalem ashaqwa ngemuva kokumenyezelwa kwenqubomgomo 'yesikhungo sempilo' sikhuphuke ngaphezu kuka-600%. Izindawo ezisemaphethelweni eJerusalema, abantu abaningi baseMpumalanga Jerusalem ababethuthele kuzo ngenxa yemithetho yobandlululo yangaphambili, kwathiwa zingaphandle kweJerusalema, ngaleyo ndlela zisusa amalungelo okuhlala abantu abangaphezu kuka-50,000. Ukuze bavikele yabo
abathi bangabahlali kanye namalungelo omphakathi ahambisana nawo, abantu basePalestine ababalelwa ku-20,000 babuyela ukuzohlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele kamasipala waseJerusalema.
Inqubomgomo yakwa-Israyeli 'yesikhungo sempilo' ithinta kakhulu ilungelo labantu basePalestine lezinzuzo zezempilo nezenhlalo, ukuhlanganisa imindeni, ukubhaliswa kwezingane kanye nobulungu bohlelo lomshwalense kazwelonke wakwa-Israel. 'Isikhungo sempilo' siqinisekiswa ngokuvuselelwa kwaminyaka yonke kwezimvume zokuhlala zabashade nabo. Izinkulungwane zezingane zasePalestine ezizalwe eJerusalema zabazali abangayiphethe bobabili i-ID yaseJerusalema zenqatshelwe ukubhaliswa futhi azikwazi
basebenzise amalungelo abo ayisisekelo, okuhlanganisa nelungelo labo lokufunda. Nakuba inqubomgomo 'yesikhungo sempilo' yayekwa ngokusemthethweni, ukuqubuka kwe-intifada ye-Al Aqsa ngoSepthemba 2000 kwaholela ekubeni iphinde isebenze. Kusukela ngoMeyi 2002, u-Israel wenqabile ukwamukela izicelo zokuhlanganisa umndeni futhi wenqaba ukubhalisa izingane zezakhamuzi ezihlala unomphela ezazalelwa ku-OPT.
Udonga luhlanganisa izinhloso zenqubomgomo 'yesikhungo sempilo'. Ayigcini nje ngokuhlukanisa i-East Jerusalem neWest Bank futhi iyifake ngempumelelo kwa-Israel kodwa futhi ihlukanisa izindawo ezingomakhelwane zasePalestine eMpumalanga yeJerusalema. Udonga lwakhiwe entshonalanga yezindawo ezingomakhelwane phambilini ebeziyingxenye kamasipala wase-Jerusalem (ikamu lababaleki laseShu'afat kanye ne-West Anata enabantu abangu-55,000), iningi labo eliphethe omazisi base-Jerusalem. It
iphinde ihlukanise nezindawo zaseJerusalema ezincike ngokuphelele edolobheni ukuze ziphile kanye nezakhamuzi zasePalestine ezingaba ngu-50,000 eziphoqeleke ukuba zithuthe ngenxa yombuso wentela obandlululayo kanye nemikhawulo yezimvume zokwakha ebekwe yiziphathimandla zakwa-Israel.
Abantu basePalestine abaphethe izimvume zokuba ngabahlali bakwa-Israel manje abazithola sebesohlangothini lwaseWest Bank of the Wall, ikakhulukazi labo abahlala ngaphandle kwemingcele yase-Jerusalem, bazolahlekelwa yisimo sabo sokuba ngabahlali ngaphansi kwenqubomgomo 'yesikhungo sempilo'. Udonga lwenza abaningi bangakwazi ukufinyelela ezindaweni zabo zokusebenza kanye nezinsizakalo eziyisisekelo ngaphakathi kweJerusalema okufanele bazenze ukuze bagcine isimo sokuba ngabahlali bakwa-Israel. Amalungu omndeni anganawo amakhadi okuhlala unomphela manje angeke akwazi ukweqa imithetho yakwa-Israel mayelana nokuba ngumhlali futhi abalingane babo abaphethe umazisi wakwa-Israel kuzofanele bakhethe phakathi kokuhlala ohlangothini oluhlukile loDonga noma ukulahlekelwa imisebenzi namalungelo abo okuhlala eJerusalema. Ngokombiko okhethekile we-UN mayelana nesimo sika
Amalungelo abantu ku-OPT, "u-Israyeli unethemba lokuqhubeka nokunciphisa inani labantu basePalestine eMpumalanga yeJerusalema ngokuphoqa abashadile ukuba bathuthele ohlangothini lweWest Bank odongeni."
Inkinga yezindlu kanye nezinga lokuminyana kwezindawo ezingomakhelwane basePalestine kwenze ukuthi abantu basePalestine baphoqwe ngaphandle kwemingcele yomasipala baleli dolobha noma baphoqeleke ukuthi bakhe izindlu ngokwephula imithetho yakwa-Israel. Ngokwakha ngokungemthetho bazichaya ezinhlawulweni eziphezulu kanye nosongo lokubhidlizwa kwezindlu. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, inani lezindlu ezidiliziwe ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezimvume zokwakha liye lakhula kakhulu Ngokusho komuntu wakwa-Israel
inhlangano elwela amalungelo abantu, iB'tselem, phakathi kuka-1999 no-2003 e-East Jerusalem kwadilizwa izindlu nezinye izakhiwo ezingama-229 kwathi ngo-2004 nango-2005 kuphela kwadilizwa izindlu ezingu-198, kwasuswa abantu abangu-594. Lokhu kusheshisa kuhambisana nokudliwa komhlaba okusha kanye nezinhlelo zokuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala ezintsha zamaJuda enhliziyweni yezindawo ezingomakhelwane basePalestine njengaseRas-al-amud noma iNtaba Yeminqumo.
Ukwakhiwa koDonga eduze nangaphakathi kwemingcele kamasipala waseJerusalema kuzovimbela nakanjani ukubuya kwamaPalestine axoshwa eJerusalema ngokuphucwa umhlaba, ukubhidlizwa kwezindlu noma ingcindezi evela emaqenjini abahlali abanonya. Bazolahlekelwa amalungelo abo okuhlala unomphela eJerusalema ngaphansi kwenqubomgomo ethi 'isikhungo sokuphila' futhi ngeke besakwazi ukungena edolobheni ngaphandle kwezimvume ezikhethekile. Izakhiwo abazishiyile eJerusalema zisengcupheni yokuthathwa ngaphansi koMthetho Wezakhiwo Wakwa-Israyeli Ongekho.
Lolu donga oluphakeme lwamamitha ayisishiyagalombili lunikeze u-Israyeli izaba zokufeza izinjongo osekunesikhathi eside zimisiwe ngaphansi kwesicathulo sezokuphepha. IJerusalema liphakathi kwazo zonke izingxabano eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Ukuthula kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokwehluleka ukukhuluma ngokumelene necebo le-Israel lokudlulisa kungenzeka kube nemiphumela engenakuhlehliswa futhi kucekele phansi amathemba esifunda okuthula. Ukudluliselwa kwabantu basePalestine maduze kuzoba yiqiniso elingephikiswe kodwa akufanele kuhlale 'kuthule'.
U-Elodie Guego, ummeli oyisipesheli kwezomthetho wamalungelo abantu, wasebenza njengevolontiya ku-OPT ngo-2005 futhi njengamanje unguMsizi Wezwe Umhlaziyi eNorwegian Refugee Council's Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Geneva.
Lesi sihloko sashicilelwa ekuqaleni ku-August 2006 edition of Forced Migration Review, ebonisa ukuthi, ukufuduka kwePalestine: A case apart?, futhi iphrintwe kabusha ngemvume. I-Forced Migration Review, enyatheliswa ngesiNgisi, isi-Arabhu, iSpanishi nesiFulentshi, inikeza inkundla egxile ekuzijwayezeni ukuze kube nenkulumo-mpikiswano ngezinkinga ezibhekene nababaleki kanye nabantu abaxoshwe ngaphakathi ukuze kuthuthukiswe inqubomgomo nokwenza kanye nokubandakanya ababaleki nama-IDP ekwakhiweni nasekusetshenzisweni kohlelo.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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