The Washington PostUkukhishwa kukaJanuwari 2023 cwaningo bephikisana ngokuthi ukusakazwa kwangemva kuka-2016 kokugxambukela kokhetho lwaseRussia kungenzeka ukuthi kweqile, kuveza ukuthambekela okonakalayo emithonjeni yezindaba eyifa lapho abantu nezitolo ezisakaza izindaba ezinganembile noma ezingamanga beklonyeliswa, futhi abakhuluma iqiniso abadalula amanga emithombo yezindaba bebandlululwa futhi bakhishwe inyumbazane.
The Washington Post ucaphune ucwaningo lwezemfundo olusanda kushicilelwa ku Isikhungo Senyuvesi YaseNew York Yezokuxhumana Nezepolitiki okuphethe ngokuthi abukho ubufakazi bokuthi okuqukethwe okusolwa ukuthi kukhiqizwa e-Russia kwaba nomthelela obonakalayo kubavoti okhethweni lwango-2016. Ababhali babhale ukuthi โasibutholi ubudlelwano phakathi kokuchayeka kulawa ma-tweets kanye noshintsho endleleni abantu abacabanga ngayo.โ Nokho, the Thumela washesha ukuveza ukuthi ucwaningo lugxile ku-Twitter futhi kwakusengenzeka ukuthi okuqukethwe kwesiRashiya kwamanye amapulatifomu afana ne-Facebook (manje eyi-Meta) kwakungase kutshengise ukhetho. Nokho, abukho ubufakazi obuqinile bokuqinisekisa isimangalo esinjalo nokunye izifundo ezedlule yizazi zemidiya u-Emil Marmol no-Lee Major, kanye Nolan Higdon of Iphrojekthi ihlolwe, bathole ukufinyelela kwe-Facebook nakho bekukuncane. Babengebodwa.
Ucwaningo lwe- Thumela okubhekiselwe kukho bekungelula neze njengoba abacwaningi abaningi befinyelele esiphethweni esifanayo ngo-2016. Inyuvesi yaseHarvard Yochai Benkler kanye nozakwabo baveze ukuthi abukho ubufakazi obubambekayo bokuthi okuqukethwe ku-inthanethi kwashintsha amavoti okhetho ngo-2016 futhi baphawula ukuthi izindaba zekhebula zibonakale zinethonya elikhulu kakhulu. Zonke lezi zifundo zithole ukuthi okuqukethwe okuvela e-Russia bekuncane kakhulu kububanzi kanye nomthelela uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqukethwe kwedijithali okusatshalaliswa imikhankaso kamongameli ka-Donald Trump kanye no-Hillary Clinton yezigidi zamadola, ephinde yakhuthazwa izigidigidi zamadola ekukhavelweni kwamahhala kusuka kwabezindaba zefa. Khonamanjalo, izintatheli engumakadebona ezifana UGlenn Greenwald, uMat Taibbi, no-Aaron Matรฉ yaphawula imithombo engacacile kanye nezimangalo ezingenasisekelo okuthiwa โkuqhakanjisweโ abezindaba bebethembele ekuqinisekiseni izethameli ukuthi iRussia yatshekisa ukhetho. Kunokuba sihlaziye lezi zimpikiswano, abezindaba bezinkampani bavele badubula izithunywa.
Noma kunjalo, abanye abacwaningi bazishaya indiva lezi zifundo nemithombo eshiwo ngenhla futhi bathembela ebufakazini obungenabufakazi bokuthi benze izimangalo ezingenangqondo zokuthi iRussia yaba nembangela yokunqoba kukaTrump okhethweni, okuvame ukucindezela ukuthatheka. Ucwaningo oluvela ku Columbia University waphikisa ngokuthi idatha evela ezimakethe zokubheja "iqinisekisa" ama-troll aseRussia atshekisa ukhetho lwango-2016. Ababhali baphikisa ngokuthi izinguquko ezimakethe zokubheja ngamaholide, lapho ama-troll cishe ethatha ikhefu ekusakazweni ukuze agembule, abonisa ukuthi yiRussia etshekise ukhetho. Ngokulinganayo okungenangqondo, somlando Katherine Jamieson Hall waphikisa ngokuthi iRussia yaba nomthelela emjikelezweni wezindaba ngokukhipha ama-imeyili avela kumkhankaso ka-Hillary Clinton, ophazanyiswe kukhasethi ye-Access Hollywood edalula ubulili buka-Trump kanye nokungalungi kwabesifazane. Ukuhlaziya kuka-Hall kubonakala sengathi kusho ukuthi ama-troll aseRussia alawula ukugxila kwezindaba, hhayi abahleli abangomakadebona nabasebenzi kulezi zikhungo ezihlonishwa kakhulu.
Nokho, lapho bebhekene nocwaningo olungqubuzanayo, imithombo yezindaba eyifa yakhetha kakhulu ukuyiqhubekisela phambili indaba yokuthi ukunqoba kukaTrump Electoral College kwakungenxa yokugxambukela kweRussia. Isibonelo, esikhathini esingamaviki ayisithupha ngo-2017, URachel Maddow we-MSNBC yahlanganisa iRussia ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye izindaba ezihlanganisiwe, yayenza yaba imboni yezindlu ezincane njengoba siphawulile encwadini yethu, I-United States of Distraction. Ukusakazwa okugcwele kukaMaddow nabanye emithonjeni yezindaba eyifa kwabeka isisekelo sokuthethelela ezinye izindaba ezingamanga nezingenasisekelo ezazithi iRussia ibeke isisekelo somthetho. bounty kumasosha ase-US, kungene umkhankaso kaBernie Sanders ka-2020, zangena kuma isikhungo sikagesi saseVermont, ubufakazi obuqanjiwe kuHunter Biden's laptop, futhi wasebenzisa ukuqoshwa kwevidiyo kaTrump wachama ngomuntu othengisa ngomzimba njengokumkhohlisa. Konke lokhu okuvela emithonjeni yezindaba efanayo exwayisa umphakathi ngokusabalala โkwezindaba ezingezona iqiniso.โ
Umbhedo wemithombo yezindaba yaseRussia awugcinanga nje ngokuba nezilaleli ezingenalwazi, kodwa waphazamisa uphenyo olunzulu mayelana nokwehluleka komkhankaso kaClinton, impumelelo kaTrump, nezindlela lapho the Idemokhrasi Party futhi FBI empeleni bekungamanye amandla anamandla agxambukela okhethweni lwango-2016. Yebo, iRussia yagxambukela, nayo, kodwa akufikanga lapho izinga noma umphumela ngokusho kobufakazi.
Ngenkathi izintatheli eziveze umbiko ongemuhle ngeRussia zasulwa emithonjeni yezindaba ngesikhathi zingahlaselwa (uGlenn Greenwald, Matt Taibbi, Abby Martin, no-Aaron Matรฉ), izikhanyiso ezisabisayo zaseRussia ezinjengoMaddow zithole irekhodi. $ 30 million isivumelwano sonyaka ne-MSNBC. Ukususwa kwabakhuluma iqiniso ukuze kuvuleke indawo eyengeziwe yabasakaza inkulumo-ze akukusha; kuyinto evamile kwabezindaba zefa. Ngokwesibonelo, ngawo-1990, lapho uGary webb eSan Jose Izindaba zeMercury udalule ukuzibandakanya kwe-CIA ekushushumbiseni izidakamizwa, imidiya yefa lendaba yayinganqeni ukuyibika, yahlasela uWebb (โowadedelwaโ yiphephandaba) okwaholela ekubhujisweni komsebenzi wakhe nasekugcineni kwempilo yakhe. Ngokufanayo, labo abaqhubekisela phambili amanga axhumanisa i-Iraq ne-9/11 kanye nezikhali zokucekela phansi okukhulu ngo-2002 no-2003 baklonyeliswa ngemisebenzi yemithombo yezindaba enenzuzo eqhubekayo (uJudith Miller, uThomas Friedman, kanye nanoma yimuphi umshicileli wezindaba kunethiwekhi kazwelonke noma izindaba zekhebula ngalokho. udaba), kuyilapho labo ababebaphonsela inselelo bekhishwa inyumbazana njengabaqambi bozungu (Phil Donahue, Jessie Ventura, Michael Moore), nakuba laba bakamuva babeqinisile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yonke iminyaka eyishumi yokuhlasela kukaJulian Assange we-WikiLeaks, okuhlanganisa ne-CIA ihlela bulala kuye, kuwubufakazi obengeziwe bokuthi labo abalokotha badalule inkohlakalo namanga oMbuso WaseMelika, okuhlanganisa nokwehluleka kweFourth Estate uqobo, bayokhokha inani elikhulu.
Omunye umphumela wakho konke lokhu ukuthi kwenza izethameli zingabi nalwazi ngobukhona bezintatheli ezingaphandle kwemithombo yezindaba eziyifa kangangoba zisuke zingazi ngokubika kwazo noma zingazinaki nhlobo. Isibonelo, izambulo zasekupheleni kuka-2022 no-2023 Amafayela e-Twitter yachithwa kakhulu yimithombo yezindaba eyifa kanye nababukeli bayo ngenxa yokuthi yayivela ezintathelini ezizimele ngaphandle kwemithombo yezindaba, njenge Math Taibbi, onikeze ubufakazi obunomthombo omuhle obuphikisa izimangalo zemidiya yefa mayelana nezihloko ezimayelana nokuhlangana kukahulumeni nokubala, iRussiagate, kanye nokusabela kobhubhane lwe-COVID-19.
Umphumela uba ukuthi izethameli azinalwazi noma azinolwazi. Lokho kwacaciswa kakhulu ngonyaka odlule, nini George Santos wathola isihlalo eNdlu yabaMeli ngenkathi eqamba amanga cishe ngayo yonke into-lapho afunda khona esikoleni esiphakeme nasekolishi, ezezimali zakhe, engumJuda (ethi ungumJuda. UmJuda-ish), ukuba nabasebenzi badutshulwe e-Pulse night club, basungula izinhlangano ezisiza abantulayo, kanye nezihlobo zakhe zifa ekuhlaselweni kwe-9/11 kanye nokuQothulwa Kwesizwe. Nakuba iSantos yagijima eNew York, izwe elaziwa ngokuthi inhloko-dolobha yezindaba emhlabeni wonke, imithombo yezindaba ayizange iwadalule lawa manga kwaze kwaba yilapho. ngemuva ukhetho futhi iSantos yayisivele ithatha izintambo. Lokhu kungalungile kwentatheli kuphathelene ikakhulukazi njengoba bekuyiphephandaba lendawo elincane, UMholi waseNorth Shore, lokho kwadalula amanga kaSantos ngaphambi ukhetho, lapho kwakubalulekile ngempela, kodwa akekho owayezihlupha ngokuqaphela. Ngokusobala, imidiya yefa, izitolo zayo ezizibiza ngokuthi โindawo yepolitiki"Futhi"iqembu lezepolitiki elihamba phambili kumabonakude,โ akakaze acabange ukuthi osopolitiki bangase baqambe amanga ukuze bangene ezikhundleni. Lokhu kuyathakazelisa ngoba bebebazi kahle izinkulungwane zamanga kaTrump, kodwa kulula ukusola uSantos, hhayi bona uqobo, ngokungazi kwababukeli mayelana nobuqiniso obunciphayo bezimangalo zekhongolose esanda kukhethwa. Lokhu kwaba ukwehluleka okukhulu kwenkampani yokunyathelisa, nesinye isibonelo sokuthi kungani sibudinga kakhulu ubuntatheli bendawo, obuzimele obuzinikele ekukhulumeni iqiniso.
Okucacayo wukuthi ngisho nangemithombo yezindaba eyifa ingagcina ilutholile udaba, kuthatha isikhathi eside futhi umonakalo abawenzayo ngokubhebhethekisa amanga uholela emphakathini ongenalo ulwazi nonolwazi olungeyikho. Esikhundleni sokulinda abezindaba abayifa ukuthi basebenzise izinsiza zabo ezinkulu, amandla, kanye nokufinyelela ukuze indaba ilunge, izethameli zingahlakanipha ukuphendukela ezintathelini (uBrihana Joy Grey, u-Lee Fang, uKen Klippenstein, uGlenn Greenwald, uMat Taibbi, u-Abby UMartin, u-Alan MacLeod, no-Aaron Matรฉ), kanye nezinhlangano zabezindaba (njengalezo eziqokonyiswe ngu Iphrojekthi ihlolwe) ngerekhodi lokulungisa izinto. Ungakwazi ukusho ukuthi bangobani ngoba abaveli emithonjeni yezindaba yefa ngaphandle uma behlaselwa.
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