[Amavesi alandelayo acashuniwe futhi ashintshwa kancane ukusuka kuwo I-Age of Acquiescence: Ukuphila Nokufa Kokuphikisa KwaseMelika Kumcebo Ohleliwe Namandla (Little, Brown and Company).]
Ingxenye 1: Isiyaluyalu Esikhulu
Lokho kamuva okwaziwa ngokuthi i-Great Upheaval, inhlangano yosuku lwamahora angu-1886, kwavusa lokho esinye isazi-mlando esikubiza ngokuthi โintshiseko eyinqaba.โ Isiteleka esijwayelekile sezinyunyana siwumcimbi ophelayo ohlanganisa amaqembu amabili aphikisana ngezinkinga ezilinganiselwe, uma ngezinye izikhathi ezingalungiseki. Isiteleka esikhulu sango-1877 noma ngaphambi kwalokho ngo-XNUMX - zonke iziteleka eziningi zasendaweni ezaqubuka emadolobheni nasemadolobheni amancane ezimboni ngemuva kweMpi Yombango kuze kube yikhulu leminyaka elisha - savuleka futhi safinyelela ku-ecumenical.
Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, eBaltimore lapho ababhuleki besitimela abanamakhono nabakhokhelwa kangcono ku-Baltimore Railroad kanye ne-Ohio Railroad beqala ukugadla ngo-1877 ngakho, futhi, benza kancane โabakhi bamabhokisi, abasaha, nabakha amathini, bematasa ezitolo. nezimboni zalelo dolobha, [ezishiye] izindawo zazo futhi zagcwala ezitaladini.โ Lokhu โkwashukumisela amadoda akwaloliwe ukuba enze izenzo ezibonisa isibindi.โ Lapho umbusi waseNtshonalanga Virginia ethumela iBerkeley Light Guard kanye ne-Infantry ukuba bayobhekana nabatelekile eMartinsburg ngesicelo sesekela likamongameli wesitimela, amasosha ahoxa futhi โizakhamuzi zedolobha, amasosha ahlakazekile, kanye nenani labantu basemaphandleni. amazwe azungezile ahlangene,โ ekhuthaza abatelekile.
Ukuguquguquka kwe-centrifugal kwesiteleka esikhulu bekuyisici salesi simo esingavamile. Ngosuku lwesithathu eMartinsburg abateleki โbabeqiniswe ebusuku ngazo zonke izikhathi ngokungena kwamadoda asebenzayo ahileleke kwezinye izinkulumo ngaphandle kokushayela ujantshi,โ okwakwenza kwaba nzima ngamasosha ombuso ukuba abe khona ngaleso sikhathi. nxenxa utwayi lokuqhuba izitimela.
Ngosuku lwesine, โabamakhenikha, abadwebi bezandla, nezisebenzi kuyo yonke iminyango yezimboni zabantu baqala ukubonisa izimpawu zokungahlaliseki nokunganeliseki.โ Njengoba bebona bejula futhi bejula endaweni engaphansi yokuphila kwabasebenzi, ngezansi kwesigaba โesihloniphekileโ sabasebenzi basezimayini nabamakhenikha nabahamba ngezikebhe zasemiseleni, izingqapheli ezithukile zabika โumsinga onamandla wentshiseko nenzondoโ owawukhukhula โuquqaba lwamavila anonya. , abazulazulayo, nabahamba ngezinyawo.โ Kwahamba kanjalo.
Amadolobha amancane namadolobhana afana ne-Martinsburg abevamise ukudlula izikhungo zasemadolobheni ezinkulu ukuba abe nalo muzwa wokubumbana komphakathi. (Lokho namuhla esingakubiza ngokuthi ukunqwabelana kwama-99%.) Phakathi Nezingxabano Ezinkulu zango-1877, ukudluliswa kwesiteleka somphakathi kwahamba kuqala emigwaqweni emikhulu yezitimela, kodwa kwagelezela ngokushesha emadolobheni amancane namadolobhana ahambisana nenqwaba. emigwaqweni engenela kanye nasezimbonini zendawo, izinkundla zokucobelelana ngolwazi, nasezimayini zamalahle njengoba ithimba labatelekile lisuka ezindaweni zokuhlala liya ezindaweni zokuhlala lihlanganisa abantu.
Kulezi zindawo, ubudlelwano bobuso nobuso busadlangile. Akuzange kuthathwe kalula ukuthi ukungqubuzana phakathi kwabasebenzi kanye nezimali kwakuhloswe ukuba kube indlela yomhlaba. Ukwenyanya uhlelo olusha lwezimboni kanye โnomzwelo wentando yeningiโ kwahlanganisa izisebenzi, abanikazi bezitolo, abameli, nosomabhizinisi bazo zonke izinhlobo, beshaqiswe ukuziphatha kosozimboni abakhulu ababengahlali kuleyo miphakathi futhi babebonakala kalula. njengabafokazi.
Kwakungavamile ukuthi izikhulu zendawo, njengomphathi-dolobha waseCumberland, eMaryland, zithathe uhlangothi lwabagadli abaningi. Umphathi weposi wombuso e-Indianapolis waxhumanisa iWashington, โImeya yethu ibuthakathaka kakhulu, futhi uMbusi wethu ngeke enze lutho. Kukholakala ukuthi uyazwelana nabagadli.โ E-Fort Wayne, njengamanye amadolobha amaningi ubukhulu bayo, amaphoyisa namasosha ayengenakubalwa ukuba abeke phansi abavukeli. Kulo mhlaba, impahla yebhizinisi ayizange inikezwe isikhundla sokungcweliswa esasisahlehliselwe lapho kuziwa endabeni yomuntu siqu. Ngezinye izikhathi izimpahla zenkampani zazishiswa phansi noma zikhutshazwe; ngezinye izikhathi zazibanjwa, kodwa zingalimali.
Ama-Metropolises aphinde abona ukuzamazama komhlaba kwawo okungajwayelekile. Ubudlelwane obungaziwa babuvame kakhulu lapho, igebe elihlukanisa izigaba zomphakathi lalibanzi kakhulu, futhi abaqashi abakhulu kakhulu babengathembela kubaphathi abasha nabaphakathi abaphakathi ukuze bathole ukwesekwa kanye nenhlangano yezombangazwe ababengathembela kuyo kakhulu.
Noma kunjalo, idolobha elikhulu alizange libe i-DMZ. Phakathi nesiteleka esikhulu sango-1877 ePittsburgh, lapho kubulawa izakhamuzi ezingu-16, idolobha laqhuma futhi โkwabonakala sengathi bonke abantu babehlangene nezibhelu.โ
โKuyaxaka ukukusho,โ kuphawula enye intatheli, abantu โababenedumela lokuba abantu abahloniphekileโabahwebi,โ abaninikhaya, omakhenikha abacebile nabanjaloโbahlangana obala [nesixuku esinesiyaluyalu] futhi basikhuthaza ukuba enze ezinye izenzo zobudlova.โ Nalapha, njengasezindaweni ezincane, ezicasulwe ngendlela ezazisobala ngayo, iziteleka eziningi zisaveza umehluko phakathi kwesakhiwo sikaloliwe kanye nempahla yangasese yabantu ngabanye, abakugwema ngokucophelela ukuyihlasela. Imvamisa ngokwanele umfutho wesiteleka esikhulu bewanele ukuzuza izivumelwano zamaholo, amahora, noma kwezinye izimo zokusebenza - nakuba zingase zibe ezesikhashana, zingabhalwanga ezinkontilekeni, futhi zibe ngaphansi kokwephulwa noma ukunganakwa lapho umthetho nokuhleleka kubuyiselwa.
โAmahora Ayisishiyagalombili Sizokwenzaniโ
Izisebenzi zaseBrickyard nezasendlini yokupakisha, omabhalane bempahla eyomile, nababumba bensimbi, imisele yezicathulo zabesifazane abangafundile abangamaJuda nabachwepheshile bezingcingo abanamakhono, izingcweti zaseJalimane ezivela ohwebeni lokuhlanganisa izincwadi kanye nabathwali bezimpahla abangama-Bohemian abangafundile, bonke babuthane ndawonye ngaphansi kwesibhengezo se-Knights of Labor noma esingahlelekile, ngokungahleliwe. imihlangano. Igama eligcwele lama-Knights empeleni laliyi-Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, igama elingavamile elifana nolimi oluningi olusebenza ngogesi lwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye elizwakala lingathandeki futhi lingavamile ezindlebeni zanamuhla. Ngonyawo olulodwa esikhathini esidlule somsebenzi wezandla kanye nolunye bezama ukweqa ubugqila babasebenzi belinde kabi esikhathini esizayo, ama-Knights ngokwawo ayeyinkulumo eyinhloko yenhlangano yesiteleka esikhulu. Kwakuyingxenye yezinyunyana, ingxenye yenhlangano, ingxenye yemibhikisho yezombusazwe, ingxenye yomnotho wokubambisana owawufuna omunye.
Ngazo zonke izikhathi futhi ikakhulukazi emadolobheni amancane ezimboni, ama-Knights ayethembele ebudlelwaneni bomphakathi omkhulu - izihlobo, omakhelwane, abahwebi bendawo - hhayi nje ubudlelwano basemsebenzini. Njengenhlangano yamaPopulist, cishe yakha enye indawo yenhlalo yomphakathi yamakamelo okufunda, amaphephandaba, izinhlangano zezifundo, imitapo yolwazi, amakilabhu, nama cooperatives abakhiqizi. Efakwe umuzwa wobuqhawe kanye "nobungcwele bezwe," ama-Knights azibona sengathi asemsebenzini, enxusa imiphakathi yasendaweni ephakathi nendawo ukuthi ihlenge isizwe futhi ilondoloze ifa laso le-republicanism kanye nesithunzi somsebenzi okhiqizayo.
Lolu โHlelo Olungcwele,โ olungacacile futhi olungaqondakali ngenjongo yokugcina, nokho lwahlanganisa ukuphikiswa okujulile kuyo yonke indlela yokuphila emelwe unxiwankulu bezimboni nakuba ilwa nezindlela zokuphila phakathi kwayo. Ngakho-ke yanikeza amakhambi ansuku zonke - ukuqeda umsebenzi wezingane kanye neziboshwa, ukusungula intela yeholo kanye nobunikazi bomphakathi bomhlaba wokunxeshezelwa hhayi ukuqagela, phakathi kokunye. Nokho, ngaphezu kwakho konke, yayidlulisa ukulangazelela enye indlela, โinhlangano yomphakathi esebenzisanayoโ esikhundleni sephupho elibi lamaHobbesi iNtuthuko eyabe seliyilo.
Ngokweqile ngokwemvelo yawo, le โntshiseko eyinqabaโ yashabalala yabe isihlanganisa inqwaba yokunamathiselwe okungekuhle. Ukushisa okunamandla kwesiteleka esikhulu kuxube lezi zinhlamvu zaba yinto enesibindi futhi enengqondo ephanayo. Konke okumayelana nakho kwakungabhalwanga phansi. Isiteleka soquqaba besinesigqi saso sonke, esivumelanayo futhi esingalindelekile njengoba sibhebhetheka njengobhubhane lusuka endaweni yokusebenza luye endaweni yokuthengisa luya emijondolo. Yayingenawo umyalo omaphakathi, ngokungafani nesiteleka esivamile, kodwa futhi kwakungesona isenzakalo esingaqondakali sokusha okuzenzakalelayo. Kunalokho, yayinabadwebi abaningi be-choreographer ababeqondisa ukuvukela kwasendaweni okwahlala kuqinile ngokwanele ukuze kuhlangane ndawonye kuyilapho behlala behlukene. Uhlelo lwayo ludelele ukukhokhwa okulula. Ngesinye isikhathi kanye nendawo kwakukhuluma ngokukhululeka, komunye mayelana nokuhlukunyezwa okungapheli kwenduna, lapha mayelana nokuba khona kotwayi nezigebengu ezihlomile, kukhona mayelana nokuncishiswa kwamaholo.
Ihluke ngokuzikhandla isuka kokuthile njenge-prosaic njengoshintsho esilinganisweni socezu kuya kokuthile okubabazekayo njengokwenziwa kuzwelonke kwengqalasizinda yezokuthutha nezokuxhumana, kodwa emnyombweni wayo kwakudingeka usuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili. Ingacacile kodwa ijulile, yachaza ngaleso sikhathi somlando kokubili ubuncane obungenakunqanyulwa bempucuko enobulungiswa neyobuntu kanye nokuthi ukuhleleka okukhona kwezinto okubonakala kungeke kwenzeke, noma kungeke, kukunike. "Ingoma Yosuku Lwehora Lesishiyagalombili," eyaba iculo lenhlangano, yathwebula lokho kuxutshwa kwe-quotidian nokudlulela phambili:
โSifuna ukuzwa ukukhanya kwelanga
Sifuna ukuhogela izimbali;
Siyaqiniseka ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukuthandile.
Futhi siqonde ukuba namahora ayisishiyagalombili.
Sibiza amabutho ethu kusuka
indawo yemikhumbi, isitolo, nesigayo;
Amahora ayisishiyagalombili okusebenza, amahora ayisishiyagalombili okuphumula
Amahora ayisishiyagalombili ngalokho esizokwenza.โ
Ngenkathi isigamu sesigidi sabasebenzi sigadla ngoMeyi 1, 1886 - "usuku lukaMeyi" lwangempela, belusagubha izindawo eziningi emhlabeni ngaphandle kwase-United States lapho lwaqala khona - abatelekile balubiza ngokuthi Usuku Lokukhululwa. Lokho kuzwakala kuyi-archaic. Amazwi anjalo ahlabayo aphume emfashinini. Umnyakazo wamahora ayisishiyagalombili wezinsuku zango-1886 kanye neziteleka eziningi ezandulela, ezihambisana, nezilandela kwakuwumbutho wenkululeko ezweni labakhululekile owawuqondiswe kuhlobo lobugqila okungekho muntu ongaluqaphela noma udumo.
Ingxenye 2: Idolobhana lasePotemkin leNouveau Riche
I-Feudalism yohlobo lweshashalazi ehlukile yayiyisiphephelo sezigaba eziphezulu. Ikakhulukazi lokho bekuhlanganisa ukuhlehla ekuhlanganyeleni okusebenzayo nesiyaluyalu esibazungezile. Amanye ama-plutocrats, afana noGeorge Pullman noma u-JP Morgan, ngokuphambene nalokho, ayengene shรญ ekuqhubeni izinto. UMorgan usebenze njengomabhange ongekho emthethweni wezwe, kodwa ngokombono ohlukile, ememezela ngokudumile, "Angikweleta lutho umphakathi."
Ezinye izikhulu zezinkampani, njengo-Mark Hanna, inkosi ngaphakathi kwe-Republican Party, noma u-August Belmont, owabamba indima efanayo kumaDemocrats, wagxila kakhulu ezindabeni zezombusazwe. (U-Hanna wake waphawula ngokuphoxeka, โZimbili kuphela izinto ezibalulekile kwezombusazwe. Eyokuqala yimali futhi angikhumbuli ukuthi iyini eyesibili.โ) Imishini yamaqembu amabili yayisebenzise ukuzimela ngemva nje kweMpi Yombango, befuna ukukhokhwa ngamakilasi ebhizinisi. Nokho, njengoba ikhulu leminyaka liphela, zafuywa, zaba abathwali bamanzi kulabo abake babakhipha okweshumi. Izindikimba zomthetho ngalesi sikhathi, okuhlanganisa neSenethi, eyaziwa nangokuthi "I-Millionaires Club," yagcwalisa ama-factotums ebhizinisi laseMelika.
Amanani amakhulu kakhulu e-nouveau rich, a annuitant Isigaba sabanikazi bezindlu neziqeshana zamakhuphoni, nokho, babenamahloni ngokuzihlanganisa. Esikhundleni salokho, bahlanganisa isigodi sase-Potemkin esivalwe ngokusemthethweni lapho benza sengathi bayizicukuthwane abanazo zonke izimfanelo nenhlonipho nokuba semthethweni okuza naleso siteshi.
Uma sibheka emuva eminyakeni eyikhulu nangaphezulu, konke lokho kugqokiswa - amabhola okuzifihla lapho i-Social Register elite ("Okhokho" bama-1870s, "ama-400" ngama-1890s) babebukisa njengo-Henry VIII no-Marie Antoinette, izinceku ezihlukunyeziwe, izinqaba zahlakazwa eFrance noma e-Italy noma eNgilandi futhi zathunyelwa itshe ngetshe ukuze zihlanganiswe kabusha ku-Fifth Avenue, izinhlu zozalo mbumbulu namajazi ezikhali, zizingela izilwane ezifuywayo kanye nokudlala i-polo, zikhulisa imfuyo yozalo ngenjongo yokuhlobisa, i-helter-skelter enqwabelanisayo. ubucwebe befa, i-Old Masters, namaragi asempumalanga, ukushada โkwamakhosazana angamadolaโ aseMelika enzalweni eqinile yezikhulu ezibolayo zaseYurophu, izimbobo zokunisela ezikhethekile eNewport naseBar Harbour, izikole zokulungiselela, kanye namakilabhu wabanumzane ababiyela ngothango. kusukela e-hoi polloi, ukuba matasatasa ngokuthandwa komphakathi okuphendule amabhokisi e-parterre ayigugu ezindlini ze-opera namahholo ekhonsathi abe imiqhudelwano eyingozi ebulalayo - kubonakala kuwubuwula. Noma ngaphezulu, konke kubonakala njengokuziphatha okuxakile ngendlela exakile ezweni lendabuko yenguquko yeningi. Futhi ngomqondo othile kwaba.
Nokho lombukwane wawunenjongo, noma izinjongo eziningi. Okokuqala nje, bekuyindlela ehlolwe isikhathi yokubonisa amandla ukuze wonke umuntu abone. Nokho, ngaphezu kwalokho kwakwenzeka. Yakha ingqalasizinda yenganekwane yesiko le-utopian yesigaba esikhuphukile esiluhlaza futhi esingaqiniseki ngendawo yaso nomsebenzi emhlabeni kangangokuthi sasidinga zonke lezi zimpawu ezibolekiwe njengombala ovikelayo. Ukucasha okuyinkimbinkimbi, kungase kusebenze ukubenza babe semthethweni kokubili emehlweni alabo ababesebenzisa phezu kwabo ngokuzumayo noma abafuna ukusebenzisa amandla amakhulu, nasemehlweni abo ngokunjalo.
Phela, abaningi balaba baholi bonxiwankulu besizukulwane sokuqala nesesibili babesanda kuphuma ekusithekeni kwezenhlalo kanye nokuphishekela umnotho wasekhaya. Ubuhlanya babo bomdabu babubonakala obala, begconwa abaningi. UHerman Melville waphawula, โIsigaba sabantu abacebile, uma bebonke, siyisixuku esinjengamaduli ahlotshiswe ngegolide, kangangokuthi ukungacebi kuhambisana nokwehluka nokuhlonishwa okuthile.โ Njengoba ukuvelela kwabo kwezenhlalo kanye nesisindo sokuphonswa kwezomnotho kukhuphuka ngezinga elingavamile - futhi, kanye nakho, izinselelo ezithukuthele kakhulu ekuveleni kwabo okungazelelwe - kanjalo nesidingo sokwenza izinkohliso zokuzinza nesiko, ukuzizwa ugxile ngisho nasezindaweni ezijulile. nenhlabathi, ukujiya imingcele yokwahlukanisa kwabo komphakathi.
UCaroline Astor, owaziwa kangcono ngokuthi โNkk. U-Astor,โ udoyenne waleli zwe, umkhulu wakhe owayeseqalile ukudayisa inyama, ubambene ngezihluthu ezwakalisa ukuthi ukungezwani okunjalo kungaxazululwa kanjani. Ukuphila komkhaya wakubo kwachazwa omunye owayebukele ngale ndlela: โIndlela ababehamba ngayo ngezinyawo yayiyikhophi eseduze yalabo ababejwayele eWindsor Castle futhi ilineni labo laliphawulwe ngezifanekiselo zobukhosi. Emdlalweni we-opera babegqoka ama-tiara, futhi lapho bedla amapuleti ayehambisana nokuzenzisa kwamakhosi.โ
Izithombe ezifanayo zapendwe zemindeni eminingi emikhulu yozalo kanye nenzalo yayo; abakwaGoulds, uHarry Payne Whitney, abakwaVanderbilt, kanye nabanye bavezwe ngezindlela ezenze ukuba babe abantu ababengalindelekile ukuba bakhe i-aristocracy eqaphela umphakathi. UNksz Astor ngokwakhe wake wachazwa ngokuthi "i-chandelier ehambayo" ngoba amadayimane amaningi namaparele ayephinwe kuzo zonke izindawo ezingenalutho ezitholakalayo emzimbeni wakhe.
Isihlobo sakhe uJohn Jacob Astor IV, umfana wokudlala owaziwayo, wajeziswa, kanye nontanga yakhe, umfundisi wama-Episcopal: โUMnu. U-Astor kanye nesixuku sakhe sabahlanganyeli baseNew York naseNewport sekuyiminyaka benganaki nakancane imithetho yebandla nesifundazwe ebonakale iphikisana nezinjabulo zabo zomuntu siqu noma izinjabulo zenyama. Kodwa awukwazi ukweyisa uNkulunkulu ngaso sonke isikhathi. Usuku lokulandisa luyeza futhi aluzi ngendlela yethu.โ Eminyakeni ethile kamuva u-Astor wehla no Titanic. Elinye ilungu lomndeni lenqabile isimemo sikaMongameli uHayes sokuyosebenza njengenxusa eNgilandi ngesizathu sokuthi kwephula umthetho womndeni othi: โSebenza kanzima, kodwa ungalokothi usebenze ngemva kwesidlo sakusihlwa.โ
UWard McAllister, umphathi omkhulu weRejista Yezenhlalakahle "400," ubambe iqhaza kwelinye i-engeli. โManje, njengoba ingcebo ikhula ngokushesha, osozigidi bavame kakhulu ukuba bathole ukuhlonishwa okukhulu; ingcebo yesigidi iwubumpofu obuhloniphekile kuphela,โ kusho uMcAllister. Ngakho-ke kufanele sidwebe imingcele yezenhlalo ngesinye isisekelo: ukuxhumana okudala, ukuzalanisa ngobumnene, ukuphelela kukho konke okufezwa umuntu omnene, ukuzijabulisa okuphambili kanye nedumela langasese elingenabala kubala okungaphezu kwengcebo esanda kutholwa.
Kodwa "ukuxhumana okudala" bekukusha futhi kungokwesikhashana njengezingxoxo zebhizinisi zayizolo, futhi "ukuzalanisa okumnene" kwabanye akuzange kufake ngisho nolwazi lokufunda nokubhala noma ukubala okuphelele kodwa kwakuhlanganisa ukuphimisa amathe; โokufezwe umnumzaneโ kuyodingeka kuhlanganisa yonke inhlobo yokusebenzelana okukhaliphile esigcawini, kungenjalo ukuqokwa bekuyoba yindlala. Futhi ukuntengantenga komnotho waseMelika kwakusho ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izindunduma zesihlabathi zazakhiwe ziphakeme kangakanani ngenxa yokungabaza โkwemali endala,โ zazingenakukwazi ukumelana nokugcwala kwemali entsha isikhathi eside.
โIntando Yeningi Ebiโ
Kwaba konke, njengoba esinye isazi-mlando saphawula, โumcibisholo kanye nenganekwane,โ i-arcadia engavamile yezinqaba nezinceku, ukuhlonipha โubuhle obuhleโ ngomkhathi wezenhlalo osanda kuchanyuselwa ozama kodwa wehluleka โukuphila ngemvelaphi yawo yokuthengisa. โ Kodwa le mpilo yamaphupho yayingafaneleki kwezobuciko nemisebenzi yezandla yokubusa phezu komphakathi owawufaneleka kakhulu ukuthola lobu bubi buhlekisa, nokudelela kakhulu. Okwakuntula kwakuwumbuso wangempela wezicukuthwane.
U-Wall Street Brahmin Henry Lee Higginson, esaba โIntando Yeningi Ebiโ - lokho' lonke uhlobo lwama-radicalism - wanxusa ngokuphuthumayo ozakwabo ukuthi bathathe umsebenzi wobungcweti, "ngokuhlakanipha nangobuntu ngaphezu kwalokho okwenziwe ngamakhosi nezicukuthwane. Ithuba lethu manje - ngaphambi kokuba izwe ligcwale futhi umzabalazo wesinkwa uba mkhulu. Ngingathanda ukuthi abanumzane bezwe bahole amadoda amasha azama ukuba ngabanumzane.โ
Isikhalazo sawela ikakhulukazi ezindlebeni ezingezwa. Abaningi kuleli qoqo kwakungonxiwankulu abayizinja zasolwandle, abakhi bobukhosi, okwaba ukuqoqwa kwabo kwakuyinto eyodwa, edla konke. Babeneziphathimandla ezingaphandle uma kufanele, basebenzise uma bekwazi, kodwa bavame ukwenza ibhizinisi labo njengokungathi alikho. Njengoba ezalelwe ukubamba ezombusazwe ngokwedelela, omunye umlobi wezomlando weSocial Register ukhumbula ekhula ngesikhathi โse-barbeque enkulu.โ Wafundiswa ukuba acabange ngezombangazwe njengento โekude, engahloniphekile, nedume kabi, njengokuhweba ngezigqila noma ukugcinwa kwezifebe.โ
Bendawonye bakha izwe elihluke ngokuphelele ezinxushunxushwini zezentengiselwano, zezombangazwe, zobulili, zobuhlanga nezenkolo ezisongela ngokubagubuzela. โIdolobha elimhlopheโ elisezingeni eliphezulu elinobukhazikhazi, amakhodi okuhlonipha, nokwethembeka kobuzalwane, ukuziphatha kahle, ukunganaki, nokuzicabangela, kwakuyilabhorethri yokuzitika nge-narcissistic, ukwenqaba okusobala kwalezo zimo zonxiwankulu ezicacile zobuhlakani, ukonga. , kanye nokuqola imali.
Bazalwa enkathini echazwa isitimu, insimbi, nogesi, bazama ukuzisusa kusukela esikhathini samanje kwenye indawo yonke, ingxenye yenkathi ephakathi, ingxenye yeRenaissance Europe, ingxenye yeGreece yasendulo neRoma, indawo yobumnandi benkathi yegolide. Ikhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye elide lazala umbuso weningi ongafundile futhi ongenakho ukuzuza ukwethenjwa nokwengamela umphakathi owawuwesaba. Esikhundleni salokho, i-plutocracy yayincamela ukudlala endaweni yezicukuthwane, ngasikhathi sinye iqinisekisa zonke izinsolo ezithandwayo mayelana nezinhloso zayo zangempela futhi yakha umphakathi owawulahle umphakathi.
ezinonya Force
Ukuzibekela eceleni nokuzikhukhumeza kwezigaba eziphezulu kwashiya izikhungo namasiko lapho ubumbano luncane kangakanani phansi. Izinsolo zomdabu zokuthi uhulumeni onamandla ozelwe kusukela ekusungulweni kwesizwe kwashiya izinsiza zombuso zintekenteke ngendlela emangalisayo futhi zingathuthukisiwe ekuqaleni kwekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili. Zonke izinsiza zayo, okungukuthi, ngaphandle kokukodwa: amandla, ukubusa ngethuluzi elibuthuntu. Ukuphendukela odlameni okuvamile okwaphawula leso sikhathi kwaba yisimo esimisiwe seqembu elibusayo elingazimisele ngempela ukubusa. Futhi-ke kwakwandisa kuphela inkinga yokuvuma. Labo abahlushwa ubulukhuni bezigaba ezivelele babekulungele kakhulu ukubaphatha njengoba babeziveza - okungukuthi, njengezicukuthwane kodwa abaqhwagayo abangenalo ngisho ne-scintilla yegunya elisemthethweni.
Izigaba eziphakeme zaseMelika azizange zenze i-aristocracy, kodwa zingalingisa eyodwa kuphela. Babengenawo umuzwa wangaphambili wesibopho senhlalo, wesibopho sobukhosi, salokho eZweni Elidala okwavela njengenhlangano yezombangazwe โiTory socialismโ eyasebenza ekuthuliseni ukungezwani kwezigaba. Kepha futhi abazange bamukele izimiso zedemokhrasi namuhla ezivumela abahlonishwayo bezwe ukuthi benze sengathi bangabantu nje abavamile: i-charade ethembekile eyanele ye-plutocratic populism. Esikhundleni salokho, bebhekene nokunganeliseki okukhulu kwezenhlalo, baphendukela โkokwesabisa okunyantisayoโ nokunye okuqanjwe kabusha kobuchwepheshe bezibhamu zemishini, emabuthweni ezinkampani ezizimele kanye namasosha kahulumeni, ukuze babekezelele imingcele, imithetho yomthetho, kanye nokubulawa kwabantu. Kungani kufanele uziphathe ngendlela ehlukile ekubhekaneni nesigaba sabasebenzi esithi "scum" umphakathi "we-mongrel firebugs"?
Esinye isazi-mlando siye sachaza okwenzeka phakathi Nokuvukela Okukhulu โnjengegatsha elihlangene lezikhulu zesitimela, izikhulu zempi nezikhulu zezombangazwe ezaziyingqwele yezikhulu ezintsha zezwe.โ Ngemva kweHaymarket, onxiwankulu be-haute bangena ebhizinisini lokwakha izinqaba; Ngokwesibonelo, iFort Sheridan eChicago, yamiswa ukuze ivikele โekuvukeleni kwangaphakathi.โ Izakhiwo zezikhali zaseNew York City, osekunesikhathi eside zaguqulwa zaba izizinda zethenisi zasendlini, amakhonsathi, kanye nemidlalo yeshashalazi, ekuqaleni zakhiwa ngemva kokuvukela umbuso ngo-1877 ukubhekana ne-canaille yabasebenzi.
Ngesikhathi sesiteleka samalahle se-anthracite sango-1902, uGeorge Baer, โโumongameli we-Philadelphia and Reading Railroad kanye nomholi wabanikazi bezimayini, wathumela incwadi kumaphephandaba: โAmalungelo nezintshisakalo zendoda esebenzayo izovikelwa futhi inakekelwe... abaphehli bezisebenzi, kodwa ngamadoda angamaKristu anempahla uNkulunkulu awanikeze amandla okulawula impahla yezwe.โ KuKhomishini Yamalahle e-Anthracite ephenya ngalesi siphithiphithi, u-Baer umemezele, โLa madoda awahlupheki. Kungani, ingxenye yabo ayikhulumi ngisho nesiNgisi.โ
Okuxakayo ukuthi kwaba ngenxa yokucwiliswa kwayo ekuchithekeni kwegazi okwenza izinhlobo zokuqala zolwazi lwesigaba esithuthuke kakhudlwana zaqala ukuvela phakathi kwalaba baqoka abasha. Lokhu kungasukela emizaneni yase-Potemkin efana ne-Pullman kuye emizamweni enengqondo yokufinyelela i-modus vivendi enezici zenhlangano yabasebenzi ekulungele ukwamukela uhlelo lwamaholo.
Nokho inkundla yezombangazwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izikhungo zayo eziyinhloko zazigxile kangakanani entandweni yabacebile nabanamandla, yahlala iyizwe elibonakala libangwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izithakazelo ezinamandla zazithembele ezikhungweni zikahulumeni kokubili ukugcina โizigaba eziyingoziโ zisemgqeni kanye nokwenza lula inqubo yokuqongelela kwakudala. Kodwa umzwelo ophikisayo, odabuka kubunxiwankulu ngendlela yawo emsulwa, wawufuna ukuthi umbuso uhlale ubuthakathaka futhi umpofu ukuze ungangeni lapho wawungafunwa khona. Ngenxa yalokhu kungaboni ngaso linye, izwe laseMelika lalidume ngokungondleki kahle, ukuphatha kwaso kugcinwe kushesha, kuyimilingo, futhi kulawulwa ngomshini, ukufinyelela kwaso kwezikhulu nezokuphatha kuntekenteke.
Awukho umphakathi ongaphila unomphela endaweni enjalo eshintshashintshayo, ushiye izindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu zingaxazululeki. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba kufike iDenouement enkulu yokuwohloka komnotho kanye neSivumelwano Esisha, impendulo yombuzo wezabasebenzi yayivela, eyayizoqeda inkathi ende yokulwa nonxiwankulu. Kuzoba i-antechamber yeNkathi Yokuvuma.
USteve Fraser ungusomlando, umhleli, umbhali, kanye TomDispatch Njalo. Incwadi yakhe entsha ithi I-Age of Acquiescence: Ukuphila Nokufa Kokuphikisa KwaseMelika Kumcebo Ohleliwe Namandla, kucashunwe ngenhla. Izincwadi zakhe zangaphambilini zihlanganisa Wonke Umuntu Uyi-Speckulator: Umlando we-Wall Street e-American Life futhi I-Wall Street: I-America's Dream Palace. Ungumsunguli we- Iphrojekthi Yombuso waseMelika.
Kucashunwe encwadini Inkathi Yokuvuma nguSteve Fraser. Ilungelo lobunikazi (c) 2015 nguSteve Fraser. Iphrintwe kabusha ngemvume ka-Little, Brown and Company.
Lesi sihloko sivele okokuqala ku-TomDispatch.com, i-weblog ye-Nation Institute, enikeza ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, izindaba, kanye nemibono evela ku-Tom Engelhardt, umhleli wesikhathi eside ekushicileleni, umsunguli we-American Empire Project, umbhali we Ukuphela Kwesiko Lokunqoba, njengenoveli, Izinsuku Zokugcina Zokushicilela. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva ithi Uhulumeni Wethunzi: Ukubhekwa, Izimpi Eziyimfihlo, kanye Nezwe Lokuphepha Lomhlaba Wonke Ezweni Elinamandla Amandla Amandla (Izincwadi Ze-Haymarket).
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