Umthombo: Defend Democracy Press
Ngomhla zingama-28 kuJulayi 2021, iPeru, nezakhamizi zayo eziyizigidi ezingama-33, igubha iminyaka engama-200 yeNkululeko. Kungenzeka ukuthi abantu basePeru bakhethe lo mgubho weBicentennial, ukuze balethe uguquko olukhulu ezweni labo eliphethwe i-oligarchy yangaphandle nekazwelonke. Emqhudelwaneni wokhetho lukazwelonke olubambene ngezihluthu ngomhla ziyisi-6 kuJuni 2021, usoshiyali uPedro Castillo, uprofesa othobekile wesikole samabanga aphansi wasemakhaya eCajamarca, eSifundazweni SaseNyakatho yePeruvia, ocebile ngezinsiza zezimayini, kodwa nasemhlabeni wezolimo, ubonakala ecebile. uwine ngamavoti angaphansi kuka-100,000 ephikisana noKeiko Fujimori osekelwa yi-oligarch, indodakazi yalowo owayenguMengameli u-Alberto Fujimori, osejele okwamanje - noma kunalokho uboshelwe "ukugula" - ngenkohlakalo nobugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini ngesikhathi sobumongameli bakhe. 1990-2000.
Imiphumela yokhetho ithathwe njengelungile yi-pro-US, pro-capitalist Organization of American States (OAS). Inhlangano efanayo eyasekela ukuketula umbuso okwagqugquzelwa yi-US kwangemva kokhetho ngokumelene no-Evo Morales ngoNovemba 2019. Kungenzeka ukuthi bafunde isifundo sezimiso zokuziphatha, noma kube nezibukeli zamazwe ngamazwe eziningi kakhulu ezibukele ukubonwa kokhetho kwe-OAS. Noma, njengenketho yesithathu, iWashington ingase ibe ne-ajenda ehlukile yale ngxenye โyegcekeโ layo.
U-Keiko Fujimori, ngaphambi kokuba angenele ukhetho lukaMongameli wayeboshiwe eboshiwe, ngesikhathi ephenywa ngenkohlakalo nokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu. Njengamanje uqoqa izigidi kubalandeli bakhe abaphezulu besigaba esibusayo futhi usebenzisa imali yakhe ayizala kabi ukuze aguqule imiphumela yokhetho. Ezinsukwini eziyishumi ngemuva kokhetho, awukabikho umphumela oqondile oshicilelwe okwamanje. Ukuze uKeiko abe nguMongameli akuwona nje umbuzo wamandla, futhi kuwumbuzo wenkululeko ngaphansi kokugonywa kukahulumeni, noma ukubuyela ejele, okungenani kuze kuphothulwe uphenyo ngamacala akhe asolwa ngawo.
Konke kungenzeka ezweni lapho imali ithenga yonke into, futhi ingase iguqule amavoti ahlosiwe ngokucacile nangokusobala njengangavumelekile noma njengevoti lomphikisi. Lena yiPeru, kodwa ukuqiniseka, ukukhwabanisa okhethweni kwenzeka ngisho nasemazweni ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kuhlanganise nomakhelwane wasePeru waseNyakatho Melika, ozenza sengathi uphatha umhlaba.
Kodwa-ke, uma lokhu kuphenduka kwenzeka, uKeiko Fujimori nabasekeli bakhe bonxiwankulu basebenza kanzima kangaka ukufeza, izwe lisengozini yempi yombango. Ngoba lesi yisikhathi sabantu abaningi basePeru abakade besilindile; labo bantu basePeru abahlale bebhekwa ngokuthi "abangewona abantu" yi-oligarchy. Kufanele manje ekugcineni bathole ubulungisa babo, bathole ucezu lwabo lukaphaya ocebe kakhulu okuyiPeru. Ngemuva kweminyaka engamakhulu amabili yesizwe esibuswa i-oligarchy, leli ningi elithule lifanelwe ukuphumula. Babelunge ngokwanele ukuba basebenze, bathole izigidi emisebenzini yezimayini ehola kancane, eyingozi empilweni, emsebenzini wezolimo okhokhelwa kancane, ekuphileni izimpilo eziseceleni ngokubandlululwa ngababusi babo bonxiwankulu abamhlophe. Angiphinde. "UPedro Castillo ungomunye wethu."
Uma ubheka emuva emlandweni uhlangana nje ezikhathini ezimbalwa eziyingqopha-mlando. I-Washington Consensus yango-1989 ukuthi akugcinanga ngokuthi โkwaqondanaโ kuphela okwandulela ukuwa kweSoviet Union, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu mhlawumbe kwiGlobal South, yayisho ukuphuma โkwejubane eliguquguqukayoโ lezepolitiki nezomnotho ze-neoliberal, ukugqilazwa kweGlobal South. ubumpofu - abaningi babo bangena ebumpofu obukhulu. Kwakungekho ukubaleka. I-IMF, i-World Bank FED kanye nawo wonke amabhange ahlobene nalawo abizwa ngokuthi amabhange okuthuthukiswa kwesifunda adlale ndawonye.
Kungani iPeru ihluke kakhulu endleleni abaphatha ngayo abantu bakubo, labo okuthiwa abantu bomdabu, abanikazi bomhlaba bokuqala bezwe labo, uma uthanda, uhluke kakhulu, isibonelo, iBolivia engumakhelwane, i-Ecuador kanye neColombia? Futhi kungani laba bantu โabancaneโ ababandlululwayo besabela ngendlela ehluke kangaka ePeru kunasemazweni angomakhelwane?
Ukuqagela kwami โโโโkokuthi kunokuningi okuphathelene noMbuso waseSpain owadala ngokusemthethweni ngomhla ka-18 Agasti 1521 (iminyaka engu-500 edlule - ngokuqondana?) UMbuso "we-New Spain" kulokho namuhla okuyiPeru. Kamuva yaba ngeyokuqala kwezine ze-Viceroyalties iSpain eyakhiwe emazweni aseMelika. Selokhu iPeru yaba yi-Viceroyalty yokuqala yaseSpain, inzalo emhlophe yaseSpain, kamuva yadlulela kwabokufika abavela "Ezweni Elidala", yaba nesibindi sokucindezela nokucwasa abomdabu.
Kusukela namuhla, lona umbono engiwutholayo njengomuntu wangaphandle njengoba ngisebenza kancane futhi ngihlala ePeru cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amane edlule. Ikakhulukazi i-Lima elite baphatha abomdabu njengabantu abancane, nakuba behlasele indawo yabo, kodwa bazizwa futhi abaningi babo basazenza inzalo yeRoyal Court yaseSpain. Lokho kubanika ukuphakama okunzima ukungakunaki. Kubuye kubonakale ohlelweni lwemfundo olusagxile kakhulu endaweni eyodwa, lapho uLima enquma khona ukuthi isizwe samasiko e-Pluri- kanye nezizwe eziningi zasePeru kufanele sifundiswe ngokufana.
Ngaphandle kwezinhlanga ezihlukene, iPeru ihlukaniswe ngokwezomnotho namasiko ezindaweni ezintathu ezihlukene zezwe: Isifunda Sasogwini, ikakhulukazi esiwugwadule, kodwa sivundile kakhulu lapho siniselwa khona, lapho kukhula khona u-70% wemikhiqizo yezolimo yasePeru; i-Highlands of the Andes, ebizwa nangokuthi i-Sierra, lapho abantu bephila ngokulima ezindaweni ezincane zomhlaba; bese kuba khona indawo yase-Amazon ehlanganisa cishe amaphesenti angama-70 omhlaba wasePeru, cishe amaphesenti amahlanu kuphela enani labantu bezwe. Bangabantu abazimele kakhulu, abanesiko eliseduze noMama woMhlaba. Izimpilo zabo zisaboshelwe kakhulu kubushamanism bendabuko, obuhluke kakhulu kumagugu asentshonalanga.
Imfundo, ingqalasizinda eyisisekelo kodwa ukuxhashazwa okuphambili kwemithombo yemvelo ecebile kakhulu yasePeru konke kunqunywa nguLima, yi-oligarchs, inzalo ezibiza ngokuthi i-Spanish Royals - hhayi ngamazwi akhulunywayo, yebo, kodwa ngezenzo nokuziphatha. I-Lima inabantu abayizigidi ezingu-11, okungukuthi, ingxenye yesithathu yabantu bezwe, cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu ezihlala onqenqemeni lobumpofu noma ngaphansi. Lesi simo kungenzeka sibe sibi kakhulu ngezikhathi ze-covid. Ukuntuleka kwemfundo efanele nesatshalaliswa ngendlela efanele, kushiye abanikazi bokuqala basePeru, abantu bomdabu, okuhlanganisa nengxenye ephezulu yezingxube zezinhlanga, besenkingeni enkulu futhi ewujuqu.
Lona ukwakheka kohlanga lwasePeru: Ama-Amerindians (noma abantu bomdabu kuphela) ahlanganisa u-45 % inani labantu; I-37 % i-mestizo (okuxubile i-Amerindian kanye mhlophe), amaphesenti o-15 amhlophe, amaphesenti angu-3 amnyama, ama-Japanese, amaShayina nokunye. Bona lokhu https://www.google.com/search?q=peruvian+mixed+indigenous-white+population+in+percentage%3F&sxsrf=ALeKk00IpgzbpnA-9Ki5hL9pxb-uG_-ZHA%3A1623753276265&ei=PILIYL3SD42WsAeIrpygBw&oq=peruvian+mixed+indigenous-white+population+in+percentage%3F&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAw6BwgAEEcQsAM6BAghEApQ_LoCWLaxA2CNyANoAXABeACAAVaIAZANkgECMjOYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6yAEIwAEB&sclient=gws-wiz&ved=0ahUKEwi94O-puJnxAhUNC-wKHQgXB3QQ4dUDCA4
Ngamanye amazwi, u-85% wabantu uphethwe yidlanzana labamhlophe bokufika. Sekuyisikhathi sokuthi iPeru ithole umongameli wendabuko onaka izidingo zangempela nezithakazelo zeningi labantu basePeruvia. Kulokhu, kubonakala sengathi, ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu angu-500 yomthetho ongashintshiwe, u-85% wabantu uzofuna uhulumeni wokulinganisa okwengeziwe. UPedro Castillo angase abe indoda yabo.
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Nanku umlando othile wokuxhuma amachashazi kuze kufike kuJuni 2021nokusiza ukuqonda ukuthi kwenzekani manje ePeru. Ukungabi nabulungiswa okwedlulele kwezenhlalo kanye nokwehluka phakathi komphakathi omningi wabalimi kanye neqembu elincane elibusayo, kwaletha uguquko "Umzila Okhanyayo" ngo-1980, oholwa ngu-Abimael Guzmรกn, noma "nom de guerre" wakhe, uSihlalo uGonzalo. Wayenguprofesa wefilosofi ethonywe kakhulu izimfundiso zeMarxism neMaoism. Wasungula umzabalazo wezikhali, owagcina usukwaziwa ngele-โShining Pathโ โ Spanish, โSendero Luminosoโ โ wokunikeza amandla abantu bomdabu ababenganakiwe nabancishwe amathuba. Izenzo zobuphekula zanda phakathi nawo-1980, futhi futhi ikakhulukazi zaba yingozi kubantu abampofu.
I-Shining Path yavela njengoba izwe lalisanda kubamba ukhetho lwalo lokuqala olukhululekile ngemuva kombuso wobushiqela wezempi weminyaka engu-12, okokuqala owenziwe nguJuan Francisco Velasco Alvarado (1968 - 1975), ephishekela lokho abantu basePeruvia ababekubiza ngokuthi yi-Maoist socialism. I-Velasco yahlela ukuguqulwa komhlaba okungalungiselelwanga ngokuphelele, futhi yenza iningi lokutshalwa kwezimali lakwamanye amazwe libe likazwelonke, kwadala ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi okukhulu futhi kwaqhubeza nobumpofu. Maphakathi nawo-1970, uVelasco wayegula kakhulu enomdlavuza futhi waqokwa ngo-29 Agasti 1975 uNdunankulu wakhe, uFrancisco Morales Bermรบdez, njengomlandeli wakhe. UBermรบdez waqala isigaba sesibili se-Peruvian armed Revolution, ethembisa ukudlulela kuhulumeni wezakhamuzi.
Kodwa-ke, uBermudez washeshe waba umashiqela wezempi ophiko lwesokudla owedlulele, ephishekela inqubomgomo yokuhlanza kwesokunxele. Wasigcina isithembiso sakhe, nokho, futhi waholela iPeru okhethweni lwentando yeningi ngo-1980, lapho kukhethwa uFernando Belaรบnde Terry, yena kanye uBelaรบnde, owakhishwa njengomongameli ekuketulweni kwezempi kweVelasco ngo-1968.
Kwakungekho ukungabaza, ukuthi iphethini ecacile yokubusa kobushiqela bezempi yesandla esinonya ethonywe yi-US yaba yonke indawo kulo lonke elaseLatin America, noJenene Jorge Rafael Videla e-Argentina (1976-1981); UJenene Augusto Pinochet eChile (1973 kuya ku-1981); U-Alfredo Stroessner waseParaguay (1954 - 1989); UJenene Juan Marรญa Bordaberry wase-Uruguay (1973 - 1985); umbuso wobushiqela wezempi waseBrazil wabaholi bezempi abahlukahlukene abalandelanayo (1964 - 1985). Umlando waseBolivia wobushiqela bezempi obulandelanayo (1964 - 1982), nawo uhambisana nephethini yenkathi.
Umbuso wobushiqela wamasosha aseNingizimu Melika osekelwa yi-US, ukhuthaze ukuthi kudalwe i-Shining Path ePeru, ngokudedela izinhloso zenhlangano yabashokobezi yase-Uruguayan Tupamaro, eqanjwe ngo-Tรบpac Amaru II, umholi wokuvukela umbuso waseSpain ngekhulu le-18 ePeru.
Indlela Ecwebezelayo yayivulekile futhi isobala mayelana nokuzimisela kwayo ukubulala kanye nezinhlobo zonya ezedlulele njengamathuluzi okufeza umgomo wayo, ukuqothulwa okuphelele kwezinhlaka zezombusazwe ezikhona.
โSiwumfula okhuphukayo lapho beyokhipha umlilo, amatshe nodaka; kodwa amandla ethu makhulu. Konke sikwenza umlilo wethu, umlilo omnyama uzoba bomvu, futhi ukukhanya kube bomvu. Abimael Guzman |
UGuzman wabanjwa ngo-1992 wagwetshwa udilikajele.
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Ngo-1990, u-Alberto Fujimori, uRector noprofesa owaziwa kancane e-Agrarian State University of Lima, ngokwesekwa yiWashington, waba uMongameli, ehlula isitha esawina uMklomelo kaNobel, uMario Vargas Llosa, ekunqobeni okukhulu kwama-62.4% ngokumelene nama-37.6 %. UFujimori wabeka i-neoliberalism ePeru kusukela ekuthatheni kwakhe isikhundla sobumongameli ngo-1990. Walandela eduze iziyalezo ze-IMF kanye neBhange Lomhlaba. Enye inhloso yakhe enkulu bekuwukuqeda ngeNdlela Ecwebezelayo.
Ngaphandle kokunqanda ubuphekula ngenxa yezizathu zobuntu, kwakunenqwaba yezithakazelo zezentengiselwano nezomnotho ezazisengozini. Isibonelo, yonke imboni yezimayini yayilawula kakhulu izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe. Ngokushesha nje lapho ekhethiwe, uFujimori "wanikezwa" "umeluleki" ophezulu weCIA, uVladimiro Lenin Ilich Montesinos. I-ejenti ye-CIA ngokushesha yabiza isibhamu kuzo zonke izindaba ezibalulekile zamazwe ngamazwe. Kwakusele kancane ukuthi uFujimori anqume, ingasaphathwa eyePhalamende lasePeru.
Ngo-1992 uFujimori wagqugquzela ukuketulwa umbuso ngokuzenzakalelayo, ngemvume kaWashington, ehlakaza iPhalamende futhi waba umbusi oyedwa, owashintsha noMthethosisekelo wamvumela ukuthi "aqokwe kabusha" eminye iminyaka emi-5, kwaze kwaba ngu-2000, lapho ebalekela izwe ebuyela ezweni lakhe. "Indabuko" yaseJapan. Abahlaziyi abaningi bathi empeleni wazalelwa eJapan futhi wayeqamba amanga njengoba ezalelwe ePeru, ngakho angangena esikhundleni sikamongameli. Ngokwerekhodi nje, usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa olubhalisiwe umhla zingama-28 kuJulayi - Usuku Lokuzimela lwasePeru - luyasolisa. UFujimori wayesolwa ngenkohlakalo, ukusebenzisa kabi amandla kanye nokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu.
Ngesikhathi evakashele eChile ngo-2005, uFujimori waboshwa waphinde wadluliselwa ePeru lapho agwetshwa khona ngo-2009 waya eminyakeni engu-25 ejele ngenkohlakalo, ukuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu kanye neqhaza lakhe ekubulaleni nasekuthunjweni yiGrupo Colian Death Squad ngesikhathi sikahulumeni wakhe. impi ngokumelene neSenderos Lumiosos ngawo-1990.
Phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili ye-Shining Path, abantu abangaba ngu-69,000, ikakhulukazi abalimi basePeruvia bafa noma banyamalala. Ngokusho kwe-Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (PTRC), ekugcineni abantu abaningi bafa ezandleni zama-commandos ezempi e-Fujimory, njengoba babulawa yi-Shining Path. I-PTRC ibizwa nangokuthi i-Hatun Willakuy, isisho sesiQuechuan esisho indaba enkulu, ebonisa ubukhulu bemicimbi ebandiswayo. Ngaphambi kwekhomishini, iPeru yayingakaze ihlole udlame, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, noma ukungabi nabulungisa. Bona lokhu https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/subsites/peru-hatun-willakuy-en/
Kuze kube namuhla ubaba uFujimori usejele - noma uboshelwe endlini ngezinsolo zokugula - kuyilapho indodakazi yakhe uKeiko Fujimori ikakhulukazi ephethe iCongress neningi leqembu lakhe "Popular Force" - Fuerza Popular. Akulona ihaba ukusho ukuthi phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule i-Fujimorismo kanye ne-APRA (i-American Popular Revolutionary Alliance - iqembu eliphendukela kwesokudla) babephethe izwe ngobugebengu nenkohlakalo, bethengisa ingcebo yezwe ezinkampanini zamazwe ngamazwe, ikakhulukazi i-US - futhi ukuze kuzuze ama-oligarchs asePeruvia, kodwa eshiya iningi labantu basePeruvia ngemuva.
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I-Peru inengcebo yemithombo yamaminerali. Ithusi, insimbi, umthofu, i-zinc, i-bismuth, ama-phosphates, ne-manganese kukhona ngobuningi bensimbi ekhiqiza kakhulu. Igolide nesiliva kutholakala kakhulu, njengoba kunjalo nangezinye izinsimbi eziyivelakancane, futhi amasimu e-petroleum asogwini olukude olusenyakatho nengxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Amazonia.
I-GDP yasePeru yama-US$ 270 billion (iBhange Lomhlaba - 2019) iyadukisa, njengoba ingxenye enkulu ikhiqizwa iningi lakwamanye amazwe eliphethe izimboni zokukhiqiza, ezokukhiqiza kanye nezolimo ezilokhu zikhula njalo, okushiya okuncane ezweni yingakho izinga lobumpofu likhona. ayikashintshi neze kule minyaka engu-30 edlule. Ngenkathi eshumini lokuqala leminyaka lika-2000 iPeru ibe nokukhula okumangalisayo kwe-GDP, phakathi kuka-5% no-7% ngonyaka - cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zaya ku-20% wabantu kanti bonke abanye behlela kwamanye ama-80%, ne-10% ephansi U-20% awutholi lutho.
Izinga lobumpofu ngemuva kwe-covid lihlanganisa okungenani izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zabantu basePeruvia, kuze kufike ku-50% ngaphansi kobumpofu obudlulele. Izibalo eziqondile azitholakali. Labo abasohlwini lweBhange Lomhlaba abakhombisa izinga lobuphofu elingama-27% bamane bawumgunyathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhakha ongakahleleki ePeru ufinyelela okungenani kuma-70%. Nakuba kuwukungabi namthetho okugcina iPeru iqhubeka ngandlela thize, futhi wumkhakha ongakahleleki ofake izinkumbi zabantu ebuphofini.
Umuntu ozokhethwa u-Pedro Castillo, uma ekugcineni emenyezelwa njengowinile, unomsebenzi oyinselele ngaphambili. Uhambisana nosopolitiki osemnkantshubomvu futhi onamava futhi ohlonishwayo ezweni lonke, usocialist u-Veronica Mendoza waseCusco. Uphinde wakhomba umeluleki wamanje wezomnotho kaMnu. Castillo, uPedro Francke, onedumela elisuka kwesokunxele.
UMnu. Francke usebenze njengomqondisi weSikhwama Sokubambisana Sokuthuthukiswa Komphakathi (i-FOES), izinsizakalo zezenhlalakahle ezilawulwa uhulumeni wase-Peruvia kanye nesikhungo sokutshala izimali ezincane, sithuthukisa amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi kanye nokudala imisebenzi. Ubuye waba nezindima ezimbalwa e-Peruvian Central Bank futhi wasebenza njengosomnotho eBhange Lomhlaba.
Esitatimendeni sezombangazwe, uFranke uhlukanise isikhundla sokuba ngumongameli waseCastillo kulokho akubiza ngokuthi yi-Chavez socialism yokulawulwa kwemali, ukufakwa ezweni kanye nokulawulwa kwentengo. Eqinisweni, lesi yisitatimende esilula futhi esiyingxenye, ngoba le minotho emibili ihluke kakhulu kangangokuthi akukho ukuqhathanisa. Kodwa inhloso ukuthulisa umphakathi okhathazekile futhi ophiko lwesokudla ogxiliswe kwabezindaba. Iphiko elingakwesokudla, ikakhulukazi i-El Comercio kanye nemithombo yezindaba esebenzisana nayo ibibusa izitolo zezindaba, ilawula cishe u-90% wemithombo yezindaba yasePeruvia.
UMnu Francke utshele abeReuters, "Umbono wethu akufanele ube nokungenelela okukhulu emnothweni", okubonisa ukuthi uCastillo uzohlonipha umnotho wemakethe. UFranke uphinde wathi uHulumeni waseCastillo ngeke aqhubeke nokufaka izwe kanye nokudliwa komhlaba nhlobo. Nokho, bangase baphinde baxoxisane ngokunye kokwabelana ngenzuzo kwebhizinisi. Ngemva kokubhekana noHulumeni waseVelasco ngeminyaka yawo-1970, lokhu kungenye yezinkathazo ezinkulu zabantu basePeru abaphezulu, abaphila eminyakeni yaseVelasco.
U-Pedro Francke uphinde waphinda lokho uCastillo akusho enkulumweni yakhe yomkhankaso, ukuthi uzokhuthaza indawo yokutshala izimali kwamanye amazwe, ukugomela okuvumelekile, ngoba okwamanje umnotho wasePeruvia cishe u-70% wamadola, okusho ukuthi amabhange endawo azitholela imali ngokuyinhloko nge-Wall Street, kuyilapho. Imali etholwa kuleli itshalwa phesheya hhayi ekhaya. Ngethemba ukuthi uCastillo uzokwazi ukuhlanganisa ukwethenjwa okudingekayo ukuze alethe ukutshalwa kwezimali kwendawo ngemali yasendaweni. Uma kunjalo, lokhu kungaba phakathi kwezinyathelo zomnotho ezinempilo kakhulu ePeru - iqhubekela ekuzilawuleni kwezimali kanye nobukhosi bezimali.
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Ngesikhathi sokubhala lokhu, ezinsukwini eziyi-10 ngemuva kokuvota, kuphinda kubhalwe ivoti futhi izingxabano mayelana nokukhwabanisa kwabavoti ziyakhula, zidale isimo esishubile, esiya ngokuya sishuba. Singathemba nje ukuthi i-Peruvian Election Commission isebenzisa imithetho efanelekile futhi iyakwazi ukugwema izingxabano zomphakathi.
* U-Peter Koenig ungumhlaziyi we-geopolitical kanye no-Senior Economist e-World Bank kanye ne-World Health Organization (WHO), lapho asebenze khona iminyaka engaphezu kwe-30 emanzini kanye nemvelo emhlabeni jikelele. Ufundisa emanyuvesi aseMelika, eYurophu naseNingizimu Melika. Ubhala njalo kumajenali aku-inthanethi futhi ungumbhali we I-Implosion - I-Economic Thriller ngeMpi, Ukucekelwa phansi Kwemvelo kanye Nokuhaha Kwebhizinisi; futhi umbhali ohlanganyele naye wencwadi kaCynthia McKinney ethi โLapho I-China Ithimula: Ukusuka Ku-Coronavirus Lockdown kuya Enkingeni Yomnotho Yomhlaba Wonkeโ (Clarity Press - Novemba 1, 2020).
UPeter Koenig uyiNhlangano Yocwaningo Yesikhungo Sokucwaninga Ngokuhwebelana Kwembulunga yonke.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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