Phakathi neminyaka yawo-1980, ukulwa nokuvukela umbuso kwase-US kwathatha uhlobo olusha, futhi kwaba yilokho namuhla okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-Low Intensity Conflict. Ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwaseVietnam ngemuva kwabo, abahleli bezempi baseMelika babone izifundo ezimbili ezibalulekile eziholele kulolu shintsho. Okokuqala, umphakathi waseMelika wawungazimisele ukubekezelela ukulimala okukhulu kwe-US ezimpini zawo zombuso emazweni asathuthuka. Phakathi kosomaqhinga base-US lokhu kwaziwa ngele-รขโฌลVietnam-syndromeรขโฌ ; isithombe samasosha aseMelika afile eza ekhaya ephethe izikhwama zomzimba. Okwesibili, futhi okubaluleke nakakhulu, osomaqhinga base-US babona ukuthi ukunqoba kwezempi akuseyona inhloso eyinhloko kule Mikhankaso Emisha Yezinga Eliphansi. Inhloso entsha ukugunyazwa kwesitha kwezepolitiki kanye nokuphathwa kwemibono yomphakathi ngaphakathi kwezimo zamazwe ngamazwe nezikazwelonke. Ngakho-ke, impi yengqondo yase-US yabaluleka, kanye nokuphathwa kwemvume okuyisisekelo sokunqoba okuphelele. Kalula nje, cekela phansi ukusekelwa okudumile kwesitha ngokusihlambalaza, futhi ukunqoba kuzolandela. E-Colombia namuhla, le ndlela entsha ye-Low Intensity Conflict ithole uhlelo olusebenzayo.
Ukuvota kwemibono okwenziwa ngo-1987 kwathola ukuthi u-76% wabo bonke abantu baseMelika babecabanga ukuthi uhulumeni waseColombia ukhohlakele, futhi u-80% wayefuna ukufakwa unswinyo. Ngo-1991, phakathi nokwenqaba koMbuso WaseColombia ukunikeza umshushumbisi wezidakamizwa owaziwayo, uPablo Escobar, isithombe soMbuso WaseColombia sabhekana nezinye izithiyo. Ukusabela kukho konke lokhu, izwe laseColombia laqala i-Low Intensity Conflict ukuze lizuze izinhliziyo nezingqondo zabantu baseMelika. Yasebenzisa izinsizakalo zenkampani ye-PR, iSawyer/Miller Group, eyazuza cishe izigidi zamaRandi ezinkokhelweni nasezindlekweni engxenyeni yokuqala ka-1991 kuphela. Umsebenzi wochwepheshe be-PR kwakuwukuguqula imibono yezwe laseColombia njengomhlukumezi okhohlakele nononya wamalungelo abantu, libe umngane oqinile we-US kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi รขโฌลimpi yezidakamizwaรขโฌ . Umqondisi we-akhawunti ye-Sawyer/Miller's Colombia wachaza ukuthi โumgomo oyinhloko uwukufundisa imithombo yezindaba yaseMelika ngeColombia, ukuthola umbiko omuhle, nokuthuthukisa ukuxhumana nezintatheli, abaloli bezingosi, kanye nezinhlaka zocwaningo. Umlayezo uthi kunabantu โababiโ โnabahleโ e-Colombia nokuthi uhulumeni ungumuntu olungile.โ Ekuqiniseni le mibono iqembu le-Sawyer/Miller lenze izinhlolovo zemibono kanye nezikhathi zamaqembu okugxilwe kuzo ukuze lihlole umbono womphakathi. Ngo-1991 kuphela, iColombia yanikela ngemali engaphezu kwamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-3.1 emkhankasweni wokukhangisa. Lo mkhankaso ubeke izengezo zamaphephandaba kanye nezikhangiso ze-TV ezihloselwe abenzi benqubomgomo baseMelika eWashington. Izengezo zonke zinetimu efanayo. Bacele abantu baseMelika ukuthi bakhumbule isibindi samasosha aseColombia empini yawo yokulwa nezidakamizwa, futhi bazama ukuguqula imibono ngeColombia ekubeni umphakeli wezidakamizwa e-US njengomthengi wezidakamizwa.
Izicelo zabezindaba zezingxoxo nezikhulu zikahulumeni waseColombia zidlule ku-Sawyer/Miller. Baqondise izintatheli ezizwelayo eminyangweni kahulumeni ebalulekile futhi baqinisekisa ukuthi abagxeka irekhodi elishaqisayo lamalungelo abantu baseColombia bayagcinwa. Kwesinye isenzakalo, ngemva komhlangano noWarren Hoge, umhleli we-New York Times Magazine, i-Times yanyathelisa indaba ende nenganembile eyayikhazimulisa owayenguMongameli waseColombia wangaleso sikhathi, uCesar Trujillo, omkhankaso wakhe wawuxhaswe kakhulu ngemali yezidakamizwa. Uhulumeni waseColombia wathenga amalungelo okunyathelisa kabusha lesi sihloko futhi wathumela izinkulungwane zamakhophi Ezintathelini Nakumanxusa Ase-US. Iqembu le-Sawyer/Miller lisebenzisa njalo abezindaba baseMelika ukusabalalisa inkulumo-ze kahulumeni wase-Colombia ngokukhiqizwa okujwayelekile kwamapheshana, izincwadi eziya kubahleli ezisayinwe izikhulu zase-Colombia, kanye nezikhangiso ezifakwa ku-New York Times kanye ne-Washington Post. Kodwa-ke, ukuguqulwa kwabalingiswa abahlomile engxabanweni yase-Colombia okube nomthelela omkhulu. Emibhalweni esanda kuchithwa, iNxusa laseMelika eColombia ngo-1996, uMyle Frechette, uyavuma ukuthi umbono we-FARC njengama-narco-guerrillas, รขโฌลwahlanganiswa amasosha aseColombia, abheka njengendlela yokuthola usizo lwase-US ekulweni nokuvukela umbuso. .รขโฌ Umsebenzi we-PR ubonakala usebenzile njengoba i-US manje seyenze i-Colombia yaba ngumamukeli wesithathu ngobukhulu wosizo lwezempi lwase-US emhlabeni namuhla. Lolu sizo kusolwa ukuthi olokuhlasela ngokumelene nalokho okwakhiwe njengama-narco-terrorist ayinhloko e-Colombia, i-FARC.
USenator weDemocratic Alliance u-Joseph Biden, washo ngo-2000 ukuthi akukaze รขโฌลngaphambi komlando wakamuva kube khona ithuba elinjalo lokuteleka kuzo zonke izici zokuhweba ngezidakamizwa emthonjeniรขโฌยฆUkusiza i-Colombia kungokwentshisekelo yezwe laseMelika. Iwumthombo wezidakamizwa eziningi ezifaka ushevu kubantu bakithi.โ Umsizi kaNobhala Wombuso kaClinton we-Western Hemisphere Affairs Bureau, u-Peter F. Romero, uthe รขโฌลI-Colombia kumele iphinde imise igunya lokukhiqiza izidakamizwa. รขโฌหizindawo ezingcweleรขโฌโขรขโฌยฆnoma isiphi isixazululo esibanzi sezinkinga zase-Colombia kufanele sihlanganise ukusungulwa kabusha kwegunya likahulumeni phezu kwalezi zindawo ezingenamthetho. Ukuze sifeze lokhu, siphakamisa ukunikeza uHulumeni wase-Colombia ukuhamba komoya ukuze afinyelele ekujuleni kwalezi zindawo ezingenamthetho futhi asungule indawo evikelekile yezikhulu ze-GOCรขโฌ .
Ngokhetho lukaBush, futhi nangemva komhla ziyi-11 kuSepthemba, ukuqondiswa okusha รขโฌลokulwa nobushokobeziรขโฌ kwenzeke kunqubomgomo yase-US maqondana neColombia. IColombia manje isisendaweni yokuphatha kukaBush, lapho uMmeli Jikelele wase-US, uJohn Ashcroft ethi "uMnyango Wezwe usubize i-FARC njengeqembu lamaphekula lamazwe ngamazwe eliyingozi kunazo zonke elizinze eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe" abaye "babandakanyeka ezenzweni zobugebengu". umkhankaso wokwesabisa obhekiswe kubantu baseColombia kanye nezakhamizi zase-US.รขโฌ Inqubomgomo yase-US ekuqaleni yayithengiswa njengomkhankaso wokulwa nezidakamizwa, kodwa manje isishintshele ekuthetheleleni ukulwa nobushokobezi. Ekulweni nezidakamizwa kanye nezimpi zokulwa nobushokobezi eColombia, iWashington inikeze iColombia u-$1.3 billion ngo-2001-2002 kanti enye i-$700 million ihlelelwe u-2003. Yonke le mali ingena ezandleni zezwe laseColombia kanye nelaseColombia. ezempi. I-US iyalele amasosha aseColombia ukuthi agxilise impi yawo ngokumelene namavukelambuso e-FARC angakwesokunxele eNingizimu ye-Colombia (lokho i-US eyibize nge-Southern Push). Lawa รขโฌลama-narco-guerrillasรขโฌ kanye รขโฌลama-narco-terroristsรขโฌ kumele aqondiswe, mhlawumbe ngoba lawa รขโฌลamaphekulaรขโฌ kanye nabashushumbisi bezidakamizwa.
Ngo-1997, uJames Milford, owayeyiPhini Lomphathi wenhlangano yase-US yokuqeda izidakamizwa i-Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), wathi uCarlos Castano, isikhulu se-AUC yamasosha โungumshushumbisi omkhulu we-cocaine ngokwakheโ โฌ futhi inokuxhumana okuseduze nenhlangano yezidakamizwa yaseNorth Valle รขโฌลephakathi kwamaqembu anamandla kakhulu okushushumbisa izidakamizwa e-Colombiaรขโฌ . UMilford uqhubeke wathi รขโฌลkuncane okukhombisa ukuthi amaqembu amavukela-mbuso ashushumbisa i-cocaine ngokwawo, ngokukhiqiza i-cocaineรขโฌยฆfuthi eyidayisela ama-syndicates ase-Mexico, noma ngokusungula amanethiwekhi awo okusabalalisa e-United Statesรขโฌ . UDonnie Marshall, onguMphathi wamanje we-DEA, washo ngo-2001 ngaphambi kwekomiti elincane le-Criminal Justice, Drug Policy kanye ne-Human Resources, ukuthi โi-FARC ilawula izindawo ezithile zase-Colombia kanye ne-FARC kulezo zifunda zenza imali โngokukhokha intelaโ izidakamizwa zendawo. imisebenzi ehlobene.รขโฌ U-Marshall uqhubeka nokubeka ngokucacile ukuthi รขโฌลokwamanje, alukho ulwazi oluqinisekisiwe lokuthi i-FARC ibandakanyeka ngokuqondile ekuthunyelweni kwezidakamizwa zisuka e-Colombia ziyiswa ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazweรขโฌ . Njengo-Milford, uMqondisi we-DEA yaseMelika, naye wathi ngokungafani ne-FARC, amaqembu ezempi aphiko lwesokudla รขโฌลaqoqa izimali ngokuqola, noma ngokuvikela imisebenzi yaselabhorethri enyakatho namaphakathi neColombia. Inhlangano kaCarlos Castano, kanye namanye amaqembu okungenzeka ukuthi abambe iqhaza ngqo ekucubunguleni i-cocaine. Okungenani elilodwa lala maqembu ezempi libonakala libandakanyeka ekuthumeleni i-cocaine isuka eColombia.รข Embikweni ofanayo othunyelwe nguSenator wase-US uJoseph Biden eKomidini LeSigele Lase-US Lezobudlelwane Nangaphandle kuthiwe รขโฌลleyo nhlangano kaCastaรยฑo, futhi. mhlawumbe amanye amaqembu amasosha รขโฌโ ayebandakanyeka ngokuqondile ekucutshungulweni nasekuthekelweni kwe-Cocaine evela e-Colombiaรขโฌ .
U-Klaus Nyholm, uMqondisi we-ejensi ye-UN elawula izidakamizwa e-Colombia, i-UNDCP, uthe โAbashokobezi bayinto ehlukile kunabashushumbisi, imingcele yendawo izimele. Kodwa kwezinye izindawo, abahlanganyeli nhlobo. Kanti kwezinye, batshela abalimi ngenkuthalo ukuthi bangayilimi i-cocaรขโฌ . Kumavukelambuso angaphambili e-Demilitarized Zone, uNyholm uthe "ukutshalwa kwezidakamizwa akuzange kukhule noma kwehle" uma รขโฌลi-FARC isilawula. Ngempela, uNyholm waphikisa ngokuthi, ngaphambi kokuhlasela kwezempi yaseColombia kanye nebutho lezempi ngokumelene ne-DMZ, i-FARC yayisebenzisana nephrojekthi ye-UN yamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-6 ukuze kushintshwe izitshalo ze-coca ngezinhlobo ezintsha zentuthuko esemthethweni.
Ngakho-ke amavukela-mbuso awabona abashushumbisi bezidakamizwa bamazwe ngamazwe, futhi inganekwane ye-narco-guerrilla isebenzisa izaba eziwusizo zenkulumo-ze yokungenelela kwe-US phakathi kwengxabano yase-Colombia. U-John Waghelstein, uchwepheshe ophambili wezokulwa nabavukeli base-US, uchaze inani le-PR lomqondo รขโฌลnarco-guerrillaรขโฌ รขโฌลngokuncibilika emiqondweni yomphakathi waseMelika nakuCongress yalokhu kuxhumana [okuholela] ekusekelweni okudingekayo ukuze kuliwe nabashokobezi/ amaphekula ezidakamizwa kule hemisphere. ICongress izokuthola kunzima ukuma endleleni yokweseka ababambisene nabo ngokuqeqeshwa, izeluleko nosizo lwezokuphepha oludingekayo ukwenza umsebenzi. Lawo maqembu esonto nezemfundo aye asekela ngobugqila ukuvukela umbuso eLatin America angazithola esohlangothini olungalungile lwendaba yokuziphatha. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, sizoba nesimo sokuziphatha esingenakuphikiswa lapho singaqalisa khona umzamo ohlangene wokuhlasela sisebenzisa izimpahla zoMnyango Wezokuvikela (DOD) kanye nezingezona eze-DOD.รขโฌ
Okubaluleke kakhulu nokho, ngokuhlobanisa amavukela-mbuso nezidakamizwa, i-US ifihla indima edlalwa ama-paramilitaries axhaswe ngezidakamizwa empini yawo engcolile ngokumelene nomphakathi wase-Colombia. Iqhaza le-US ebugebengwini bezempi yaseColombia ngokumelene nezakhamizi zaseColombia lenziwa lagqama kakhulu uma kubhekwa ukuthi abeluleki bezempi baseMelika baya eColombia ngo-1991 ukuyobumba kabusha amanethiwekhi obuhlakani bezempi baseColombia. Lokhu kuhlelwa kabusha bekuklanyelwe ukusiza amasosha aseColombia emizamweni yawo yokulwa nezidakamizwa. I-Human Rights Watch ithole ikhophi yalo myalelo. Akukho ndawo ngaphakathi koMyalelo lapho kukhulunywa khona ngezidakamizwa. Esikhundleni salokho ukuhlelwa kabusha okuyimfihlo kugxile kuphela ekulweni nalokho okwakubizwa ngokuthi รขโฌลubuphekula obukhulayo ngokuvukela umbuso kuhlonyiweรขโฌ . Ukuhlelwa kabusha kuqinise ukuxhumana phakathi kwamasosha ase-Colombia kanye namanethiwekhi ezempi e-narco-paramilitary empeleni ahlanganisa รขโฌลinethiwekhi eyimfihlo eyayithembele kumasosha hhayi nje kuphela kwezobunhloli, kodwa ukuze abulaleรขโฌโข . Uma ukuhlelwa kabusha sekuqediwe, zonke รขโฌลizinto ezibhaliwe kwakufanele zisusweรขโฌโ รขโฌลabavulekile othintana nabo kanye nokusebenzisana nokufakwa kwamasoshaรขโฌ ukuze kugwenywe izikhulu. UStan Goff, owayengumqeqeshi wamasosha ayisipesheli ase-US eColombia wathi ngenkathi โeqeqesha i-Colombian Special Forces e-Tolemaida ngo-1992, ithimba lami lalilapho ngokusobala ukuze lisize umzamo wokulwa nezidakamizwa.โ Waye โeqeqesha amasosha ezempi. emfundisweni yokulwa nokuvukelwa kwezingane ezisanda kuzalwaรขโฌ futhi babazi รขโฌลkakuhle, njengoba kwenza abaphathi bezizwe ezibambisene nabo, ukuthi izidakamizwa zaziyindaba encane ekhavayo yokuthuthukisa amandla amabutho ayelahlekelwe ukuzethemba kwabantu phakathi neminyaka yokuhlukunyezwa.รข
I-US ke, ibambe iqhaza ngokucacile ekuqiniseni izibopho phakathi kwamaphekula ahamba phambili e-Colombia, amasosha aseColombia kanye nabalingani babo bezempi, abanomthwalo wemfanelo ngaphezu kwe-80% yakho konke ukuhlukumeza kwamalungelo abantu okwenziwe eColombia namuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, izikhulu, njengoba kushiwo yizinhlangano zase-US uqobo, ziphakathi kwabashushumbisi bezidakamizwa abakhulu e-Colombia namuhla. Empeleni, usizo lwezempi lwase-US luya ngqo kumanethiwekhi amakhulu amaphekula kulo lonke elase-Colombia, abahweba i-cocaine ezimakethe zase-US ukuze baxhase imisebenzi yabo, futhi i-US ibe nesandla ekusizeni ukwenza kube yimpumelelo ekudaleni lokho i-Human Rights Watch eyakubiza ngokuthi รขโฌ ลindlela eyinkimbinkimbiรขโฌยฆevumela amasosha ase-Colombia ukuthi alwe impi engcolile kanye nombuso wase-Colombia ukuthi uphike lokhoรขโฌ . Ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi, i-US yathengisa imikhankaso yayo yokulwa nokuvukela umbuso ngokumelene namademokhrasi ezenhlalakahle, abezenhlalakahle, abashisekeli bezwe abazimele kanye neSonto LamaKatolika, njengengxenye yomzabalazo womhlaba wonke wokulwa neSoviet Union. Enkathini yangemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, i-US ishintshele ezindleleni ezintsha ze-PR ukuze ithengise inqubomgomo yayo yombuso. I-narco-guerrilla kanye nezaba zokulwa nobuphekula zisebenza njengendlela ewusizo ye-PR yokuhlanganisa โizitha ezisemthethweniโ zase-US nezidakamizwa nobuphekula. Isisekelo salezi zinganekwane yiqiniso lokuthi umbuso waseColombia kanye nengalo yawo eyimfihlo, ama-paramilitary, kuhlangene nokusekelwa okusobala kwe-US, ayaqhubeka nokuholela ekufeni kanye nokunyamalala kwezinkulungwane zezakhamuzi zaseColombia. Impi yamaphekula yase-US ngokumelene nenhlangano yomphakathi yase-Colombia ilingana nephethini engashintshi phakathi kwenqubomgomo yase-US kuyo yonke i-Latin America, okuholele ekufeni kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane zezakhamizi.
Kungani i-US yenza lezi zinto? Inqubomgomo eyisisekelo yase-US yizinto ezimbalwa ezihlanganisa ukubaluleka kukawoyela wase-Colombian nowaseVenezuela ezidingweni zamandla zase-US. Ukucekelwa phansi kwesifunda okungenzeka ngenxa yokunqoba kwabavukeli kungase kuguqule ngokujulile ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kwesifunda futhi kufake engcupheni izithakazelo zezinkampani ezinkulu zikawoyela zase-US. Isicelo esisha sokuphatha kukaBush sika-$98 wezigidi zebutho lezempi laseColombia eliqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile elizinikele kuphela ekuvikeleni ipayipi likawoyela le-Occidental Petroleum elingamakhilomitha angu-500 ubude e-Cano Limon e-Colombia senza lokhu kucace nakakhulu. U-Paul D. Coverdell, uSenatha waseRiphabhulikhi wachaza ukuthi รขโฌลukumiswa kweColombia kuthinta ngokuqondile i-Venezuela esemngceleni, manje ngokuvamile obhekwa njengomnikezeli wethu omkhulu kawoyela. Eqinisweni, isithombe sikawoyela eLatin America sifana ngokuphawulekayo nesaseMpumalanga Ephakathi, ngaphandle kokuthi iColombia isinikeza uwoyela owengeziwe namuhla kunangaleso sikhathi iKuwait. Le nkinga, njengaleyo yaseKuwait, isongela ukukapakela ezizweni eziningi, zonke ezingabambiseneรขโฌโ. Impi yamavukelambuso ngaleso sikhathi, iyingxenye yesu lakudala lokulwa nokuvukela umbuso lokucekela phansi amandla obuzwe asongela i-US hegemony kanye nezithakazelo eziphakeme kulo lonke elaseLatin America. Usizo lwezempi luqinisa futhi lunikeze ukufaneleka kwemishini yengcindezelo yesifunda saseColombia kanye nengalo yaso eyimfihlo, ama-paramilitaries. Ngokwenza kanjalo, izwe laseColombia lingaqhubeka nokuthulisa kanye nokubulala labo abalokotha bangabaze isimo-quo e-Colombia, isimo-quo okwamanje esibona iningi labantu baseColombia lisebumpofu, nama-25% abo bonke abantu baseColombia abahlala usizi olubi. Ngakho-ke i-US ishabalalisa amandla enye imodeli yenhlangano yezenhlalo nezomnotho, futhi ikhuphule izindleko zokuhlela noma zokukhuluma ivuna ezinye izindlela ezingase zibe khona. Ekushushiseni impi izicukuthwane zase-US naseColombia zithembele kuzo zombili izindlela zokuphoqelela nokuvumelana. Ezethamelini zase-US nezamazwe ngamazwe kunemikhankaso emikhulu ye-PR ye-PR yokuphatha imibono. E-Colombia nokho kuyindaba ehluke kakhulu lapho ukuguqa ngamadolo bese ume ngezinyawo kuyibhizinisi eliyingozi elivame ukuholela ekudutshulweni kwezinhlamvu ezenziwe e-US.
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