Ngomhla zingama-25 kuNhlolanja, iRiggs Bank yavuma ukukhokha amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-9 esikhwameni sezisulu zika-Augusto Pinochet ukuze kuxazululwe icala ngeqhaza lebhange lokufihla izinzuzo ezatholwa ngondlovukayiphikiswa. Le ntuthuko yakamuva yempi ethathe amashumi eminyaka yokubamba u-Pinochet aziphendulele ngamacala akhe ihluke kakhulu kunkulumo esontekile yamalungelo abantu - kanye nerekhodi - likahulumeni wase-US.
Yebo, uSaddam Hussein, njengozakwabo owayengumashiqela uPinochet, angase abhekane nokushushiswa ngokwephula amalungelo abantu. Lokho kuhle. Kepha ngaso sonke isikhathi empini yase-Iraq kanye nasempini ebanzi yobuphekula, iBush Administration isuke inyathele phansi imithetho yamalungelo abantu lapho iba yinkinga, idala izethulo eziyingozi emhlabeni wonke kanye namathemba okuqhubekisela phambili amalungelo abantu. imbangela.
UMongameli Bush uzishaya isifuba ngokwethembeka kwakhe emalungelweni abantu ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthi uyakuchitha ukugxekwa ngokungekho emthethweni kokuhlasela kwe-Iraq kanye nokuhlala kanye nokubandakanyeka kwe-US ekubulaleni ngaphandle kwenkantolo kanye nokuboshwa ngokungemthetho kwabasolwa bobuphekula.
Esigabeni esibuhlungu kakhulu senkulumo yakhe yeSimo SeNyunyana yango-2003 uBush wathi โngaphezu kuka-3,000 abasolwa ngokuba ngamaphekula asebeboshiwe emazweni amaningi. Futhi abanye abaningi baye babhekana nesiphetho esihlukile. Ake sikubeke ngale ndlela: Abaseyona inkinga e-United States nakubangane bethu nabasizi bethu.โ Izinkulumo zikaBush azikufihli ukuhlaselwa kweMagna Carta kanye namalungelo ayisisekelo amukelwa umhlaba wonke e-habeas corpus, ngisho nakubasolwa bobuphekula.
Ngokuhlonipha imithetho uma ibafanele kanye nokushaya isithupha emithethweni engafanele, izikhulu zikaBush ziye zabukela phansi izivumelwano ezamukelwa emhlabeni wonke - ezinye zazo ezibhalwe ikakhulukazi izikhulu zase-US, njengeMithetho yaseNuremberg kanye ne-UN Charter - futhi zenza i-parody yamalungelo abantu. . Ngokwenza kanjalo, baye anda amathuba okuba nabanye ohulumeni benze okufanayo. Kunini ngaphambi kokuba amasosha aseMelika noma ezinye izakhamizi zihlupheke ezandleni zohulumeni bangaphandle abathi balandela isibonelo sokuphatha kukaBush? Lapho uSaddam Hussein ebhekene namacala okuhlukumeza, angase acaphune uBush kanye noNobhala Wezokuvikela uRumsfeld: โInkinga idalwe ama-apula ambalwa amabi.โ Kunzima ukubona ukuthi amalungelo abantu angahlomula kanjani ezindaweni ezifana ne-Iraq ne-Afghanistan lapho abameli bayo abahamba phambili bebamba abantu ngaphandle kokubakhokhisa, ngaphandle kokubavumela ukuthi baxhumane nabameli ngisho nemindeni yabo.
Ngokuphambene, izenzo ezingokomthetho ezimelene ne-Pinochet ziyingxenye yokulwela amalungelo abantu kwangempela, okubeke isibonelo esihluke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuxazululwa kwezigidi ezingu-9 zamaRandi noRiggs, kukhule ophenyweni lwaseSpain olwaqalwa maphakathi nawo-1990 kwaba ukwephulwa kukaPinochet kwemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe mayelana nokuhlukunyezwa, ukubulawa kwabantu kanye nobuphekula - okuhlanganisa indima yakhe ekubulaweni kuka-Orlando Letelier ngoSepthemba 21, 1976 eWashington, DC. . U-Letelier uke wasebenza njengenxusa lika-Allende laseMelika futhi kamuva waba nguNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela. I-FBI yalandelela itulo lokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu ezimoto eliphinde labulala uRonni Moffitt, uzakwabo osemncane kaLetelier wase-US e-Institute for Policy Studies, ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu zikahulumeni waseChile. Icala liqambe inhloko yophiko lwezobunhloli eChile, kodwa hhayi uPinochet. Kamuva, ama-FBI kanye nomshushisi wangaphambili wase-US baxhumanisa u-Pinochet esidlangalaleni.
UPinochet waqala ukubusa ngo-1973 ngokuketula umbuso okunegazi okwasekelwa yi-US ngokumelene nohulumeni okhethiwe kaDkt. Salvador Allende. Wabusa eChile kwaze kwaba ngu-1990, ngemuva kokuthi abantu baseChile bevote ngaphambili kunhlolovo yohulumeni wezakhamizi. UPinochet wahlala njengenhloko yebutho futhi waba uSenator for Life, imigomo ayexoxisane ngayo ngaphambi kokunikeza amandla.
Ikhomishana kahulumeni waseChile kamuva yathola ukuthi umbuso kaPinochet wawubulale abantu abacishe babe ngu-3,200, wahlukumeza amashumi ezinkulungwane futhi waphoqa amakhulu ezinkulungwane ukuba adingiswe. Kodwa-ke, e-Chile, u-Pinochet kanye nalowo owayeyisikhulu naye bajabulela ukukhululeka ekushushisweni, okwenza kube mancane amathuba okuthi izinkantolo zaseChile zifinyelele kubo.
Ngakho, ngo-1996, iqembu labameli baseSpain, elisebenzela izinkulungwane zezisulu zombuso wobushiqela basePinochet, laqinisekisa ijaji laseSpain ukuthi lamukele igunya phezu kwecala likaPinochet. Inkantolo yaseSpain yabe isivula uphenyo olwaholela ekuboshweni kukaPinochet eLondon ngo-1998. Ekholelwa ukuthi wayevikelwe ukungavikeleki kwakhe kanye nengcebo yakhe efihliwe, uPinochet akazange akufihle ukuvakasha kwakhe. Ngempela, wagibela umata obomvu we-VIP esikhumulweni sezindiza, waphuza itiye nomngane wakhe wakudala uNdunankulu uMargaret Thatcher, wayothenga eHarrod futhi wadla ezindaweni zokudlela eziphambili zaseLondon. Kodwa ukumamatheka kobushosha kwebutho lezempi kwanyamalala lapho iphoyisa laseBrithani limbopha ngesicelo sejaji laseSpain. Ngokungafani nendlela uPinochet aphatha ngayo iziboshwa, iphoyisa laseBrithani lafunda lowo owayengumashiqela amalungelo akhe โokuhlala athule, abe nommeli.โ
Nakuba uPinochet aphunyuka ekuqulweni kwecala eSpain lapho uhulumeni waseBrithani wamukela izaba zezokwelapha eziwumgunyathi (ugula kakhulu ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba ukuba angaquliswa icala), iNdlu Yenkosi nokho yanquma iphuzu elibalulekile lomthetho. Ngokuchitha ingxabano yabameli bakaPinochet yokuthi umyalelo wokuboshwa kwenkantolo yaseSpain wawungenabo ubuqiniso ngezizathu zokuthi uPinochet, njengenhloko yezwe, wayejabulela ukungavikeleki, indikimba yezomthetho ehlonishwayo yaqinisekisa umbono wokuthi izinhloko zezwe azikwazi ukubalekela ukushushiswa ngokufuna ukuvikeleka. ; futhi abakwazi ukunxusa โizimo eziphuthumayoโ zokubusa ukuze benze izenzo zobugebengu. I-Law Lords yadweba umugqa ocacile phakathi kwezidingo zezepolitiki nezenzo zobugebengu.
Ukunakwa kwamazwe ngamazwe okudalwe yicala laseSpain kuphinde kwaqinisa imizamo ngaphakathi eChile yokuphuca uPinochet ukungavikeleki kwakhe futhi kwamfaka enkantolo ezweni lakubo. Le mizamo isaqhubeka. Ijaji laseChile uJuan Guzman usebeke uPinochet amacala ngochungechunge lokubulala kanye โnokunyamalala,โ kanti amanye amajaji asacubungula amanye amacala.
Icala laseSpain liphinde lenza ukuthi kuthathwe izinyathelo ezibhekiswe ku-Riggs, njengoba lalincike ekwephuleni kukaRiggs umyalo wejaji laseSpain wokumisa yonke impahla yezezimali yomashiqela. Uphenyo lweSenethi ngemisebenzi engekho emthethweni e-Riggs lwembule ama-akhawunti afihliwe ka-Pinochet. UMnyango Wezobulungiswa wethule uphenyo lobugebengu mayelana nokutholakala kwemali ebhange.
Ngaphansi kwalesi sivumelwano, u-Riggs uzonikela ngezigidi eziyisi-8 zamaRandi esisekelo saseSpain esiqanjwe uMongameli waseChile owawa u-Salvador Allende futhi esasungulwa nguJuan Garces, ummeli omele izisulu kuleli cala. U-Joseph L. Allbritton, owayeyi-CEO yakwa-Riggs kanye nomnikazi wamasheya olawulayo, kanye nendodana yakhe, i-CEO yamanje ye-Riggs u-Robert L. Allbritton, bazofaka enye imali eyizigidi ezingu-$1 esikhwameni. Ngemuva kwezindleko zomthetho, isisekelo sizoba nezigidi ezingu-8 zamaRandi esikhwama sempesheni esizokwenza izinkokhelo zaminyaka yonke ezisulungeni noma amalungu omndeni wezisulu zombuso we-Pinochet, okuyinani emashumini ezinkulungwane.
Imindeni yabashonile noma abahlukunyezwa izisulu zobugebengu bukaPinochet ngeke ikhule emalini eyitholayo. Kodwa inani elingokomfanekiso lokujezisa uPinochet kanye nebhange elimsizile linemiphumela emikhulu yezombangazwe. Abanye omabhange sebezocabanga kabili ngaphambi kokuthi basize umashiqela ophoxekile. Futhi izigebengu ezisemandleni ombuso zizolala kalula.
Ukunqoba ecaleni lePinochet kumele isinyathelo sangempela samalungelo abantu. Njengoba nje uBush ethathe isikhundla somthetho ngezinkulumo ezingenalutho ezinqubweni zakhe zamalungelo abantu - impi engekho emthethweni kanye nokuhlala ngokungemthetho e-Iraq, ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu ayisisekelo eziboshwa zase-Abu Ghraib naseGuantanamo, njengezibonelo - ukuhlaliswa kwebhange laseRiggs kufundisa bobabili abameli kanye nosopolitiki ngokufanayo ukuthi. impucuko idinga ukunaka amakhodi abhaliwe. "Izinhloso ezinhle" zikaGeorge Bush azikwazi ukunxephezela - ngisho nangokomfanekiso - ngamakhulu ezinkulungwane zama-Iraqis afile. Okungenani abanye abantu baseChile bangathola isilinganiso esincane sobulungisa eqinisweni lokuthi uPinochet wathathwa izimali zakhe wabe esehanjiswa kwezinye zezisulu zakhe.
USaul Landau uyilungu Lesikhungo Sezifundo Zenqubomgomo eWashington, DC kanye noprofesa waseCal Poly Pomona University. USarah Anderson uqondisa i-IPS Global Economy Project.
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