Ku-New York Times, u-Finder uyazibuza ukuthi Ngabe Bashonephi Bonke Abahlukumezi?- kwenzekani โngesifiso sokuvelelaโ njengendikimba emanovelini, โInsizwa Evela Ezifundazweni,โ โiqhawe elivamile lemibhalo [owayeyindoda] esakhiweni. ,โ โabahambayo [manje] asebesukume bahamba.โ Uyazibuza ukuthi kungani bembalwa kangaka abantu ababhala โamanoveli ezincwadi akhuluma ngentuthuko yezwe,โ kungani ngokusobala โeseyimingcele.โ Uyabhala: โUmzamo wokuqhubekela phambili ubhalisiwe, uqashelwa futhi, ngokuvamile, uthukwa: kodwa akuvamile ukuba umnikazi wawo. Kanjani?" Ukubhala okunjalo akuvamile ukukhiqizwa ezincwadini eziqanjiwe, nakuba kuvame kakhulu ezinganekwaneni ezidumile, uthi.
Ingabe uqinisile? Angazi, angizange ngibone isifundo. Akukacaci ukuthi i-Finder uyifunde ngezinga elingakanani lolu daba. Phela, enye yamanoveli emibhalo atuswa kakhulu kule minyaka eyishumi edlule ekaJonathan Franzen ethi, The Corrections, okuthi uma ingaqondene kakhulu nesifiso sokuvelela, isimo, kanye nempumelelo yemali, kusho ukuthi ayilutho. Ukulungiswa nakho kube yimpumelelo edumile, ngakho-ke i-Finder ingaba nephuzu, yohlobo. Mhlawumbe i-Finder yehluleka ukusho I-The Corrections ngoba ngokungangabazeki abalingiswa abafisa ukuvelela kule noveli ngabesifazane kanti i-Finder ithi "lezi zinganekwane bezivame ukuba ngamadoda." Futhi, ucwaningo lungabonakala luthakazelisa ngoba uma ngicabanga ngesifiso sokuvelela kumanoveli, ngicishe ngicabange ngamaqhawekazi afuna ukuvelela โOvela Ezifundazweniโ kumanoveli amakhulu kaJane Austen noMary Ann Evans (George Eliot) phakathi kwabanye ababhali besifazane.
Futhi kuthiwani ngezinganekwane eziqhubekayo zeqembu? Kuthiwani ngenoveli enkulu yesifiso sokuvelela - eyokubhala noma edumile - eveza izibalo njengabanye babashisekeli abakhulu nabanamandla osuku lwethu: uGeorge Bush, uDick Cheney, uCondi Rice, uColin Powell, uBill Clinton, uHillary Clinton, uMadeleine Albright nabanye? Kunenkinga. Amanoveli aqhubekela phambili ayingxenye emayelana nalezi zibalo kufanele abe ngokwengxenye ehlabayo, ngaphezu kwalokho ababhali abaningi bemibhalo (nabezentengiselwano) abangakuthola kwamukeleka, njengoba ngokuvamile besekela okungenani ezinye zalezi zibalo, nezinhlobo zazo, futhi uma bengakwenzi. , izikhungo eziphambili zokushicilela kanye nemithombo yezindaba ehamba phambili iyakwenza. Lokhu kusekelwa kwesimo se-quo kufana kakhulu nalokho okwakukhona ngosuku luka-Orwell, okunemiphumela ekhathazayo ngokulinganayo ezincwadini nasemphakathini nomhlaba esiza ukuwudala. Njengoba uNoam Chomsky ephawula:
Mayelana neka-Orwell ka-1984, ngacabanga ukuthi, ngokusobala, kwakungenye yezincwadi zakhe ezimbi kakhulu. Ayikwazanga nokuqeda. Ezinye izingxenye (isb, mayelana ne-Newspeak) zazihlakaniphile. Kodwa okuningi kwakho kwabonakala kimi-kahle, kuyinto encane. Inkinga akuyona ethakazelisa kakhulu; izindlela zokulawula imicabango nengcindezelo emiphakathini yobushiqela zisobala. Eqinisweni, ngokuvamile bavame ukuxega. UFranco Spain, isibonelo, wayengenandaba nokuthi abantu bacabangani futhi bathini: ukukhala okuvela ekamelweni lokuhlushwa edolobheni laseMadrid kwakwanele ukugcina isivalo. Akwaziwa kakhulu, kodwa iSoviet Union nayo yayinethezekile, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sikaBrezhnev. Ngokwezifundo zikahulumeni wase-US-Russian Research Center, abantu baseRussia ngokusobala babenokufinyelela okubanzi kakhulu emibonweni ebanzi futhi ezincwadini eziphikisayo kunabaseMelika, hhayi ngoba benqatshelwa kodwa ngoba inkulumo-ze iphumelela kakhulu lapha. U-Orwell wayezazi kahle lezi zindaba. Isingeniso sakhe (esicishiwe) se-Animal Farm, isibonelo, sikhuluma ngokusobala 'nokuhlolwa kwemibhalo eNgilandi.' Ukubhala ngaleso sihloko bekungaba okubalulekile, kunzima, futhi kubucayiโfuthi bekuzomenza abe nezwi elibi elihambisana nokuchezuka kwemithethoโฆ.
Uma u-Orwell, esikhundleni sokubhala i-1984-okuyinto empeleni, ngokubona kwami, incwadi yakhe embi kunazo zonke, uhlobo oluthile lwe-caricature encane yomphakathi wobushiqela emhlabeni, okwamenza waduma futhi wonke umuntu wayemthanda, ngoba wayeyisitha esisemthethweni- ukube esikhundleni sokwenza leyo nto elula nengabalulekile kangako, wayenze into enzima nebalulekile, okuwukuthi ukukhuluma ngenkinga ka-Orwell* [njengoba iphathelene neNgilandi nezifundazwe zasentshonalanga], ubengeke adume futhi ahlonishwe: baye bazondwa futhi bethukwa futhi bakhishwa inyumbazana.
*[Inkinga ka-Orwell: kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi izinhlelo zemibono ecindezelayo zikwazi] ukugxilisa izinkolelo ezibambelele ngokuqinile futhi ezamukelwa kabanzi nakuba zingenasisekelo ngokuphelele futhi ngokuvamile ziphikisana ngokusobala namaqiniso asobala ngezwe elisizungezile?
Bangaki ababhali abacabangayo abazimisele โukuzondwa nokuthukwa nokubukelwa phansiโ ngokubhala โinto enzima nebalulekileโ? Zingaki - zemibhalo noma ezohwebo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwalabo abafisa ukuvela ku-New York Times, noma ezizoshicilelwa yindlu yokushicilela evelele (noma cishe noma iyiphi indlu yokushicilela)?
Baphi abashisekeli bepolitiki abakhulu abacabangayo banamuhla, ababhali abakhulu abangamaqembu, abasathuthuka? - i-Jonathan Swifts ye-"A Modest Proposal," i-Aristophanes ye "Lysistrata." (Kungase kube nemidlalo yeqembu eminingi kunamanoveli.) Futhi โKungani sihamba kancane kangaka,โ emibuthanweni yesokunxele/eqhubekayo, kimina kubonakala โsingenandaba kangako nokuhlanganisa ukulandisa kanye nesithombe?โ Kubuza uRoland Barthes. โAsiboni yini ukuthi yizincwadi eziqanjiwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zincane kangakanani ngokobuciko, ezivusa uthando lwezombusazwe?โ
Mhlawumbe ingxenye enkulu yesizathu sokuthi "inhlangano emelene nempi iphansi emhlane wayo" ngamagama abahlaziyi abangaphezu koyedwa abaqhubekayo kungenxa yokwehluleka kwabo ukusizakala, cishe, ngezinganekwane ezisekelwe eqinisweni - izindaba nezinganekwane ezigcwele. hhayi nje kuphela ulwazi nemibono kodwa nemizwelo, indlela iningi labantu eliza ngayo emhlabeni futhi lihlanganyele nawo futhi lisize ukulibumba usuku ngalunye (njengoba uStephen Soldz, oyedwa, esanda kubonisa).
Ngemva kwakho konke, ingabe abantu abaningi abaveli esimweni Sokungibonisa? Uma ufuna ukukhuluma ngombono, futhi uma ufuna ukuwukhombisa, futhi uma ufuna ukufinyelela abantu ngendlela abafinyelela ngayo emhlabeni usuku nosuku, ngokomzwelo kakhulu, futhi uma ufuna bakuzwe lokho okubonisayo, ngakho-ke ukuze imizwa yabo ithele izithelo ngezenzo, kungcono-ke ukwenze - dala isiko manje, libonise ngendlela ezwakalayo. Futhi lokho akusho neze okuncane, kubonakala kimina, ngisebenzisa imisebenzi esekelwe eqinisweni yomcabango ethinta imizwa (kanye nangokwengqondo). Izincwadi ezingabodwa azivamile ukushintsha izimpilo zabantu futhi ngaleyo ndlela zibe nomthelela wazo emphakathini. Kwabanye besifazane, okungenani, okunye ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi izincwadi ezinjalo ezishintsha ukuphila ngokuvamile ziyizinganekwane. Kwamanye amadoda, ngokuvamile kubonakala kungelona iqiniso. Kimina kubonakala sengathi izinganekwane ezisekelwe eqinisweni zingahlanganisa wonke umuntu.
URussell Baker we-New York Times wake wathi ngokusemthethweni okuningi kwezinkampani ukuthi kushiya abantu โezandleni zabantu abangawuculi nabangaphuphi.โ Umnyakazo oqhubekayo kanye nesiko elingakunaki ukukhuthaza amanoveli eqembu asekelwe eqinisweni nezinye izincwadi ezinjalo kusongela ukwenza okufanayo. Isiko elinjalo nalo liyantula ngokomqondo. Njengoba uChomsky ephawula:
Sifunda ezincwadini njengoba sifunda empilweni; akekho owaziyo ukuthi kanjani, kodwa kuyenzeka ngempela. Eqinisweni, okuningi kwalokho esikwaziyo ngezinto ezibalulekile kuvela emithonjeni enjalo, ngokuqinisekile hhayi ocwaningweni olucatshangwayo [isayensi], ngezinye izikhathi olufinyelela ekujuleni okungenakuqhathaniswa kokujula, kodwa olunobubanzi obuncane kakhulu. Cishe kuqinisekile ukuthi izincwadi ziyohlale zinikeza ukuqonda okujule kakhulu kulokho ngezinye izikhathi okubizwa ngokuthi 'umuntu ophelele' kunanoma yiziphi izindlela zophenyo lwesayensi ezingathemba ukukwenzaโฆ. Uma ufuna ukufunda ngobuntu nezinhloso zabantu, cishe ungenza kangcono ukufunda amanoveli kunokufunda izincwadi zokusebenza kwengqondo. Mhlawumbe leyo yindlela engcono kakhulu yokuqonda abantu nendlela abenza ngayo nabazizwa ngayoโฆ.
Nakuba kungase kube, njengoba uJoseph Finder esho, ukuthi amanoveli okulangazelela ayashoda esikweni lemibhalo, kuyiqiniso impela ukuthi amanoveli asobala ahlangene ashoda kakhulu esikweni elithuthukayo, ingasaphathwa eyesiko elidumile. Kulabo abafuna ithiyori, incazelo ephusile, ngemuva kwenganekwane eqhubekayo (lokho engivame ukukubiza ngokuthi inganekwane ye-partisan njenge-shorthand) kulula ngokwanele ukuyithola. Yileyo ngxenye elula. Ingxenye enzima futhi ebaluleke kakhulu iyona nto ngokwayo. Futhi lokho kungatholakala ku-Mainstay Press, eyodwa. Njengababhali abaphambili bakudala, kuye kwadingeka ukuthi sizisungulele thina abezindaba, ngoba esikwenzayo kuyinselele kakhulu esimweni esikhona manje, kuyinselele kakhulu kwezombusazwe, okungukuthi, ukukhiqizwa ngenye indlela.
Umsebenzi onjalo akulula ukuwubhala, futhi ngenxa yalokho ungase ube namandla futhi ube nokuqonda okwengeziwe. UMorris Edmund Speare uphawula ngokuqonda:
Umbhali wezombangazwe uneโฆnobunzima obuningi okufanele abunqobe ngaphambi kokuba akhiphe inhlansi bese ayibhebhezela amalangabi omdlandla ezingqondweni nasezinhliziyweni zekilasi lokufunda, okuyisigaba sentando yeningi yonke indawo. Uthola ukuthi impumelelo kulo mkhakha idinga ukuthi enze umsebenzi okabili ngokwanele: akumelwe nje kuphela akwazi ukudala isimilo sakhe, futhi apende isimo sakhe ngokunembileโฆkumele asihumushele kokubili kokwethu kokuhlangenwe nakho futhi akuhlanganise kulokho. amafomu ukuze siwaqonde futhi sithatheke ngawo. Isenzo sokwenza kanjalo singase singadingi inqubo enkulu kunaleyo esetshenziswe umbhali wezenhlalo; kodwa kuyindlela ehluke ngokuphelele. Eyokuqala ibhala ngezinto nangolimi ukuze ogijimayo afunde; akudingekile ukuba afundise nezilaleli zakheรขโฌยฆ.*
Ngesikhathi ngisakhula futhi ngifunda ngokungabi nabulungisa kwezinto, isimo esikhona, kwakuyizincwadi ezimbalwa zezinganekwane ezangisiza ukungibonisa ngezindlela eziphawulekayo empilweni ukuthi kwakungenzeka omunye umhlaba onobulungisa, olinganayo, futhi ophilayo - futhi lokhu kwaba okujabulisayo ngokumangalisayo, okugqugquzelayo, okuvula amehlo nokuqinisekisa, okungukuthi, ukuqinisa. Kamuva, izincwadi ezingelona iqiniso zagcwalisa le ndimaโikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi lezo zincwadi zezinganekwane zazibonakala zingakhishelwa abantu abadala. Kodwa kuneminye imisebenzi ebonisa ukuthi lokhu akufanele kube njalo. Futhi i-Mainstay Press isiza ukukhiqiza eminye imisebenzi enjalo ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo okungasebenzisa ngokunengqondo, ukuyisebenzise futhi kuyikhuthaze, kubonakala kimi. Inhlangano enenqubekela phambili ezama ukuthuthukisa isiko kwezenhlalo nakwezepolitiki kuyilapho ingasebenzisi kancane lokho ngezindlela ezithile ezibalulekile okuwuhlobo lokubhala olunamandla futhi olunokuqonda - inganekwane yeqembu - iyazidubula ngokusobala onyaweni, ukusho okungenani, uma kungenjalo. ikhanda, nenhliziyo.
I-Mainstay Press iqala lapho kushiyelwa khona ezinye izincwadi, ngendlela yamanoveli akhanyayo asekelwe eqinisweni anesibindi sokuveza izibalo zesimo samanje nezinqubomgomo zabo zobugebengu nezindlela zokusebenza ngokukhanya kwesihogo okubafanele ngokucebile. Amanoveli anjalo aqamba amagama futhi agqamisa amaqiniso nezimo ezibalulekile. Amanoveli anjalo aveza ingcindezelo futhi andise inkululeko. Futhi amanoveli anjalo abonisa izibalo eziqhubekayo ezimangalisayo nezingokoqobo ezisebenza ngendlela eya emhlabeni ongcono. Amanoveli anjalo anika amandla futhi anamandla, afundisa futhi awusizo - uhlobo lwezincwadi olusiza ukuguqula umhlaba.
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*Eminye imibono kaMorris Edmund Speare ngezinganekwane zikahulumeni nezepolitiki, encwadini yakhe ethi The Political Novel:
Ezweni lezombangazwe [umbhali] kwakudingeka azi ukwaziswa kwakhe hhayi njengoba intatheli iwazi amaqiniso eye yawahlanganisa 'esabelweni,' noma njengoba esinye isazi siphenya futhi sithola izithelo zocwaningo lwakhe, kodwa kunalokho njengoba umdobi azi. ulwandle noma umlimi ulandela umsele wakhe. Ukukwazi ukuganisa ezombangazwe kwezobuciko kanye nokuletha isiphetho lapho eyokuqala ingazange ibe yi-tractarian noma izibalo noma enye ibe mnandi kakhulu uju, kwakungadingi nje umcabango wezinga eliphezulu kakhulu, kodwa ulwazi lwezinto ezaziqoqwe lapho. okokuqala, ngokunemba okungaba khona umhlanganyeli kuphela. Umuntu kwakudingeka akwazi ukucabanga ngendlela yezombangazwe, ukuze ahlobise imicabango yakhe ngomfanekiso wemvelo wempilo yezombangazwe. Khona-ke kuphela wayengakwazi ukuyihumusha ngokukhalipha nangokuthakazelisayo kumfundi.
Lapha sikhuluma ngohlobo lwenoveli okumele, uma ithuthukiswe kahle kakhulu, ihehe umfundi hhayi ngokuyinhloko njengenhlangano yomphakathi kodwa njengamandla obuhlakani.
Futhi uma ephumelela ekunikezeni abalingiswa bakhe kanye nezimo zakhe imfudumalo, umbala, namandla, futhi uma izwe lakhe lezindunankulu, amanxusa, nabo bonke abantu abancaneโowesilisa, owesifazane, kanye nentsha enengqondoโisatshalaliswa emqhudelwaneni oqondakalayo phambi kwethu, kusekhona ifilosofi yezombangazwe, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, ukumela ngendlela yobuciko esemthethweniรขโฌยฆ.
Ngakho-ke, umzamo wokuhlanganisa abalingiswa abalingiswa nenganekwane, kanye nokwengeza emphumeleni ukuziphatha okubalulekile kwezombusazwe noma kwezenhlalo, ngaphandle kokusebenza njengokuhlola ubuhlakani babo bonke ababhali kulo mkhakha ngaphandle kombhali omkhulu kunabo bonke kuphelaรขโฌยฆigcwele ingozi. Kuyadabukisa ngempela ukuthi kulesi simo umgxeki uyashesha ukuthola lokho okungase kubizwe kalula ngokuthi 'i-propaganda' kuyilapho empeleni kungeyona into kodwa kuwumbono onogqozi wombono othile wepolitiki wombhali wezincwadiรขยฆ icala lesitatimende sokuthi ngomqondo othile bonke ubuciko buyinkulumo-ze.รขโฌยฆ
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