UMaharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka kanye neMadhya Pradesh sebebonke babone ukuzibulala kwabalimi abangama-89,362 phakathi kuka-1997 no-2005.
Ngokwesilinganiso, umlimi othile waseNdiya wayezibulala njalo ngemva kwemizuzu engu-32 phakathi kuka-1997 no-2005. Kusukela ngo-2002, lokho kuye kwaba ukuzibulala oyedwa njalo ngemva kwemizuzu engu-30. Kodwa-ke, imvamisa lapho abalimi bethatha izimpilo zabo kunoma yisiphi isifunda esincane kunezwe - kusho isifunda esisodwa noma iqembu lamazwe - kufanele sibe phansi. Ngoba inani labantu abazibulalayo kunoma iyiphi indawo enjalo lingaba ngaphansi kwengqikithi yezwe lonke kunoma yimuphi unyaka. Nokho, kuyashaqisa imvamisa abalimi abazibulala ngayo ezifundeni eziningi.
Ngokwesilinganiso, umlimi oyedwa wayethatha impilo yakhe njalo ngemizuzu engama-53 phakathi kuka-1997 no-2005 e-States of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka naseMadhya Pradesh (okuhlanganisa neChhattisgarh). E-Maharashtra iyodwa, lokho kwakuwukuzibulala oyedwa njalo ngemva kwamahora amathathu. Kwaba kubi nakakhulu ngemva kuka-2001. Kwenyukela ekuzibulaleni kwepulazi elilodwa njalo emizuzwini engama-48 kulawa Amazwe Amakhulu Amane, futhi oyedwa njalo ngemva kwamahora amabili nekota e-Maharashtra iyodwa. I-Big Four ihlangene ibone ukuzibulala kwabalimi abangu-89,362 phakathi kuka-1997 no-2005, noma abangu-44,102 phakathi kuka-2002 no-2005.
K. Nagaraj we-Madras Institute of Development Studies (MIDS), ofunde ngokuzibulala kwabalimi phakathi kuka-1997-2005 ngokusekelwe kudatha yeNational Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), uhlukanisa i-States ngamaqembu amane. Okubi kakhulu kwalokhu i-Group II ehlanganisa, ngaphandle kwe-Big Four, i-State of Goa ekhombisa izinga eliphezulu lokuzibulala kwabalimi (FSR) - okungukuthi, ukuzibulala kubalimi abayi-1,00,000. Nokho, isilinganiso sikaGoa sisekelwe ezinombolweni ezincane eziphelele. Zonke izifundazwe zeQembu II zinamazinga aphezulu okuzibulala (GSR) - ukuzibulala kwabantu abayi-1,00,000 - futhi abone isibalo esikhulu sokuzibulala kwamapulazi.
Kulokhu, i-Andhra Pradesh ikhombisa ukwehla okuthile ngo-2005. Futhi uhulumeni uthi izinombolo zehle kakhulu ngo-2006. Kodwa ayikho idatha ye-NCRB yokusekela lokhu okwamanje. Sekukonke, uma idatha ye-NCRB isebenza, kusho ukuthi u-Andhra Pradesh wabona ukuzibulala kwabantu abayi-16,770 phakathi kuka-1997 no-2005.
Yehlisa e-Andhra Pradesh
U-Andhra Pradesh waba nguMbuso wokuqala ngemuva kokuvota kuka-2004 ukuqoka ikhomishana ezongena enkingeni yezolimo. Ngokusekelwe ngezeluleko zekhomishana, iphinde yathatha izinyathelo ezithile ekusingatheni leyo nkinga. Yabuyisela isinxephezelo sokuzibulala okwamiswa umbuso wangaphambili ngo-1998. Yanxenxa abakweletwayo ukuba bavume ukukhokhelwa kanye kanye ezimweni eziningana. Lokhu kungenzeka kusize ukwehla ngemuva kweminyaka embi ka-2002-04. Kodwa-ke, u-Andhra Pradesh useqalile ukulingisa uMaharashtra esicini esisodwa esingajabulisi. Isibalo samacala “okungewona awangempela” - lawo uhulumeni angawamukeli njengaxhumene nokucindezeleka - alokhu anda njalo ngenyanga ngenkathi ukuzibulala “kwangempela” kwehla.
Kukhona nezinye izinkinga. Amazwe amaningana, ikakhulukazi i-Maharashtra, yenze ukuhlonza ukuzibulala kwabalimi kwaba nzima kakhulu ngokusebenzisa izinkomba ezikhipha amanani amakhulu ukuthi angahlukaniswa kanjalo. Inkinga eyodwa ngenkohlakalo enjalo yedatha ukuthi izogcina iveze futhi ihlanekezele nemibiko yesikhathi esizayo ye-NCRB.
I-Karnataka nayo irekhoda ukwehla okuthile ngo-2004 nango-2005, ngemva kwenkathi eyinhlekelele yeminyaka emihlanu. Futhi ukwanda koMbuso ngamaphesenti angu-15 kwabangewona abalimi abazibulalayo esikhathini sika-1997-2005 kuphakeme ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunokwenyuka kokuzibulala kwabalimi (amaphesenti amathathu). Kodwa umonakalo waleyo minyaka yangaphambili wawumkhulu. I-Karnataka ibone ukuzibulala kwamapulazi okungama-3 ngaleso sikhathi. Futhi, akucaci ukuthi izinombolo eziphansi zika-20,093-2004 zazibangelwa kakhulu izinyathelo zenqubomgomo noma ukuthi kube namasu amasha namaqhinga okubalwa kwezimali.
"I-Madhya Pradesh ibonakala sekuyisikhathi eside iyizwe eliyinkinga kubalimi, nakuba lokhu bekungakavunywa kuze kube manje," kusho uProfesa Nagaraj. “Ukwanda kwabantu abazibulalayo emapulazini esikhathini esiyiminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye ka-1997-2005 akuphezulu kangako, ngamaphesenti ayi-11, kodwa amanani aphelele abephezulu kakhulu isikhathi eside. Iphakeme kakhulu kunakwamanye amazwe amaningi. Nokho, nalapha futhi, ukwanda kokuzibulala okungebona abalimi, ngamaphesenti angu-48, kungaphezu kokuphindwe kane kokuzibulala kwabalimi.” UMadhya Pradesh (kubandakanya uChhattisgarh) wabona ukuzibulala kwamapulazi angama-23,588 esikhathini sika-1997-2005. Kodwa-ke, iMadhya Pradesh iphunyukile kakhulu ku-radar yabezindaba njengeSifunda sezinkinga zamapulazi. Emazweni Eqembu II, ukuzibulala kwamapulazi njengephesenti labantu abazibulalayo bafinyelele ku-21.9 ngo-2005 uma kuqhathaniswa nesilinganiso sikazwelonke esingu-15.5. Kafushane, abantu abangaphezu koyedwa kwabahlanu abazibulalayo kulezi zifundazwe ngalowo nyaka wayengumlimi. Futhi, oyedwa kwabane ozibulalayo kuleli qembu uzibophezele ngokusebenzisa isibulala-zinambuzane.
Isifunda esisodwa esingaphandle kweBig Four esibone isibalo esiphezulu sokuzibulala kwabalimi yiKerala. Ibone ingqikithi ye-11,516 ngo-1997-2005. Okubi nakakhulu, okuningi kwalokhu kwenzeka ezifundeni ezincane njenge-Wayanad. I-Kerala ibonisa ukuthambekela okuguquguqukayo kodwa okwehlayo phakathi nenkathi yeminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye. Iminyaka ka-1998 kuya ku-2003 ngokusobala kwakuyinkathi yayo embi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-70 okuzibulala kwawo emapulazini kwenzeka ngaleyo minyaka. Kusukela ngo-2004, izinombolo ziqala ukwehla. Kangangoba ngokungafani neBig Four, akubonisi ukwanda kokuzibulala kwasemapulazini sonke isikhathi. Ukuwa kwangemva kuka-2003, empeleni, kwenza isibalo sakhona sisuse amaphesenti angu-7.
I-Kerala yakha “Ikhomishini Yokusiza Izikweletu” ngokushesha ngemva koshintsho kuhulumeni lapho ngo-2005. Ikhomishana yabamba icala ngalinye lenkinga yezikweletu, kuyilapho uhulumeni emisa izinyathelo ezinonya zokubuyiswa kwemali mboleko ngamabhange nababolekisi bemali. Ngokweseluleko seKhomishana, uhulumeni uphinde wanquma ukumemezela sonke isifunda semali engenayo sase-Wayanad sithintekile.
I-Kerala isesengozini
Ukuthuthuka kuntekenteke impela futhi kungabona ukwehla kalula. Izinga lokuzibulala kwepulazi lase-Kerala ngalesi sikhathi liphezulu kakhulu, futhi uMbuso usalokhu usengozini yokuntengantenga kwezintengo, ngokwesibonelo, ikhofi, upelepele, i-cardamom noma i-vanilla. Ubuthaka obuthuthukiswa ukuthi ukukhululeka okukhulu esikweletini kudinga usizo olumaphakathi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, izikhulu zoMbuso zinonya kakhulu ekukhululekeni kwezikweletu kubalimi. Futhi, izivumelwano zohwebo lwamahhala zaseNdiya nezizwe nomakhelwane ezikhiqiza izitshalo zemali ezifana neKerala zilimaza kakhulu. Ibhalansi yoMbuso mayelana nokuzibulala epulazini ibucayi kakhulu. Ukuzithoba kungaba, ngokwezwi nezwi, okufayo.
I-Group I States yilawo anamazinga aphezulu kakhulu okuzibulala. Lokho kufaka i-Kerala, i-Tamil Nadu, i-Puducherry, i-West Bengal, ne-Tripura. “Nokho, ingxenye yeQembu I yakho kokubili ukuzibulala okuphelele nokuzibulala kwabalimi yehla phakathi kuka-1997 no-2005, njengoba nje neQembu II lalilokhu likhula kancane kancane,” kuphawula uSolwazi Nagaraj.
I-Group III States (i-Assam, i-Orissa, i-Gujarat, ne-Haryana) yilezo “ezinamazinga alinganiselwe okuzibulala kwabantu basepulazini,” kuyilapho i-Group IV States (i-Bihar ihlanganisa i-Jharkhand, i-Uttar Pradesh kuhlanganise ne-Uttaranchal, i-Himachal Pradesh, i-Jammu ne-Kashmir, i-Punjab ne-Rajasthan. ) kubika “amazinga aphansi okuzibulala kwabalimi.”
Ngokuvamile, isifunda saseGangetic ethafeni nasempumalanga ye-India babone abantu abambalwa abazibulalayo emapulazini. Amazwe afana ne-Uttar Pradesh (okubandakanya i-Uttaranchal), i-Bihar (okubandakanya i-Jharkhand) kanye ne-Orissa ibika ukuzibulala okumbalwa kwalolu hlobo. Lezi zifundazwe ngezindlela eziningi ziphambene ne-Group II noma i-'Suicide SEZ' States. Lezi yizifunda ezikhiqiza ukudla kakhulu. Akuzona izindawo zokufaka ezijulile, futhi izindleko zabo zokutshala ziphansi kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali akukho ndawo emazingeni okukhona ku-Group II States. Izintengo zokwesekwa nguhulumeni zesilimo sokudla zinikeza ukuzinza okuncane. Futhi kusobala ukuthi kunesimo samanzi esingcono.
Amazwe afana ne-Punjab, i-Haryana, i-Rajasthan ne-Gujarat nazo zibika ukuzibulala okumbalwa kwasemapulazini kodwa idatha yazo iphonselwe inselelo. Ngokwesibonelo, uHaryana, ubika ukuzibulala okumbalwa kodwa ukwanda kwakho esikhathini esiyiminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye kwaba ngamaphesenti angama-211. Lokhu akuveli ekurekhodweni kokwenyuka okukhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje, kodwa ngoba idatha yonyaka wesisekelo ibonakala inephutha kakhulu. Ngo-1997, uHaryana ubika ukuzibulala kwabantu abangu-45. Okuhlanekezela isibalo sokwanda kwabantu abazibulalayo emapulazini phakathi nenkathi, kunyukele phezulu. “Kungenzeka ukuthi umsebenzi wokubala wawungaqinile ngempela noma wabhidlika noma wawungaphelele lapho kuthunyelwa imininingwane ngo-1997,” kusho uSolwazi Nagaraj. Izinombolo ezilandela isibalo esiphansi sango-1997 zihlala ziphakathi kwebanga le-170-210 unyaka ngamunye. Okuphinde kuphikiswane kakhulu yizinyunyana zabalimi nezishoshovu.
Kunezinkomba ezingajwayelekile eGujarat. Ukuzibulala kwezibulala-zinambuzane - ithuluzi elivamile ekuzibulaleni kwamapulazi - kuphakeme ngamaphesenti angama-84 lapha kunokuzibulala kwamapulazi. Ezingeni likazwelonke, bangaphezu nje kwamaphesenti angama-28. Kungani igebe likhulu ngokuphindwe kathathu eGujarat? Ngisho naku-Group II States, ukuzibulala kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuphakeme ngamaphesenti angama-21 kuphela kunokuzibulala kwasemapulazini. Okuphakamisa umbuzo wokuthi ngabe ukufa kwabantu abaningi eGujarat kugcine kuqoshwe “njengokuzibulala kwezibulala-zinambuzane” ngaphandle kokuthi abalimi bamukelwe njengokuzibulala.
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