Kusuka eRosarito, e-Baja California-Mexico ngoJanuwari 9, 2008
"Kufanele kuqashelwe, ngoNovemba 2006 lapho abavoti baseLatino, begqugquzelwa futhi begqugquzelwa ukugqugquzelwa komlando, bavotela i-84% enkulu ngokumelene nempi yase-Iraq, i-Republican Party yalahlekelwa iningi layo kuCongress. Nanamuhla, uma imigomo yezombangazwe nenhlangano yenhlangano ifinyelelwa, abavoti bebonke kanye nevoti leLatino ikakhulukazi, bazophinde bashukunyiswe yilo mshikashika wethemba nesithunzi kanye nokufezwa kwawo ngokomlando”
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Unyaka ka-2007 awusekho futhi asizange sibe nezinguquko zokuthuthela kwelinye izwe, kodwa impi yase-Iraq ayizange imile futhi noGeorge W. Bush akazange abekwe icala. Kungani? Kusobala ukuthi izimo zepolitiki azikavuthwa. Emzabalazweni wamalungelo abokufika, ukuhlanganisa ipolitiki okuhlelwe kahle nangempumelelo ngo-2008 kubalulekile, hhayi nje ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uguquko lokuthuthela kwelinye izwe luyamukelwa ngo-2009, kodwa futhi nohlobo kanye nekhwalithi yomthetho ogcina uvela ekuphathweni okulawulwa ngentando yeningi. Okuningi kuzoncika ekutheni amaqembu anamandla kanye nomthelela kulo mzabalazo wenhlalakahle azixazulula kanjani izingxabano nokuhlukana kwawo, ikakhulukazi umkhakha omkhulu nobusayo weLatino.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-spectrum, ilungelo elidlulele lobuzwe liphinde latholakala ku-HR4437 ehlulekile ka-2006, lahlanganisa isisekelo salo sokumisa ukuze kumiswe “uMthethosivivinywa WeSigele Sezingxoxo Ezinkulu ka-2007” ongaphani kakhulu. Nakuba, ngokwemibandela yangempela, ukunqotshwa okuzidlayo kwalesi siphakamiso empeleni kwakuwukunqoba okukhulu kwelungelo. Kungani? Ngoba empini, iningi lenhlangano yezenhlalo yaphikisana nayo ngasikhathi sinye lapho uphiko olungakwesokudla lukhomba yonke inganono yalo eWashington. Ngoba kwakuyingxenyana nje yamandla asekela izinguquko ahambisana nemidiya yolimi lwesiSpanishi Latino.
Namuhla imboni ye-neo-fascist kanye ne-racist anti abokufika, ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwe-FAIR futhi ihambisana neqembu elibikiwe labaphathi bohlelo lwezingxoxo kazwelonke, bakanisa e-Iowa, e-Marriott Hotel, futhi kubikwa ukuthi babe nomthelela engxoxweni yomkhankaso womongameli. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi i-5 February Super Duper Tuesday Primaries sekusele amasonto ambalwa ukuthi ifike, lapho izifundazwe ezingama-22 zizobamba iqhaza futhi okungenzeka ukuthi abantu abazongenela amaqembu amakhulu bangachazwa kahle, kufanele sikuveze ukuthi yilokhu kanye amalungelo abokufika. amabutho kufanele enze. Kodwa njengoba intatheli esanda kuklonyeliswa u-Ruben Luengas ithi, “Asikubeke Kokuqukethwe”.
I-panorama yezombangazwe iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ihlukahlukene futhi ihlanganisa izwe, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukukhathazeka okuhamba phambili emhlabeni, ukuqeda impi yase-Iraq kanye nemiphumela yayo eyinhlekelele, ukufa kwabantu abacishe babe yizigidi ezi-2 kanye nezigidi zababaleki ababaleki futhi izwe labo labhujiswa; inkinga enkulu yezomnotho kubantu abaningi izibalo zakamuva zikhomba ku-10%, abantu baseMelika abayizigidi ezingu-30 ababulawa indlala, kuyilapho okuxakayo, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingcebo igxile kakhulu ezandleni ezimbalwa; isimo sezempilo kanye nezinhlelo zezindlu zesizwe sesiphenduke iphupho elibi ngempela kubantu; uhlelo lokufudukela kwamanye amazwe oluphukile olunabafaki zicelo abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-3 kanye nemindeni yabo abalinde umugqa ongapheli kanye nezigidi ezengeziwe ukuze zibe yisakhamuzi; akukho zinguquko eziphathelene nokuthuthela kwelinye izwe kubantu abayizigidi eziyi-13 kanye nabokufika abangenazo izincwadi kanye nemindeni yabo, okuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu abazalwa e-US abayizigidi ezingu-3.3; futhi vele uMongameli Bush kanye nomkhankaso wakhe ononya Wezokuphepha Kwasekhaya wokwesaba nokwesaba emphakathini wabokufika wesizwe, osukhule waba ukuhlangana kwengqondo okuhlangene. Ungalenzi iphutha, YIMPI NGEMIMIGRANTS futhi i-Latinos futhi ikakhulukazi abantu base-Mexico abazwa ubuhlungu bokuphindiselela kwengcindezelo yokucwasa ngokwebala.
Engeza kulesi simo isimo semidiya esimelene nabafika kwamanye amazwe, ehlelwe iqembu lezinhlangano, ezixhaswe ngosozigidi abacebile kanye nezisekelo zebhizinisi eziphiko lwesokudla futhi zandiswa amanethiwekhi kazwelonke we-TV nerediyo. Akusekude ukuqagela ukuthi ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi bokufika baseLatino base-East Coast, abasanda kugwazwa endlini yabo ephansi, kungase kubangelwe yinkulumo-ze ye-neo-fascist. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eNew York, i-Big Apple State isanda kwenqaba umthetho ohlongozwayo welayisense yokushayela yaseRiphabhulikhi futhi kubonakala sengathi iMichigan isizocabanga ukukhansela umthetho wayo. Futhi konke lokhu kuhlasela ngaphandle kokuphendula okunomthwalo wemfanelo emphakathini ngabezindaba be-Latino Spanish.
Ngokuqondana nje, isizinda sezombusazwe kuze kube sengxenyeni yokugcina yale drama yabantu eyingqophamlando sifana kakhulu nomkhankaso we-IRCA Amnesty Law 82-86, ngoba uhlanganisa nomkhankaso wobumongameli. Futhi lena inazo zonke izinkomba zokushintsha konogada embusweni. Ukusuka ekubeni yiRiphabhulikhi kuya ekuphathweni kwentando yeningi okuzophinda kuguqule ukuhlangana kwamabutho ezweni, kanti laba bakhulisa iningi labo engqungqutheleni. Njengoba uGeorge W. Bush kanye namaRiphabhulikhi ephuma e-White House ilungelo elidlulele lizolahlekelwa izinzuzo zalo eziyinhloko.
Kodwa-ke, njengoba sasho ngemuva kokhetho lukaNovemba 2006, "amademokhrasi, njengengxenye yoMbuso ngeke enze noma yiziphi izinyathelo eziqinile ekuqedeni impi, noma ukuxazulula inkinga yokufika kwamanye amazwe, ngaphandle uma ukunyakaza kwabantu abaningi, kuzo zonke izinhlobo zabo, kubeka ukushisa".
Ngo-2007, iningi lenhlangano laphikisana ne-Strive Act kanye ne-Grand Bargain bills, likhetha futhi lidale izimo ezivumayo zoshintsho olubandakanya, olunobuntu, oluvela kwamanye amazwe, oluklanyelwe ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe. Enye engase ihambisane nezinkambiso ezasungulwa ku-1991 United Nations International Covenant for the Protection of Migrant Workers. Kodwa kufanele kuqokonyiswe ukuthi isici esibalulekile ekunqotshweni koMthethosivivinywa oklanyelwe i-Grand Bargain Bill kwaba uphiko olufanele kanye nezikhukhula zama-imeyili, izikhahlamezi kanye nezingcingo ezikhiqizwe ku-capitol.
Namuhla njengangonyaka wezi-2006, le nhlangano idinga ubumbano lwamabutho ayo ukuze ibe nomthelela ohlotsheni nekhwalithi yeziphakamiso zesikhathi esizayo zokuguqulwa kwabokufika endlini, ithimba lezigele kanye nomongameli olandelayo wezwe. Pho yini okumele yenziwe? Izisekelo zezimpande zotshani zilindele umnyakazo olandelayo kodwa ubuholi kanye nezivimbelo zamandla ziyadideka, zihlukene futhi ziyanyakaza ngaphandle kokufuna ubumbano olubanzi namasu abanzi. Ngalesi sikhathi ngaphakathi kwamabutho asebenza kwamanye amazwe kunezinketho ezimbalwa ku-ajenda yabantu. Kunalezo ezizolinda kuze kuphothulwe umkhankaso wobumengameli bese zingena kabusha engxoxweni. Bese kuba nophiko lwenhlangano ephokophela ukuvusa inkulumompikiswano yezinguquko kwezokufika ngaphansi kwe-Democratic Party kanye ne-Hispanic Caucus, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-STRIVE ACT. Kufanele futhi kushiwo ukuthi isiphakamiso sokugcina esivezwe nguCong. U-Luis Gutierrez e-Washington DC ngo-Okthoba 25, 2007, wadlula kancane kancane lolo hlaka, ephakamisa izimvume eziqhubekayo zeminyaka emihlanu, onelungelo lokuthola ubuzwe kuphela ngemva kokuba izingane zesakhamuzi sokufika sezifinyelele iminyaka engu-21 ubudala. U-Alicia Flores weLa Hermandad Mexicana Trans-Nacional uphawule ngokudabukisayo, “UCongressman Gutierrez akazange abe namahloni ngokwethula isiphakamiso sakhe esisha”. Nokho-ke enye indlela eqhubekayo kube wukugcina umzabalazo ubheke phambili, usizakale futhi uqhubekisele phambili umkhankaso wobumongameli, ukuzama ukwakha ubuhlobo obumbene nawo wonke amabutho, singavumeli ingcindezi yokusungulwa kwenkululeko futhi siqhubekisele phambili ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe okunenqubekela phambili. i-ajenda “njenge-Blue Print Plan”.
Inkinga ephakamayo kulesi sikhathi samanje yilena elandelayo: inqwaba yamandla omphakathi, lawo ahlanganisa izwe kule minyaka emibili edlule, abona umhlaka-1 kuNhlaba njengokuphela kwawo, hhayi njengeqhinga ngaphakathi kohlelo lwesu olwaqala. ngoMashi 2006. Yilapho uphiko lwesokudla luqhubekele khona phambili. Iholwa yi-FAIR, inhlangano eholayo nesungula inhlangano emelene nabokufika enolwazi olwengeziwe, izimali, izinsiza kanye nokufinyelela ngokweqile kwemithombo yezindaba kazwelonke evamile, yafaka umkhankaso wayo omubi ngempumelelo elinganiselwe kwabazongenela ukhetho lweRiphabhulikhi e-Iowa Caucuses. Kube nokukhombisa ukuphikiswa ngamabutho angowokufika kuleli kulesi sifundazwe esimaphakathi nentshonalanga kodwa kwaba ukuphikisana okungalingani. Ngokunengqondo, njengoba umlando wenhlangano yamalungelo abantu usho, ngaleso sikhathi ubuholi bukazwelonke obuphikisayo kufanele ngabe bukhona nazo zonke izinsiza zabo zemithombo yezindaba, abasakazi bomsakazo baseLatino kanye namahange enethiwekhi ye-TV.
Uma izibalo zami ziseduze namaqiniso, ukunqoba okuzonika amandla abokufika abangenazo izincwadi kungafika ekupheleni kuka-2009. Kodwa ukuze kufinyelelwe kukho, ubuholi kufanele bakhe umbono wamasu ohlakeni lwezigaba ezihlanganisiwe zezinyanga ezingamashumi amabili zokuvakasha ezizayo.
I-Iowa Caucuses kanye ne-New Hampshire primary, nakuba zombili zinabavoti abamhlophe abaningi, ziyizinkomba zokuthi izwe seliqalile ukuzungeza inqubo yokhetho. Imiphumela iyembula. Um-Afrika waseMelika kanye nowesifazane, bobabili abakhululekile, bayawina ngasohlangothini lwentando yeningi kanye nowiwi ocacile futhi omele ilungu leRiphabhulikhi eliphikisayo u-Romney, nazo zonke izigidi zakhe zilahlekile. Kulesi sigaba sokuqala, esimweni sesu elihleliwe elibucayi, imibono yomphakathi ngokungangabazeki kufanele ihlanganiswe futhi ngokusobala lokhu kungaba ukuvulwa kwenhlangano elindile. Izivivinyo kuzoba yiMichigan kanye neFlorida kule nyanga bese kuba eyeTsunami-Super Duper primaries ngoLwesibili ngoFebhuwari 5 lapho kuzonqunywa izithunywa zika-2000. Kwanele ukukhipha ukuqokwa. Izifundazwe eziningi kwezingu-22 ezibamba iqhaza, i-California, New York, Illinois, njll., zinabantu abaningi bokufika futhi zihlangabezane nemifelandawonye yezwe lonke esebenza egameni lemiphakathi yabokufika.
Bese kulandela usuku lwesithathu lwangoMeyi 1st-International Workers Day 2008 emzabalazweni. Okungabizwa ngokuthi, uLwesine Olukhulu Lwabokufika, nawo wonke amamashi ayo amaningi kanye nokuduba izwe okungenzeka kube kukhulu njengango-2006. Bese kulandela enye impi, i-August DNC-National Democratic Convention, lapho amakhulu ezithunywa zaseLatino, isizinda se Iqembu lentando yeningi, ngokubambisana nezithunywa ze-afro-American kanye nenqubekela phambili, kufanele lithumele umlayezo ocacile eqenjini mayelana nokufika, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kwendawo yonke, impi nezinye izinkinga. Umsebenzi wokuhlobanisa nokwakha amabhuloho nale mikhakha kumele uqale ngokushesha, uzihlonze ngendlela esezingeni likazwelonke futhi uhlangane nazo ukuze sixoxe futhi siqhubekisele phambili izikhundla zethu.
Kufanele kuqashelwe, ngoNovemba 2006 lapho abavoti baseLatino, begqugquzelwa futhi begqugquzelwa ukugqugquzelwa komlando, bavotela i-84% enkulu ngokumelene nempi yase-Iraq, i-Republican Party yalahlekelwa iningi layo kuCongress. Nanamuhla, uma imigomo yezombangazwe nenhlangano yenhlangano ifinyelelwa, abavoti ngokujwayelekile kanye nevoti leLatino ikakhulukazi, bazophinde bashukunyiswe yilo mshikashika wethemba nesithunzi kanye nokufezwa kwawo komlando. Ukwengeza, ngokulinganayo, inhlangano kufanele ithole umlayezo obalulekile wokuxhumana nabantu baseMelika. Empini yemibono, ukuphikiswa kufanele kubhekane nokunqotshwa okumangalisayo.
Umsebenzi wokhetho okhethekile, oholwa izinhlangano ezingomakadebona lapho inhlangano yamalungelo abantu bokufika enobudlelwane nazo, usuyahamba. Futhi ngenye indlela, imizwa emelene nempi inamandla kangangokuthi iRiphabhulikhi eqinile, ebusa futhi ehlakaniphe kakhulu phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili edlule eWashington, ididekile, futhi amagundane abelokhu egxuma esuka emkhunjini.
Ukushintsha impi yokhetho lwango-2008 futhi ilungelo elidlulele linqotshiwe, isisekelo salo sizodumazeka ngokokuziphatha futhi ekuhlolweni kokuhlolwa kwesidumbu ubuholi beRiphabhulikhi ngeke bube nazimpendulo. Kulesi simo esicatshangelwayo, impi yokugcina izolwiwa nephiko langakwesokudla ngokwedlulele ngo-2009, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi umnyakazo kufanele ube usuphinde wahlasela.
Kolunye uhlangothi, ngaphakathi kwezikhundla, kukhona amabutho alokhu enyakaza, kodwa ngeshwa yilawo uhlelo oluwavumayo futhi oluwagunyaza njengabakhulumeli balo mzabalazo omusha wokulingana namalungelo abantu. Leli qembu elinamandla yilo kanye elinqotshwe ilungelo empini ethi "Grand Bargain" futhi lihlanganisa umkhakha wezabasebenzi kanye nalokho engikuchaze ngokuthi I-Latino Political Establishment, eyakhiwe Ikilasi Lezombangazwe laseLatino elikhulayo nelihlale lilinganisa. Laba ngosopolitiki abakhethiwe nabaqokiwe kanye nezinhlangano zikazwelonke ezixhaswe nguhulumeni nenhloko-dolobha enkulu. Ngokubikezelwa bazoqhubeka nokudlala indima efanayo futhi bamukele izinguquko ezifanayo zekhwalithi ephansi zokuthuthela kwelinye izwe nezingxenye zalo ezintathu eziklanywe yinkampani: ukuphepha kuzwelonke, uhlelo lwesisebenzi esivakashi kanye nokuncishiswa okungokomthetho okungekho emthethweni okungenawo amalungelo agcwele noma yini engeke yenze umonakalo. inkinga yokuxhashazwa kwamazwe ngamazwe,.
Lokhu kuyisihluthulelo. Ngokushesha ngemva kokufezwa komlando okumangalisayo komnyakazo wezimpande zotshani we-82-86, of 94 kanye no-2006-07 wanamuhla, imikhakha echazwe ngenhla yangena endaweni. Ngamahhovisi nezinsiza zabo enhlokodolobha yesizwe baba ngabakhulumeli, abadayisi nabaxoxi bemizabalazo yabantu. Lokhu, ngaphandle kokutshala izimali, ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa izisekelo, ngoba abazi ukuthi kanjani futhi abakholelwa ukuthi umzabalazo omkhulu wezepolitiki emigwaqweni uyisisekelo soshintsho emphakathini. Nalapha futhi, kukhona okuhlukile.
Ngo-Great American Boycott yangomhla zi-1 kuNhlaba wezi-2006, amaSenator aseCalifornia uGloria Romero noGil Cedillo, uSomlomo Wesifunda uFabian Nunez kanye no-Assemblyman Kevin de Leon kanye nabanye osopolitiki abazalela umzabalazo wamalungelo abokufika, bakhuthaza ukwesekwa kwezwe lonke futhi bavala ngokumangalisayo inhloko-dolobha yombuso futhi bajoyina inhlangano. amamashi. Kodwa-ke, usopolitiki odume kakhulu ezweni laseLatino kanye neMeya yaseLos Angeles, u-Antonio Villaraigosa, naye owake waba ngumfundi wenhlangano elwela amalungelo abokufika ebheke kwesokunxele, akazange alivale ihholo leDolobha, futhi akagcinanga ngokugxeka ngokuduba okungokomlando okwavala amaphesenti angama-50 kuye kwangama-75%. yomnotho we-LA, kodwa, kanye noKhadinali Roger Mahoney, uMbusi uSchwarzenegger kanye noMongameli Bush empeleni bakhankasela ngokumelene nakho.
Bese kuba nozakwabo ongapheli we-Latino Establishment, imidiya yolimi lweSpanishi yesiLatino. Umfelandawonye obaluleke kakhulu emgwaqeni obheke kuMashi 25 - ngokucaciswa ukuthi yinhlangano yezenhlalo eyafinyelela futhi yabagqugquzela- njengoba isimo sezepolitiki sishubile futhi kwenziwa ikhwelo lokuduba kuzwelonke kwango-2006 iningi labezindaba elakhankasela ukuphikisa. yona. Ngo-2007, ngaphandle kwalokho, yenza konke okusemandleni ukudida abantu ababebuza ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuncishiswa kwezixuku. “Ukusakazwa kwezindaba okuhlosiwe” akuzange kubeke inkinga endabeni: umkhankaso kahulumeni kazwelonke ononya nosabekayo wokugasela nokudingiswa, okuhlanganisa nokushaywa kwamaphoyisa okunonya nokukhulu kwabesifazane nezingane, izalukazi nezintatheli eMcArthur Park eLos Angeles. Kufanele kucace ukuthi nakuba iningi lezikhundla kanye nefayela emithonjeni yezokuxhumana yeSpanishi kuyiLatino nokuthi iningi labo libasekela ngobuqotho abantu kanye nokulwa kwezepolitiki, iningi lezindawo liyimpahla yangasese ama-conglomerates abezindaba ezweni. Uhlobo lobudlelwano bamakholoni kule mboni ngeshwa lusadlangile.
Pho-ke singenza kanjani ukuthi singabi namandla, sivimbele ukuthi lo mnyakazo kanye nemiphumela yawo ezuzwe kanzima “idelelwe, ihlakaniphe futhi ikhethwe ngokuhlanganyela” ngemva kokuchuma kwayo? Kulesi sigaba somzabalazo ukwakhiwa komkhakha obanzi wayo yonke imikhakha kubalulekile. Imifelandawonye kazwelonke nezinhlangano nabaholi balo mbutho kufanele, ngoba isikhathi siwumnyombo, bahlukane nemiklamo yamanje yenhlangano nepolitiki kanye nobumbano lwamakhonsathi emcabangweni wayo obanzi. Okubalulekile kulo mzamo wobumbano ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzi nezivumelwano ziyaguquguquka ukuze zikwazi ukuvula izindawo, indlunkulu kazwelonke eWashington kanye nezifunda ezikhethiwe ukuhlela, ukuxhumanisa, ukumela, ukunxenxa kanye nokuveza umbono, izikhundla zezepolitiki kanye nokufezwa komsebenzi wenhlangano. ukunyakaza.
Okokugcina, ngoNovemba 2007 izithunywa ezingaphezu kuka-450 ezivela ezifundazweni ezingu-29 kanye nezinhlangano ezingaphezu kuka-150 zahlangana e-Mexico City e-Legislative Palace of the National Congress futhi zakha iPhalamende Labafuduki Labaholi BaseMexico Abahlala e-US. Lokhu kuyintuthuko entsha yezombangazwe ebalulekile emzabalazweni wabantu baseMexico e-US, ngoba ngokokuqala ngqa ukunyakaza kwabaholi bezimpande zotshani, kusukela kulolu hlangothi lomngcele kuxoxiswane futhi kuhlelwe inhlangano nokuvikela isifiki saseMexico esixhaswe futhi sibizwe ngu. elinye lamandla esikhungo sezwe laseLatin America, iCongress yaseMexico. Futhi ngivumele ukuba ngicacise, ngokwemibandela ephelele, le nkulumo esanda kuzalwa yomzabalazo wezenhlalakahle ayinakho ukuxhumana okuqondile, futhi ayilawulwa ngumongameli waseMexico. Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ngizobhala ucezu lomlando nokuhlaziywa kokuqukethwe kanye nokubaluleka kwalokhu kuthuthukiswa okusha emzabalazweni wabantu baseMexico phesheya, okwenzeka ukuthi bangama-65% abantu bokufika lapha ngaphakathi kombuso. Kusemqoka ukuqonda umlando kanye neqhaza labantu baseMexico, leNgqungquthela yayo kanye nayo yonke inhlangano yayo yezenhlalakahle, ngoba iMexico ingaba isixhumanisi esibalulekile emzabalazweni wabokufika wobulungiswa kanye nokuphikisana nenhloko-dolobha yamazwe ngamazwe.
U-Javier Rodríguez ongumbhali wengosi kanye nosomaqhinga wezindaba kanye nezombusazwe waba ngumsunguli wemashi yomlando yamhla zingama-25 kuNdasa wezi-2006 eyisigidi esingu-1.7 e-Los Angeles futhi uyilungu elibambisene ne-el Parlamento Migrante kanye ne-March 25 Coalition. [i-imeyili ivikelwe] 213-909-6397
Ngokusemthethweni
I-May 1st National Movement kanye ne-March 25 Coalition izobe ibiza iNgqungquthela Kazwelonke yesi-2 yamalungelo abokufika nabasebenzi kanye nenhlangano yomhla lu-1 kuNhlaba wosuku lwabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe. Kuzophakanyiswa ukuthi ingqungquthela ibe seLos Angeles ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari 2008. Kuzodingidwa amaqhinga namaqhinga epolitiki kulesi sigaba somzabalazo, okuhlanganisa noMeyi 1sr 2008.
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