Akusizi ukwenza sengathi okwenzekile ngokusobala akuzange kwenzeke. Amaphesenti angu-1 aphezulu abantu baseMelika manje athatha cishe ingxenye yesine yemali engenayo yezwe minyaka yonke. Mayelana nengcebo esikhundleni semali engenayo, iphesenti elilodwa eliphezulu lilawula amaphesenti angu-1. Isimo sabo sokuphila siye saba ngcono kakhulu. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nanhlanu edlule, izibalo ezihambisanayo zazingamaphesenti ayi-40 namaphesenti angama-12. Enye impendulo kungaba ukugubha ubuhlakani kanye nokushayela okulethe inhlanhla kulaba bantu, kanye nokuphikisana nokuthi igagasi elikhuphukayo liphakamisa zonke izikebhe. Leyo mpendulo izobe iyiphutha. Nakuba amaphesenti angu-33 aphezulu abone amaholo abo enyuka ngamaphesenti angu-1 kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, labo abaphakathi nendawo baye babona imali yabo yehla. Kwabesilisa abaneziqu zasesikoleni esiphakeme kuphela, ukwehla kuye kwaba kubi kakhuluโamaphesenti angu-18 ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule lekhulunyaka kuphela. Konke ukwanda emashumini eminyaka amuvaโnokwengeziweโkuye kwabaphezulu. Mayelana nokulingana kwemali engenayo, iMelika isalele ngemuva kwanoma yiliphi izwe laseYurophu elidala, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush ayevame ukulihleka usulu. Phakathi kozakwethu abaseduze kukhona iRussia nama-oligarchs ayo kanye ne-Iran. Nakuba izikhungo eziningi ezindala zokungalingani eLatin America, njengeBrazil, ziye zazama eminyakeni yamuva, kunalokho ngokuphumelelayo, ukuthuthukisa usizi lwabampofu nokunciphisa amagebe emali engenayo, iMelika ivumele ukungalingani ukuba kukhule.
Izazi zezomnotho kudala zazama ukuthethelela ukungalingani okukhulu okwakubonakala kukhathaza maphakathi nekhulu le-19โukungalingani okuyisithunzi nje salokho esikubona eMelika namuhla. Izizathu abaqhamuka nazo zabizwa ngokuthi โi-marginal-productivity theory.โ Kafushane nje, le thiyori ihlobanisa amaholo aphezulu nokukhiqiza okuphezulu kanye negalelo elikhulu emphakathini. Yithiyori ebilokhu yaziswa ngabacebile. Ubufakazi bokusebenza kwayo, nokho, buhlala buncane. Abaphathi bezinkampani abasize ekuletheni ukwehla komnotho eminyakeni emithathu edluleโabanegalelo elikhulu emphakathini wethu, nasezinkampanini zabo, elibi kakhuluโbaqhubeke nokuthola amabhonasi amakhulu. Kwezinye izimo, izinkampani zazinamahloni kakhulu ngokubiza imiklomelo enjalo ngokuthi โamabhonasi okusebenzaโ kangangokuthi zazizwa ziphoqelekile ukuthi ziguqule igama libe โamabhonasi okugcinaโ (ngisho noma okuwukuphela kwento egciniwe kwakuwukusebenza kabi). Labo abafake isandla ekusungulweni okuhle okuhle emphakathini wethu, kusukela kwabasunguli bokuqonda izakhi zofuzo kuya kwabaqalayo beNkathi Yolwazi, bathole okuncane uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abanomthwalo wemfanelo wokusungulwa kwezimali okulethe umnotho wethu womhlaba onqenqemeni.
Abanye abantu babheka ukungalingani kweholo bese bephakamisa amahlombe abo. Kuthiwani-ke uma lo muntu ezuza bese lowo muntu elahlekelwa? Baphikisana ngokuthi okubalulekile akukhona ukuthi uphaya uhlukaniswa kanjani kodwa ubukhulu bephaya. Leyo mpikiswano ayilungile. Umnotho lapho bridge izakhamizi zenza kabi unyaka nonyaka-umnotho ofana nowaseMelika-akunakwenzeka ukuthi wenze kahle ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kunezizathu eziningana zalokhu.
Okokuqala, ukukhula kokungalingani kuwuhlangothi lwenye into: ukuncipha kwamathuba. Noma nini lapho sinciphisa ukulingana kwamathuba, kusho ukuthi asisebenzisi ezinye zezimpahla zethu ezibaluleke kakhuluโabantu bethuโngendlela ekhiqiza kakhulu esingakwazi ngayo. Okwesibili, ukuhlanekezela okuningi okuholela ekungalinganiniโnjengalokho okuhlotshaniswa namandla okubusa kanye nokuphathwa kwentela okukhethekile ngenxa yezintshisakalo ezikhethekileโkubukela phansi ukusebenza kahle komnotho. Lokhu kungalingani okusha kuyaqhubeka kudala ukuhlanekezela okusha, kubukela phansi ukusebenza kahle nakakhulu. Ukwenza isibonelo nje, intsha yethu eningi kakhulu enekhono, ibona imivuzo yezinkanyezi, ingene kwezezimali kunokuba ingene emikhakheni engaholela emnothweni okhiqizayo futhi onempilo.
Okwesithathu, futhi mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu, umnotho wesimanje udinga โisenzo esihlangeneโโudinga uhulumeni ukuthi atshale imali engqalasizinda, imfundo, kanye nobuchwepheshe. I-United States kanye nomhlaba wonke baye bazuza kakhulu ocwaningweni oluxhaswe uhulumeni oluholele ku-inthanethi, ekuthuthukisweni kwezempilo yomphakathi, nokunye. Kodwa sekuyisikhathi eside iMelika ihlupheka ngenxa yokungatshalwa kwezimali kancane kwengqalasizinda (bheka isimo semigwaqo yethu emikhulu namabhuloho, imizila yethu yezitimela nezikhumulo zezindiza), ocwaningweni oluyisisekelo, nasemfundweni kuwo wonke amazinga. Ezinye izithiyo kulezi zindawo ziseza.
Akukho kulokhu okufanele kusimangazeโyilokho okwenzekayo lapho ukusatshalaliswa kwengcebo yomphakathi kuncipha. Lapho umphakathi uhlukana kakhulu ngokwengcebo, abacebile baba manqikanqika ngokwengeziwe ukusebenzisa imali ngezidingo ezifanayo. Abacebile akudingeki bathembele kuhulumeni ukuze bathole amapaki noma imfundo noma ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha noma ukulondeka komuntu siquโbangazithengela zonke lezi zinto. Kulokhu, baba kude kakhulu nabantu abavamile, balahlekelwe yinoma yiluphi uzwelo okungenzeka ukuthi bake baba nalo. Baphinde bakhathazeke ngohulumeni onamandlaโongasebenzisa amandla akhe ukulungisa ibhalansi, athathe enye yengcebo yawo, futhi ayitshale ukuze kuzuze bonke. Amaphesenti angu-1 aphezulu angase akhononde ngohlobo lukahulumeni esinawo e-America, kodwa eqinisweni bathanda kahle: ivalwe kakhulu ukuze isatshalaliswe kabusha, ihlukaniswe kakhulu ukwenza noma yini ngaphandle kwezintela eziphansi.
Izazi zezomnotho aziqiniseki ukuthi zingakuchaza kanjani ngokugcwele ukungalingani okukhulayo eMelika. Ukuguquguquka okujwayelekile kokuhlinzekwa kanye nokufunwa kube neqhaza elikhulu: ubuchwepheshe bokonga abasebenzi bunciphise isidingo semisebenzi eminingi โemihleโ yezinga eliphakathi, esebenza ngamakholomu aluhlaza. Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke sekudale indawo yemakethe yomhlaba wonke, kuxabanisa abasebenzi ababizayo abangenamakhono eMelika nabasebenzi abashibhile abangenawo amakhono phesheya kwezilwandle. Izinguquko zezenhlalo nazo zibambe iqhazaโngokwesibonelo, ukwehla kwezinyunyana, ezake zamela ingxenye yesithathu yabasebenzi baseMelika futhi manje zimele cishe amaphesenti ayi-12.
Kodwa ingxenye enkulu yesizathu esenza sibe nokungalingani okungaka ukuthi amaphesenti angu-1 aphezulu afuna ngaleyo ndlela. Isibonelo esisobala kakhulu sibandakanya inqubomgomo yentela. Ukwehliswa kwamazinga entela emalini eyinzuzo, okuyindlela abacebile abathola ngayo ingxenye enkulu yeholo labo, kwenze abantu baseMelika abacebile basondele ekugibeleni mahhala. Ama-monopolies kanye ne-monopolies eseduze bekulokhu kungumthombo wamandla wezomnotho-kusuka ku-John D. Rockefeller ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule kuya ku-Bill Gates ekugcineni. Ukuqiniswa ngokuxega kwemithetho emelene nokwethenjwa, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuphatha kweRiphabhulikhi, kube unkulunkulu kumaphesenti angu-1 aphezulu. Ukungalingani okuningi kwanamuhla kungenxa yokuxhashazwa kwesistimu yezezimali, okwenziwa izinguquko emithethweni ethengiwe futhi yakhokhelwa imboni yezezimali ngokwayoโokungenye yezimali zayo ezinhle kakhulu ezake zatshalwa. Uhulumeni waboleka izikhungo zezezimali imali enenzalo ecishe ibe ngamaphesenti angu-0 futhi wanikeza nesihlengo ngemibandela evumayo lapho zonke ezinye zehluleka. Abalawuli bakushaye indiva ukuntula izinto obala kanye nokungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo.
Uma ubheka umthamo omningi womcebo olawulwa amaphesenti angu-1 aphezulu kuleli zwe, kuyayenga ukubona ukungalingani kwethu okukhulayo njengempumelelo enkulu yaseMelikaโsaqala ngemuva kakhulu, kodwa manje senza ukungalingani emhlabeni- izinga lekilasi. Futhi kubukeka sengathi sizokwakhela kule mpumelelo iminyaka ezayo, ngoba okwenze kwaba yimpumelelo wukuziqinisa. Ingcebo izala amandla, azala ingcebo eyengeziwe. Phakathi nehlazo lokonga nokubolekwa kweminyaka yawo-1980sโihlazo elibukhulu bayo, ngokwezindinganiso zanamuhla, bubonakala buxakileโusomabhizinisi uCharles Keating wabuzwa yikomiti likakhongolose ukuthi ingabe imali engu-$1.5 million ayeyisabalalise phakathi kwezikhulu ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ezikhethiwe zazingakwazi ngempela. thenga ithonya. โNgethemba ngempela kanjalo,โ ephendula. INkantolo Ephakeme, kweyakamuva Izakhamizi United icala, lifake ilungelo lezinkampani lokuthenga uhulumeni, ngokususa imikhawulo ekusetshenzisweni kwemali emikhankasweni. Ezomuntu siqu nezombangazwe namuhla zihambisana ngokuphelele. Cishe zonke izigele zaseMelika, kanye neningi labamele iNdlu, bangamalungu ephesenti elilodwa eliphezulu lapho befika, bagcinwa ezikhundleni ngemali esuka kumaphesenti angu-1 aphezulu, futhi bayazi ukuthi uma besebenzela i-1% ephezulu kakhulu bayokwenza lokho. bazoklonyeliswa ngephesenti elilodwa eliphezulu uma beshiya isikhundla. Ikakhulukazi, abakhi benqubomgomo ababalulekile begatsha eliphezulu kunqubomgomo yezohwebo nezomnotho nabo baphuma kumaphesenti angu-1 aphezulu. Lapho izinkampani ezenza imithi zithola isipho sezigidigidi zamaRandiโngomthetho owenqabela uhulumeni, umthengi omkhulu wezidakamizwa, ekuxoxisaneni ngentengoโakufanele kusimangaze. Akufanele kwenze imihlathi yehle ukuthi intela yentela ayikwazi ukuphuma kuCongress ngaphandle kokuthi kube nokuncishiswa kwentela okukhulu kwabacebile. Uma unikezwe amandla ephesenti elingu-1 eliphezulu, yile ndlela obungenza ngayo lindela uhlelo lokusebenza.
Ukungalingani kweMelika kuhlanekezela umphakathi wethu ngazo zonke izindlela ongazicabanga. Kukhona, okokuqala, umphumela wendlela yokuphila obhalwe kahleโabantu abangaphandle kwephesenti eli-1 eliphezulu bayanda ukuphila okungaphezu kwamandla abo. Umnotho we-trickle-down ungaba i-chimera, kodwa ukuziphatha okukhohlisayo kungokoqobo kakhulu. Ukungalingani kuhlanekezela kakhulu inqubomgomo yethu yezangaphandle. Amaphesenti angu-1 aphezulu awavamile ukusebenza empiniโiqiniso liwukuthi ibutho โlokuzithandelaโ alikhokhi imali eyanele ukuze lihehe amadodana namadodakazi awo, futhi ukushisekela izwe kuhamba kuze kube manje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isigaba esicebe kakhulu asizizwa sincane izintela eziphakeme lapho isizwe siya empini: imali ebolekiwe izokhokha konke lokho. Inqubomgomo yezangaphandle, ngokwencazelo, imayelana nokulinganisa izintshisekelo zezwe kanye nezinsiza zikazwelonke. Ngephesenti elingu-1 eliphezulu eliphethe, futhi alikhokhi inani, umbono webhalansi nokuvimbela uphuma ngefasitela. Awukho umkhawulo ezigabeni esingazenza; izinkampani kanye nosonkontileka bamele ukuzuza kuphela. Imithetho yokuhwebelana kwezomnotho nayo iklanyelwe ukusiza abacebile: ikhuthaza ukuncintisana phakathi kwamazweibhizinisi, eyehlisa izintela ezinkampanini, yenza buthaka ukuvikelwa kwezempilo nemvelo, futhi ibukela phansi lokho okwakubhekwa njengamalungelo abasebenzi โawumgogodlaโ, ahlanganisa ilungelo lokuxoxisana ngokuhlanganyela. Cabanga nje ukuthi umhlaba ubungabukeka kanjani ukube imithetho ibiklanyelwe ukukhuthaza ukuncintisana phakathi kwamazwe izisebenzi. Ohulumeni bebeyoqhudelana ekuhlinzekeni ukulondeka kwezomnotho, izintela eziphansi kwabahola iholo elivamile, imfundo enhle, nendawo ehlanzekileโizinto izisebenzi ezikhathalelayo. Kodwa amaphesenti angu-1 aphezulu awadingi ukukhathalela.
Noma, ngokunembile, bacabanga ukuthi abakwenzi. Kuzo zonke izindleko ezibekwa emphakathini wethu ngephesenti eli-1 eliphezulu, mhlawumbe enkulu kunazo zonke yilena: ukuwohloka komqondo wethu wokuthi singobani, lapho ukudlala kahle, ukulingana kwamathuba, kanye nomuzwa womphakathi kubaluleke kakhulu. Sekuyisikhathi eside iMelika izishaya isifuba ngokuba umphakathi oqotho, lapho wonke umuntu enethuba elilinganayo lokuya phambili, kodwa izibalo ziphakamisa okuhlukile: amathuba okuba isakhamuzi esimpofu, noma isakhamuzi esisezingeni eliphakathi, sifinyelele phezulu eMelika. encane kunasemazweni amaningi aseYurophu. Amakhadi abekwe phezu kwawo. Yilo mqondo wesimiso esingenabulungiswa esingenalo ithuba esibangele ukuqubuka komlilo eMpumalanga Ephakathi: ukwenyuka kwamanani okudla kanye nokwanda nokuphikelela kokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kwentsha kumane nje kwaba yimbangela. Ngokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kwentsha eMelika cishe ngamaphesenti angama-20 (nakwezinye izindawo, naphakathi kwamaqembu athile ezenhlalo yabantu, okuphindwe kabili lokho); nomuntu oyedwa kwabayisithupha baseMelika ofisa umsebenzi wesikhathi esigcwele ongakwazi ukuwuthola; nomuntu oyedwa kwabayisikhombisa baseMelika ezitembuni zokudla (kanye nenani elifanayo elihlushwa โukungavikeleki kokudlaโ)โuma kubhekwa konke lokhu, kunobufakazi obanele bokuthi kukhona okuvimbile โukwehlaโ okukhangiswayo kusukela kumaphesenti angu-1 kuya kuwo wonke umuntu. Konke lokhu kunomphumela obikezelwayo wokudala ukuhlukanaโinani labavoti phakathi kwalabo abaneminyaka engu-20 okhethweni olwedlule lalimi kumaphesenti angama-21, uma liqhathaniswa nezinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi.
Emasontweni adlule siye sabuka abantu abangena emigwaqweni ngezigidi bebhikishela izimo zezombangazwe, ezomnotho, nezenhlalo emiphakathini ecindezelayo abahlala kuyo. Ohulumeni baketulwa eGibhithe naseTunisia. Kuqubuke imibhikisho eLibya, Yemen naseBahrain. Imindeni ebusayo kwenye indawo esifundeni ibheka ngokwesaba isezindlini zayo ezineziphephetha-moyaโingabe izolandela? Bafanele ukukhathazeka. Lena imiphakathi lapho ingxenye encane yabantuโengaphansi kwephesenti elilodwaโilawula ingxenye enkulu yengcebo; lapho ingcebo iyisici esiyinhloko samandla; lapho ukonakala okugxilile kolunye uhlobo kuyindlela yokuphila; nalapho abacebe kakhulu bevame ukuma ngokuzimisela endleleni yezinqubomgomo ezingathuthukisa impilo yabantu bebonke.
Njengoba sibuka intshiseko ethandwayo emigwaqweni, umbuzo owodwa okufanele sizibuze wona yilo: Izofika nini eMelika? Ngezindlela ezibalulekile, izwe lakithi selifana nenye yalezi zindawo ezikude, ezinezinkinga.
U-Alexis de Tocqueville wake wachaza lokho akubona njengengxenye eyinhloko yongqondongqondo obungavamile emphakathini waseMelikaโinto ayibiza ngokuthi โukuzicabangela ngokwakho kuqondwa kahle.โ Amagama amabili okugcina ayeyisihluthulelo. Wonke umuntu unobugovu ngomqondo omncane: Ngifuna okungilungele njengamanje! Ukuzicabangela wena โokuqondwa kahleโ kuhlukile. Kusho ukwazisa ukuthi ukunaka izithakazelo zabanye abantuโngamanye amazwi, inhlalakahle evamileโempeleni kuwumbandela wangaphambili wenhlalakahle yomuntu siqu. I-Tocqueville yayingasikiseli ukuthi kukhona okuhle noma okunengqondo ngalo mbonoโempeleni, wayephakamisa okuphambene. Kwakuwuphawu lwe-American pragmatism. Labo bantu baseMelika abangamaqili baqonda iqiniso eliyisisekelo: ukubheka omunye umfana akulungile nje emphefumulweni โ kulungele ibhizinisi.
Amaphesenti angu-1 aphezulu anezindlu ezingcono kakhulu, imfundo engcono kakhulu, odokotela abangcono kakhulu, nezindlela zokuphila ezingcono kakhulu, kodwa kunento eyodwa imali ebonakala ingakuthengile: ukuqonda ukuthi isiphetho sabo sihambisana nokuthi abanye 99 amaphesenti aphile. Kuwo wonke umlando, lokhu kuyinto abantu abangamaphesenti angu-1 abagcina beyifundile. Sekwephuzile.
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Nikela