I-turbine enkulu yesitimu esikhungweni sikagesi iNajibiya ithule. Uma onjiniyela baseRussia abakha imishini yokuqala eminyakeni engama-30 edlule beyeka ukuze babheke, bangaba nobunzima bokubona umshini: ngokuhamba kweminyaka onjiniyela base-Iraqi bathathe indawo yezingxenye eziningi eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngombala omhlophe nokumpunga. izinto zokuzenzela.
Ngaphesheya komgwaqo izibani ziyacisha. U-Yaruub Jasim, umqondisi jikelele kagesi esifundeni esiseningizimu, indoda ebukeka kahle eneminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha egqoke kahle isudi empunga, uyaxolisa. โNgokujwayelekile sinamandla amahora angu-23 ngosuku kodwa namuhla kunenkinga. Bekufanele ngabe siwalungisile lawa ma-turbines ngo-Okthoba, kodwa besingenazo izingxenye eziyisipele futhi singenayo imali.โ
Izingxenye ezidingekayo bekufanele zinikezwe i-Bechtel, inkampani yase-California ephethe ukulungisa isistimu kagesi ngaphansi kwenkontileka yokubuyisela ingqalasizinda yase-Iraqยน. Inkontileka yakhishwa ngaphandle kwamabhidi aqhudelanayo ngo-Ephreli odlule, ngaphambi kokuthi uMongameli Bush amemezele ukuphela kwengxabano enkulu, futhi ihlanganisa indle, amanzi kanye nezinhlelo zesikole. Inkontileka ibiza ngaphezu kwesigidigidi samadola futhi iyakhula, okwenza ibhizinisi le-Bechtelยนs e-Iraq libe endaweni yesibili ngemuva kwe-Halliburton ezinze e-Texas.
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuvakasha kwethu maphakathi no-December, uhulumeni wase-United States wamemezela isinqumo sakhe sokungabandakanyi amazwe aphikisana nempi ekunqobeni izinkontileka zokwakha kabusha e-Iraq. Imiphumela yezombusazwe yalokhu kuvinjelwa, kanye nokuthi kuzohlanganisa abahlinzeki bezingxenye ezithile kanye nosonkontileka abancane noma cha kumkhathaza kakhulu u-Jasim.
โIziteshi zethu zikagesi ezintathu kwezine zakhiwe eRussia, eJalimane naseFrance. Ngeshwa, uMnu Bush uvimbele izinkampani zaseFrance, eRussia naseJalimane ukuthi [zithole izinkontileka e-Iraq ezinsukwini ezintathu ezedlule,โ usho kanje.
Njengoba sizungeza isikhungo sikagesi, sibona ama-air-conditioner amane amasha alingana nezimboni e-York. โSithole lawo ma-air conditioner emasontweni amabili edlule: uBechtel wasithumelela wona ngoba imishini yethu ibingasebenzi kahle ehlobo, kodwa bebengakawafaki futhi asiwadingi ebusika,โ kusho uHamad Salem, umphathi wefekthri. Ukubambezeleka kungenxa yengxabano yokuthi i-Bechtel noma isikhungo sikagesi ngokwaso sinesibopho sokufaka ama-air conditioner.
UBANI ONAMANDLA?
Onjiniyela eningizimu ye-Iraq banenhlanhla yokuchaza ukuthi kungani amandla ehluleka kanye ngosuku. Uzakwabo e-Baghdad, u-Mohsen Hassan, umqondisi wezobuchwepheshe wokuphehla ugesi kumnyango kagesiรขโฌยนkufanele achazele izivakashi ukuthi kungani ugesi ungekho, ngokuvamile amahora angaphezu kwayishumi ngosuku, enhloko-dolobha ehlala ingxenye yesine yabantu base-Iraq. .
Indoda ethule, engazicabangeli, u-Hassan ugqoke ihembe elishekiwe, akathayi, nejakhethi elinsundu elingabonakala kunoma yimuphi umgwaqo kuleli dolobha.
โUBechtel usibeke endaweni enzima kakhulu. Ungqongqoshe wami uthe kubo uma abantu becasuka, ningasoli. Uyazi ukuthi ugesi uyinkinga yokuqala (enkulu) e-Iraq, kufanele bakuxazulule lokhu ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngaphansi kwe-Saddam silungise yonke into ngokushesha kodwa asizange sikhathazeke ngekhwalithi. Asizange sisebenze ngendlela ejwayelekile, bekungajwayelekile.โ
โAbaseMelika banezindinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu, ezethu ziphansi kakhulu,โ uyanezela, ephakamisa izandla zakhe futhi ezisondeza ndawonye ukuze abonise iphuzu lakhe. โKudingeka sihlangane phakathi.โ Siyambuza ukuthi kungani iBechtel ihamba kancane kangaka, njengoba ngokuqinisekile lena kuyinkampani enekhono kakhulu, eyakha isimiso sikagesi saseSaudi Arabia kusukela ekuqaleni. Lezi yizimo ezingajwayelekile, kusho uHassan. Akukho ukuphepha, kukhona ukucekelwa phansi, uhlelo luphazamisekile.
Esinye sezizathu esenze ukuthi iBechtel ithathe isikhathi eside kangaka yingoba ithimba layo likagesi lichithe izinyanga ezimbili lihlola izimboni zikagesi, iziteshi ezincane, nezintambo zikagesi ezinamandla ngaphambi kokuba baqale noma yimuphi umsebenzi, okucasule abasebenzi base-Iraq, abathi bebengatshela inkampani ukuthi yini. kwakudingekile. Ukweba nokucekela phansi impahla kube enye inkingaรขโฌยนlapho nje i-Bechtel iqala ukushintsha imibhoshongo kagesi eyonakele engu-10 eduze kwase-Nassiriya, eminye engu-10 yacekelwa phansi eduzane.
U-Bechtel uyakuphika ukuthi unesibopho ngalesi simo. "Abantu abaningi babecabanga ukuthi i-United States izofika neloli lokulahla imali," uCliff Mumm, inhloko yemizamo yase-Bechtel's Iraq, muva nje etshela iSan Francisco Chronicle. "Ukungena nje bese uqala ukulungisa i-Iraq - lokho okulindelekile okungenangqondo."
Lokhu kucabanga kufakazelwa izikhulu zikahulumeni wase-U.S. Lapho sivakashele ihhovisi le-U.S. Agency for International Development esikhungweni somhlangano sase-Baghdad esigadwe kakhulu esiseduze ne-Republican Palace, sihlangana namaphoyisa amathathu e-Secret Service ephethe izibhamu e-atrium emaphakathi, ehamba ngezitebhisi, ebheke ezinhlangothini ezahlukene, ehlola indawo njalo. . Enkabeni yendingilizi ecatshangwayo abayenzayo kunendoda endala egqoke i-blazer. Ubukeka njengosopolitiki emsebenzini, futhi uyamamatheka njengoba exoxa nowesifazane ohamba eduze kwakhe.
Lokhu kubukeka kukuhle kakhulu, usho kanjalo, ekhuluma ngezandla esikhungweni somhlangano. Sibuza umfana weSecret Service ukuthi ungubani, mhlawumbe uyilungu leCongress? Cha, uyiNxusa u-Ted Morse, ophethe i-Baghdad namaphethelo. Ngisukume ngimcele ukuthi akhulume nami imizuzu embalwa ngezinkinga zengqalasizinda edolobheni. Emamatheka ngobuhlakani. Kunjalo.
UMorse ugxila ngokungaphezi kokuhle. Lapho sifika lapha, umuzi wonke wawungakabi nakukhanya. Umuzi wonke wawungalondekile futhi kuliwa. Kodwa manje, mayelana nalo lonke idolobha, kuye kwaba nentuthuko enkulu, emangalisayo.
Uma simtshela ukuthi sixoxile nabaphathi bezikhungo zikagesi, base benodaba oluhlukile abalukhulumayo, ugcizelela ukuthi konke kuzolungiswa kusenesikhathi. Izinyanga eziyisithupha kuyinto engenakwenzeka kancane ukucela ukuthi [ukwakhiwa kabusha] kuphele. Ibhodlela yisikhathi esiphelele. Uma ubheka ukuthi kwathatha isikhathi esingakanani ukwakha kabusha iBosnia, eSierra Leone, eRwanda, eCambodia, eBurundi, eTimor. Nomaphi lapho uke waba nesimo sokungqubuzana kwangempela, kukhona ukuntula isineke ngokuthi abantu bacabanga ukuthi kungenziwa ngokushesha. Akusoze emhlabeni kungenziwa ngokushesha. Ngeke. Kuyisithiyo nje sobunjiniyela bomzimba futhi akuhlangene ne-Bechtel.
U-Mohsen Hassan uxoxa indaba ehlukile. Thina, onjiniyela base-Iraqi, singalungisa noma yini, usho kanje. Kodwa sidinga imali nezingxenye ezisele futhi kuze kube manje i-Bechtel isinikeze kokubili. Okuwukuphela kwento inkampani esinikeze yona kuze kube manje izithembiso. Sesilethe ukuphehlwa kukagesi kuze kufike kumamegawathi angu-400 ngaphandle kwezinsimbi, kodwa sizodinga okungaphezu kwamagama uma sifuna ukunikeza leli dolobha amamegawathi angu-2,800 eliwafunayo.
Abantu base-Iraqi baveza ukuthi umbuso wangaphambili waphinde wavuka ngemva kwempi yokuqala yaseGulf esikhathini esingangezinyanga, nakuba umonakalo wawumkhulu kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi i-United States neBrithani baqhumisa ngamabhomu ingqalasizinda kagesi ngamabomu. Kulokhu ukuhlasela kugweme ukukhomba izimboni zikagesi, kodwa ngaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi nambili yokujeziswa kweNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene kube nomphumela omkhulu.
Izikhalo azigcini ngogesi kuphela. Amafoni awasebenzi ngoba izindiza zase-U.S. nezaseBrithani ziqhumise amabhomu amaningi ahwebelana, futhi kuze kube manje i-Bechtel ayikawalungisi. Futhi uhlelo lwamanzi lusesimweni sokonakala kakhulu, ngokusho kuka-Saยนad Mohammed, umqondisi jikelele womnyango wezamanzi e-Baghdad.
Kusukela ekuqaleni, i-U.S. ibheka i-Iraq njenge-Afghanistanรขโฌยนngaphandle kwengqalasizinda nobungcweti, wasitshela. Kepha lapho befika lapha, babona ukuthi ama-Iraqi ahluke kakhulu. Inkinga enkulu ukuthi imali eyabelwa amanzi kanye nendle esuka ku-$18 billion waseMelika ayenele. wasitshela.
Kodwa-ke izishoshovu sekuyisikhathi eside zixwayisa ngokuthi iminyaka eyishumi nambili nangaphezulu yenswinyo yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene ibe nomthelela omkhulu ezinsizeni ngoba kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthenga izingxenye ezisele. Umbiko we-Global Policy Forum yaseNew York ngo-August 2001 uthi: Ingqalasizinda yomphakathi ihlukumezeke kakhulu ngenxa yokuntuleka kokunakekelwa kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali. Isibonelo, umkhakha kagesi wase-Iraqยนs awubambeki kancane ukukhiqizwa kokukodwa kokuthathu komthamo wawo wango-1990 nakuba izindleko zikahulumeni kulo mkhakha zidlula izinhlelo ngokuqhubekayo. Ukushoda kukagesi, okubi kakhulu ehlobo elishisayo, konakalisa ukudla nemithi futhi kunqande ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi, ukuthuthwa kwendle, nezolimo eziniselwayo, kuphazamisa zonke izici zokuphila.
HLUPHEKA ABANTWANA ABANCANE
Isimo ezikoleni zase-Iraqรขโฌยนi-Bechtel obekumele ilungiswe ehloboรขโฌยนasingcono kakhulu. Izikhalo mayelana nokulungiswa kwesikole okungagculisi noma okungahlehlisiwe kusanda kuveza ukucutshungulwa kwangaphandle kwezinga eliphezulu. Ucwaningo lwangaphakathi olwenziwa ngabasebenzi Bezempi Yase-U.S., oluhlola abasebenzi bomnyango wezemfundo wase-Iraqi kanye nothishanhloko bezikole futhi olusanda kuputshuka ku-Cox Newspapers, luyigxeke kakhulu imizamo ye-Bechtelยน yokuvuselela izikole zase-Iraq.
โAbalandeli abasha bashibhile futhi bashe ngokushesha lapho besetshenziswa. Zonke ezihloliwe zase ziphukile kakade,โ kubhala isosha laseU.S. โUmsebenzi wokupenda ongcolile. Kudingeka umsebenzi omkhulu wokuhlanza. Amakamelo okugeza asesimweni esingesihle,โ kubhala esinye ngesikole esihlukile.
Ukugxekwa okuningi kugxile kosonkontileka base-Iraq base-Bechtel. โUsonkontileka usecele abaphathi bezikole ukuthi banikeze ifenisha enhle nephukile. Amagama osonkontileka abancane asiwazi ngoba abezanga ehhovisi lethu,โ kubhala umhleli wesikole wase-Iraq.
โCishe kuzo zonke izimo upende wenziwa ubuthaphuthaphu, nokwadala umonakalo omkhulu ekubukekeni kwesikole kunokuhlinzeka ngopende oluzovikela isakhiwo. Kwesinye isigameko, umsebenzi wokupenda ulimaze imishini yalebhu ebalulekile, okwenza ingasebenzi. โ
Izikhulu zaseBechtel zivikela umsebenzi wazo. โAbantu baseBechtel bayayikhathalela ngempela le. Sonke sinezingane. Sonke siye esikoleni. Ezweni elinobuhlungu obukhulu, lokhu kunengqondo. Ngakho-ke, wuhlelo, ngabantu abakhathalelayo futhi lwenziwa phakathi kwezinxushunxushu, isiphithiphithi sishintsha sibe into ehleleke kakhudlwana futhi yase-Iraqi,โ uGregory Huger kaBechtel, umphathi ohlelweni lokwakha kabusha, etshela intatheli yakwaCox.
Ukuze sizitholele ngokwethu, sivakashela izikole ezine zaseBaghdad (zonke ezifakwe ohlwini njengezalungiswa i-Bechtel), siqala nge-Al-Harthia, isakhiwo esimhlophe esihlala abafundi besikole samabanga aphansi abangu-570. Lapha sihlangana no-Huda Sabah Abdurasiq, ongachithi sikhathi ngokusibonisa konke okungalungile. Imvula ivuza ophahleni, inqamule amandla. Upende omusha uyaxebuka futhi phansi ayikalungiswa ngokuphelele, usho kanje.
Okushaqisa kakhulu ku-Huda ithegi yentengo: Ngingalungisa yonke into lapha ngo-$1,000 kuphela. UMnu. Jeff [usonkontileka omncane wase-Bechtel] usebenzise u-$20,000! uyathukuthela. Waya emkhandlwini wesifunda wayokhononda, wabe esehamba waya endaweni yomhlangano eyobhekana namasosha. Babethukuthele kakhulu base bekhuluma nekhansela lethu uHassan kodwa akwenzekanga lutho. Futhi asinawo amarisidi emali esetshenzisiwe. Akunamsebenzi, ngeke benze lutho, usho kanje.
Siya esikoleni i-Al-Wathba, kalula nje sisesimweni esibi kakhulu kuzo zonke izikole esizivakashelayo. U-Ahmad Abdu-satar, indoda enobungane egqoke isudi e-dapper esebenze lapha iminyaka emibili, usikhombisa izindlu zangasese nosinki: ompompi abasha bethusi nezicabha ezipendwe ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okumnyama kodwa osinki basesimweni esibi kakhulu, ababukeki njengabo. baye bathintwa eminyakeni eyishumi. Awukho upende omusha kunoma yiziphi izindonga, futhi, njengesikole sangaphambilini, inkundla yokudlala igcwele amanzi.
Bengicabanga ukuyiguqula ngiyenze i-swimming pool, esho ngokubhuqa. Eqinisweni, akukho okushintshile kusukela ngesikhathi sika-Saddamยน. Ngiyakubuza, ngabe izingane zaseMelika zingazisebenzisa lezi zindlu zangasese? Simtshela ukuthi isabelomali sehlisiwe eMelika futhi othisha baxoshwa ngobuningi, kodwa uphinda umbuzo wakhe: Ngiyakubuza, ngabe izingane zaseMelika zingasebenzisa lezi zindlu zangasese? Siyaphoqeleka ukuthi sivume ukuthi impendulo ithi cha.
Asinazo izincwadi, akukho okumile, akukho lutho. Okungenani besinakho lokho ngesikhathi sika-Saddamยนs. Yebo, amaholo ethu anyukile, kodwa nawo anyukile amanani. Lapho ngibuza usonkontileka ukuthi kungani bengawuqedi umsebenzi, bathi: โAsikusebenzeli, sisebenzela abantu baseMelika.
Sima kafushane esikoleni i-Al Rajaยนa, kodwa sisalungiswa. UJamal Salih, ongunogada, uyasikhombisa, ube esekhala ngokuthi ucele usonkontileka ukuthi amlungisele umuzi wakhe, kodwa benqaba. Sithi ukulunguza ngaphakathi, simangale amadodakazi akhe amabili nomkakhe abamatasa belungisa ukudla kwasemini. Abasebenzi futhi bayasimema ukuba sihlanganyele nabo esidlweni sabo sasemini sase-falafel, kodwa siyenqaba futhi siphuthume esitobhini sokugcina sosuku ngaphambi kokuba isikole sivalwe ngo-17:00.
Lesi yisikole se-Hawa, esiphethwe ngu-Batool Mahdi Hussain. U-Hussain ungowesifazane omude, ogqoke konke okunsundu, okuhlanganisa neduku lakhe lendabuko lamaSulumane. Ubonakala esemncane kule minyaka engu-11 ayichithe kulesi sikole, asanda kusithatha ngesikhathi abazali bemvotela njengothishanhloko ngemuva kwempi. Njengalabo thishanhloko ababili bangaphambili, uzimisele ukukhuluma futhi asibonise indawo.
Naye umunyu ngosonkontileka. Isikole sinejazi likapende elisha ngaphandle elinabo bonke abalingiswa abavela enguqulweni ye-Disney ye-Aladdin, eliphelele nge-genie nenkosana.
Kodwa, uthi, izinto zimbi kakhulu kunangaphansi kukaSaddam. I-UNICEF yapenda izindonga zethu futhi yasinika abalandeli abasha baseJapane. Bapenda opopayi ngaphandle. Lapho osonkontileka baseMelika befika, bathatha abalandeli bethu baseJapan bafaka abalandeli baseSyria abangasebenzi, esho ngokucasuka.
Sihlanganiswe nonogada wesikole, u-Ali Sekran, okhuluma amagama ambalwa esiNgisi. Usebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiwe i-AK-47 yakhe njengesikhombi ukuze asize u-Hussain afanekise zonke izinkinga. Sithandazela ukuthi isibhamu singalayishiwe.
Uthisha omkhulu usiyisa ezindlini zangasese lapho sekufakwe khona uhlelo olusha lwamanzi, amapayipi, ompompi kanye nenjini yokumpompa amanzi. Inkinga injini ayisebenzi ngakho izindlu zangasese zigcwala indle engashayiwe. Ube esevula ikhava entsha yokudonsa amanzi ukuze asibonise ukuthi ayilutho kodwa isembozo. Uhamba ngokushesha, akalindi ukuthi ikhamera ibambe, isivunguvungu sokubonisa nokusho. Lezi zicabha, amahinji aphukile. Bekufanele sithole izicabha zensimbi, sathola izicabha zamapulangwe. Upende omusha uyaxebuka. Awekho amandla anele okuqhuba isikole sethu.
Siqaphela ibhodi elisha sha. U-Hussain uthi othisha bakhokhele ngemali ephuma ephaketheni labo. Njengoba sivalelisa, uyasikhipha ngesango akhombe imfucumfucu yokwakha emgwaqweni.
Abazange bahambe nodoti wabo. Abasinikanga maphepha okusitshela abakwenzile nabangakwenzanga. Kwakudingeka sikhokhe ukuze sithuthe udoti. Eqinisweni, isimo sesikole sethu sasingcono ngaphambi kokuba kufike osonkontileka.
Okhulumela iBechtel Baghdad, uFrancis Canavan, uthi inkampani isiyitholile imibuzoโ ngezikole eziningi enenkontileka yokuzilungisa. Uthi iBechtel iyalele osonkontileka abangaphansi kwayo ukuthi bayilungise, futhi igodla amaphesenti ayishumi enkokhelo yosonkontileka abancane ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukulungiswa kuzolungiswa.
Kodwa i-United States Agency for International Development (AID) ayinalo ithemba ngesimo sezikole. Umkhulumeli osemthethweni uyasitshela: Uma uzokwenza i-slam article ekhononda ngokuthi upende uxebuka esikoleni esingasilungisanga, angiboni ukuthi kungani kufanele ngikhulume nawe. Angazi nokuthi ufunde ezikoleni ezalungiswa yi-AIDรขโฌยน26 ezikoleni ezingama-52 ezifake izikhalo bezingeyona ngisho ingxenye yenkontileka yethu. Siyamqinisekisa ukuthi sivakashele izikole ezifakwe ohlwini yi-Bechtel kuphela, simkhombisa uhlu lwakhe lwe-Bechtelยน. Uvume lolu hlu ngomusa omubi, ephazanyiswa imibiko eminingi yezindaba yokubhuntsha kohlelo lokulungisa izikole izikhulu ebezinethemba lokuthi luzobalethela udumo oluhle oludingeka kakhulu.
UKUBULALA
Okuncomekayo, i-Bechtel ingenye yezinkampani ezimbalwa ezisebenzise kakhulu osonkontileka bendawo futhi iba nemihlangano njalo ukuze ichaze ukuthi iwuthola kanjani umsebenzi kubo. Futhi iyona efinyeleleka kakhulu kumaphephandaba wamazwe ngamazwe, okuyinkampani kuphela egcina amahhovisi esikhungweni somhlangano sase-Baghdad lapho amasosha ase-US ebamba khona ukuqeqeshwa, imihlangano, kanye nezingqungquthela zabezindaba zomhlaba wangaphandle.
Kodwa-ke, inkampani ayifinyeleleki kuma-Iraqis ajwayelekile. Ukufika emahhovisi e-Bechtelยนs akulula. Kuthatha isigamu sehora ngosuku oluhle ukuhlola umzimba wonke kanye nochungechunge lwezintambo ezihlabayo, izikhwama zesihlabathi, izivimbamgwaqo eziqinile zikakhonkolo, namasosha, aklanyelwe ukuvimbela amabhomu azibulale.
Izivakashi ezifika endaweni engaphansi yesikhungo somhlangano lapho i-Bechtel igcina khona amahhovisi zingase zihlangane noManiram Gurung ngaphandle kwehhovisi lenxusa lase-United States. Umi phambi kwezithombe zikaBush, Cheney, kanye noPowell, uGurung ubuka amasosha aseMelika, izikhulu zikahulumeni wase-Iraqi kanye nosonkontileka bephuthuma emsebenzini wokwakha isizwe.
Esoshayweni saseGurkha esesathatha umhlalaphansi saseKathmandu, eNepal, lo msebenzi wokuqapha ungomunye umsebenzi oyisicefe kodwa okhokha kahle, omvumela ukuba athumele amaRandi angu-1,300 1990 ekhaya emkhayeni wakhe, ingcebo encane ezweni lakubo. Akukona okuningi njengoba ayevame ukukuzuza ngenkathi kufanele athathe umhlalaphansi eButhweni Lezempi LaseBrithani ngo-2,500 ngo-$XNUMX ngenyanga, kodwa kuyasiza ukukhokha izikweletu. Futhi kukhona izinzuzo ezithileรขโฌยนlo msebenzi ngowezinyanga eziyisithupha kuphela kuyilapho eButhweni LaseBrithani ayekwazi ukuya ekhaya kuphela esuka ekujikelezeni kwakhe ezindaweni ezingavamile njengeBrunei ne-Hong Kong kanye njalo eminyakeni emithathu.
Kodwa uGurung akalona ilungu lamabutho omfelandawonyeรขโฌยนibheji lakhe elibomvu limkhomba njengesisebenzi senkampani yonogada ezimele ebizwa nge-Global Risk. Ama-Gurkha angaba ngu-500 nama-Fiji angu-500 akha inqwaba yabasebenzi abahlomile bale nkampani yaseBrithani, futhi njengombutho wezokuvikela we-CPA, babhekana nobungozi kanye nokucasuka njengamasosha. Ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti iGurkha yabulawa ibhomu eBasra. Namuhla bavalelwe ezindlini zabo zamasosha ebusuku, amadoda ayisishiyagalombili endlini yenqola, futhi ukudla kuyisiNgisi ngokuphelele (igama elibi elisho ukudla kwaseNtshonalanga), okunikezwa abapheki abakwa-Kellogg, abakwaBrown & Root abavela eNdiya abamholo wabo oyisisekelo ungamadola amathathu nje kuphela. usuku.
Kungani konke lokhu kuvikeleka? Cishe nsuku zonke isosha laseMelika libulawa ukuphikiswa okufihliwe kodwa okunqunyiwe kwe-Iraqi, futhi emasontweni asanda kwedlula sebeqalile ukukhomba izinkampani ezenza inzuzo kulo msebenzi.
Kuleli hlobo, unjiniyela waseBechtel kanye nonogada abane bahlaselwe isixuku esijikijela iziqephu ezinkulu zikakhonkolo oklebhukile kubaphathi bebhizinisi beSUV ababehamba ngayo, kwaphihliza iningi lamawindi.
Namuhla osomabhizinisi base-U.S. nabaseYurophu bahamba ngokuqapha kulokho osekuphenduke ukuthutha okungekho emthethweni kwabenza inzuzo empini: i-GMC Suburbans entsha ecwebezelayo. Imvamisa izimoto zabo zizungezwe amanye amaSUV amabili agcwele onogada abazimele abahlome ngezibhamu.
Ngenkathi onogada abanjengoGurung benza iholo elincane ngokwezindinganiso zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi, ozakwabo base-Iraqi benza kancane kakhulu. U-Mohammed al-Husany, inhloko yezokuphepha ehlale ijabule e-Palestine Hotelยนs barricade, usitshela ukuthi wenza ama-dollar ayi-100 ngenyanga, anganele ukondla umkakhe nezingane ezimbili. Ngifuna umsebenzi nezinkampani zaseMelika. Nginedigri yesibili yebhande elimnyama likarati futhi ngiyakwazi ukuqhumisa lonke uhlobo lwesikhali. Ama-AK-47, ama-M-16, wonke. Kodwa abangani bami abasebenzela unogada bakwa-Halliburtonยน benza amadola angu-400 ngenyanga futhi onogada baseMelika ngisho nangaphezulu, usithululela isifuba.
Hhayi ukuthi ukuphepha nezithiyo kuvimbele bonke abaphikisi base-Iraq. Ngabe sikubonile ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu ehhotela ngesonto eledlule?, uyabuza. Amarokhethi ahamba imitha elilodwa nje phezu kwekhanda lami, esho elingisa umsindo womcibisholo. Bayidubula enqoleni yezimbongolo. Manje azisekho izilwane ezivunyelwe lapha.
Kodwa njengoba sesikwazile ukunquma, onogada abaningi base-Iraq abavamile ukwenza imali engaphezu kuka-$100 ngenyanga ngamashifu amahlanu angu-12 ngesonto. Abaqashi babo, nokho (futhi kunenqwaba yezinkampani zokuphepha zaseNtshonalanga e-Iraq namuhla), zibulala ngokuthengisa izinsiza zazo. Inkontileka ebonwe yi-Southern Exposure evela ku-Group 4 Falck, inkampani yonogada yaseBrithani, inikeze i-CPA onogada ababili abahlomile amahora angu-24 ngosuku kunoma yisiphi isakhiwo ngo-$6106 ngenyanga, lapho amaholo onogada base-Iraqi eba amaphesenti ayishumi kuphela ezindleko.
UKUZUZA IZIMPI?
Abasebenzi abathathu bakwa-Kellogg, Brown, kanye noRoot (ongaphansi kwe-Halliburton), emi phansi kwezitebhisi esikhungweni somhlangano bexoxa ngekhefu labo letiye, bajabule. U-Khaled Ali uzama kaningi ukubiza igama elithi ukuhalalisela kodwa uyehluleka. Ngokucasuka, aphendukele kimi angibuze ukuthi likhona yini igama elingcono. Ngiphakamisa ukuthi ashaye umngane wakhe emhlane bese ethi: Umsebenzi omuhle! Wenze kahle! Kodwa anikine ikhanda ngamandla. Cha, angikwazi ukusho lokhoรขโฌยนMnu. U-Lewis ungumMelika, umphathi wami. Kufanele ngisho okuthile okunesizotha.
Siqala ukukhuluma. U-Khaled Ali ungunjiniyela ophethe umsebenzi wokwakha esikhungweni somhlangano, uSabah Adel Mostafa ungutolika, kanti u-Daoud Farrod ungumqondisi. UFarrod usekhulile kodwa ababili bokuqala sebevile eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule. Bangabangane futhi bahlala endaweni eyodwa. Njalo ekuseni i-Halliburton ithumela imoto ukuthi izobalanda futhi ibalethe emsebenzini ngo-8 ekuseni futhi ibabuyisele emuva ngo-4 ntambama.
Bayawuthakasela umsebenzi wabo. Umsebenzi wami wokuqala. Bengingakwazi ukufunda isiNgisi sami ngaphambilini. Futhi umholo [uhulumeni wangaphambili] wawungu-$10 nje ngenyanga, kusho uMostafa. U-Ali uthi ngumsebenzi wakhe wokuqala futhi. Futhi nguwe ophethe konke ukwakhiwa lapha, ngiyabuza. Unqekuzisa ikhanda, uyakhazimula uma sithi Halala! I-Mostafa ihola u-$200 ngenyanga, maphakathi nesilinganiso esijwayelekile sokuhola sabasebenzi base-Iraqi base-Halliburtonยน, esisuka ku-$100 siye ku-$300 ngenyanga. Ngokuqhathanisa, onjiniyela baseHouston bangenza imali efinyelela ku-$900 ngosuku.
Uma abasebenzi bendawo behola kancane, umbuzo uthi kwenzakalani ngale mali esele? Kuze kube manje, i-Halliburton yenze ngaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingu-2.2 zamaRandi ngempi yase-Iraq kodwa, ngokungafani ne-Bechtel, iningi lale mali akuyona eyokulungisa ingqalasizinda yase-Iraqยน ecekeleke phansi newohlokayo. Enye i-42% isetshenziselwa ukulwa nemililo kawoyela kanye nokulungisa amapayipi kawoyela, i-48% ingeyokuxhasa izidingo zamasosha ahlezi (njengezindlu nokuthuthwa kwamasosha), kusale i-10% kuphela yokuhlangabezana nezidingo zomphakathi e-Iraq.
Ukwehlukanisa izinombolo kuveza imininingwane eshaqisayo: I-Halliburton isebenzise amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-40 ukuxhasa ukusesha okungaphumelelanga kwezikhali ezicekela phansi abantu abaningi-enele ukusekela imindeni eyi-6,600 e-Iraq unyaka wonke (ngama- $ 500 ngenyanga, inombolo eshiwo ama-Iraqi amaningi njengesidingo izinga lokuphila elihloniphekile).
Ezinye izinombolo ziyamangaza njeรขโฌยนinzuzo yonke ye-Halliburtonยน yekota yesibili ka-2003 yayingu-$26 wezigidi, okuqhathaniseka ngokuphawulekayo nokulahlekelwa kwenkampani kuka-$498 wezigidi ngekota efanayo ka-2002. Iningi lemali engenayo entsha livela ezinkontilekeni zase-Iraq. I-Iraq ibiyisikhuthazo esihle kakhulu enkampanini, umhlaziyi utshele i-Wall Street Journal.
Kalula nje inkontileka eyimpikiswano kakhulu inkampani eyinqobile e-Iraq eyokuthuthwa kukaphethiloli. Ukuthengwa kukaphethiloli kwamanye amazwe kuye kwabonakala kungenye yezinto ezibiza kakhulu emzamweni wokwakha kabusha. Nakuba i-Iraq inezinye zemithombo emikhulu kawoyela emhlabeni, ukukhiqizwa kumile ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwamapayipi, ukwehluleka kwamandla, kanye nengqalasizinda ephelelwe yisikhathi ethintwa iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi nambili yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene.
IMelika ibikhokhela iHalliburton imali elinganiselwa ku-$2.64 ilitha yokungenisa uphethiloli e-Iraq usuka eKuwait, imali engaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kunaleyo ekhokhelwa abanye ngamaloli e-Kuwait fuel, kubonisa imibhalo kahulumeni. Kwezinye izimo uHalliburton useze wakhokhisa uhulumeni imali efinyelela ku-$3.09 ilitha. UWendy Hall, okhulumela iHalliburton, uvikela amacala enkampani ezinkanyezi ngophethiloli. โKuyabiza ukuthenga, umkhumbi, nokuletha uphethiloli esimweni sempi, ikakhulukazi uma ulinganiselwe yinkontileka yesikhashana.
Amanani entengo kaphethiloli i-Halliburton aqala ukutholwa amaDemocrat amabili eCongress, uJohn Dingell waseMichigan kanye noHenry Waxman waseCalifornia. Amadokhumenti abasanda kuwathola ku-Army Corps of Engineers abonisa ukuthi i-Halliburton ithola amasenti angu-26 ngegaloni ngemali engaphezulu nenkokhelo yayo, kodwa lokhu akubandakanyi inzuzo yenkampani, ezonqunywa ekupheleni kwenkontileka futhi ingase ifike ku-9. iphesenti, kuye ngokuhlolwa kwe-Armyยนs kwamasevisi anikeziwe.
"Angikaze ngiyibone into enje empilweni yami," kusho uPhil Verleger, isazi sezomnotho sikawoyela saseCalifornia kanye nomongameli wenkampani yokubonisana u-PK Verleger etshela i-New York Times. โLeyo yi-monopoly premiumรขโฌยนilona kuphela igama lokuyichaza. Yonke inkampani yezokuthutha noma inkampani kawoyela e-United States naseYurophu ingaphuma amathe ukuze ibe nalolo hlobo lwenkontileka.โ
Khonamanjalo, inkampani kawoyela yesifunda sase-Iraq, i-SOMO, ikhokha amasenti angama-96 ilitha ukuletha uphethiloli. Kokubili i-SOMO kanye nosonkontileka ongaphansi we-Halliburton baletha uphethiloli emadepho afanayo e-Iraq futhi bavame ukusebenzisa iziphelezeli zamasosha ezifanayo.
Izindaba ezinhle mayelana nokushajwa ngokweqile kuka-Hallliburtonยน ukuthi lezi zintengo azikadluliswa kubathengi base-Iraqi ngokuqondile. Intengo kaphethiloli odayiswa e-Iraq, ebekwe uhulumeni, ingamasenti amahlanu kuya ku-5 cents ilitha, inani elifanayo nangaphambi kwempi.
Nokho lezi zinombolo ziyinduduzo ebandayo ezakhamuzini eziningi zaseBaghdad, ngoba kukhona uphethiloli omncane kakhulu otholakalayo othengiswayo. Umuntu kufanele achithe okungenani amahora amane ukuthenga igesi empompini futhi ngokuvamile isikhathi eside kakhulu.
Izindaba ezimbi kubantu base-Iraqi ukuthi imali yenkontileka yegesi kaHalliburton ivele ngokuyinhloko ohlelweni lukawoyela wokudla lweNhlangano Yezizwe (manje olubizwa ngokuthi i-Iraq Development Fund), imali okufanele isetshenziselwe ukudla kanye nezidingo eziyisisekelo zabantu base-Iraq. esikhundleni sokukhokhelwa i-Halliburton ngokuthengwa kukawoyela obizayo kwamanye amazwe, nakuba ezinye zezindleko zithwalwe ngabakhokhi bentela baseMelika.
Ukucwaninga kwangaphakathi kwePentagon kuqinisekisile ukukhokhiswa ngokweqile, okubonisa ukuthi iHalliburton ikhokhise uhulumeni enye imali eyizigidi ezingama-61 zamaRandi ngophethiloli (waphinde wazama ukukhokhisa ngaphezulu ngamaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-67 ngezinsiza zokudlela zamasosha).
Lapho sibuya ezingxoxweni zethu, sidlula omunye futhi ulayini kaphethiloli: uhamba uzungeza ibhulokhi uze uwele ibhuloho phezu komfula. Sinquma ukuxoxa namadoda alindile kulayini. Ngokushesha sizungezwe abantu abathukuthele.
Sasiyizwe elicebile, manje ingcebo yethu intshontshiwe ngabaseMelika, kusho omunye. Ngaphansi kweSaddam kwakungadingeki ukuthi silinde emgqeni we-benzene [igama lendawo elisho igesi noma uphethiloli], manje kufanele sichithe uhhafu wosuku futhi ngezinye izikhathi ziyaphela, kusho omunye. Ithiyori ethandwayo ithi abantu baseMelika baphinde bathengisela amanye amazwe uphethiloli wezinga eliphezulu wase-Iraqi noma bazigcinele wona. Basithengisa uwoyela waseTurkey noma waseKuwaiti noma waseSaudi. Lokhu kubi ezinjinini zethu futhi kudala ukungcola okwengeziwe. Umfanyana oyedwa ungenela umbango: uGeorge Bush Ali Baba, uGeorge Bush Ali Baba. (U-Ali Baba igama lendawo elidumile elisho isela, eladuma ngamasosha ase-U.S. ukuze libhekisele kubaphangi. Manje, ngokwe-New York Times, ama-Iraqi asebenzisa leli gama ukuze abhekisele kumabutho okuhlasela.)
Ukude nje nebhulokhi likaphethiloli, ungathenga uphethiloli wemakethe emnyama ngedola elilodwa ngegaloni izikhathi eziyishumi ngaphezu kwephampu. Sinquma ukuthenga kubadayisi abamnyama, bese sibuza indoda ukuthi kungani ikhetha ukuthengisa imali ngenani eliphakeme kangaka. Lalela, bengiwunjiniyela kagesi. Manje anginawo umsebenzi. Ubani ozokondla umkami nezingane ezintathu? uyabuza.
Njengoba sisuka endaweni sihlangana nenye futhi i-patrol yezempi, ebukeka njengefilimu ehlelwe ifilimu yempi yaseVietnam etshalwe ekhulwini lama-21. Ama-Humvees amathathu anamasosha ambozwe kusukela ekhanda kuye ozwaneni afihle kanye nemaski obuso agcwele, ngalinye libheke indlela ehlukile, akhasa emgwaqeni ngemuva kwethangi. Laba bafana baneminwe ku-trigger; ungacishe ubabone beklolodela.
Nokho naphezu kwakho konke lokhu kuvikeleka kwangasese kanye namashumi ezinkulungwane zamasosha, impilo yabantu base-Iraqi abavamile ngokungangabazeki iba yimbi kakhulu: amabhulokhi amabili ukusuka ehhotela lethu, indoda yadutshulwa ekhanda yalala yopha. Obedlula ngendlela wamthola wamyisa esiteshini samaphoyisa, kodwa amaphoyisa enqaba ukuphenya.
Kwenzekeni e-Iraq? Sisesimweni sesiphithiphithi, lokhu kuwukuwohloka ngokuphelele kwempucuko yethu. Ngolunye usuku ngabizwa ukuba ngiyogxivizwa i-passport yami ngabaphathi bomsebenzi. Mina, isakhamuzi sase-Iraqi, kufanele ngiqinisekise ubukhona bami yilaba bantu baseMelika. Futhi kufanele ngifumbathise indoda ukuze ithole inhlolokhono. Lapho ngitshela abantu baseMelika ukuthi kufanele ngikhokhe imali yokufumbathisa, bangitshela ukuthi kwakungafanele ngikhokhe ngase ngithi: Hhayi-ke, uma umkhokhele iholo elihloniphekile, mhlawumbe ngeke kudingeke ukuthi acele ukufumbathiswa. Kodwa cha, bakhokhela abantu ngendlela efanayo neyangaphansi kukaSaddam.
I-PROPAGANDA YABANTU
Igqoke i-regulation camouflage khakis, i-G.I. kusukela ku-First Armored Battalion ibibangela isiminyaminya esincane ngokunikeza amaphephandaba phakathi kwethrafikhi e-Sahar Antar (i-Sahar isho indawo ezungezayo) endaweni yase-Al Adamiyah. Amasosha akanye naye abukele eqaphile eqhamuka ku-Humvee noBradley ababemi eceleni, ukuze nje noma ubani anqume ukuthwebula uzakwabo.
Sakhamisa lapho sivula ikhophi yethu ye-Baghdad Now, iphephandaba lezilimi ezimbili elikhishwe amasosha. Izihloko ezimbili zezindaba zifundeka ngokuthi i-Operation Iron Hammer Nets Terrorists kanye ne-Iraqi-American Friendship ekhulayo. U-Pratap waba ne-flashback ku-Cold War propaganda e-India eminyakeni engu-20 edlule (Ubungane baseSoviet-Indian buyanda). Ngokufanayo, isihloko sekhasi lesihlanu ngomkhosi wokusika iribhoni ekunikezelweni kwesakhiwo sonjiniyela esivuselelwe sasikhumbuza izihloko zokugcwalisa umuntu angase azibone emaphephandabeni avela endaweni eyayiyiSoviet Union.
Esembozweni sangaphambili kwakukhona isithombe sesosha lase-Iraqi Civil Defence Corps (ICDC) liphethe i-M-16 futhi libukeka liyingozi ngangokunokwenzeka. Isiqephu sendatshana sekhasi lesithupha esinesihloko esithi New Defenders yase-Iraq siqalisiwe, Ngaphezu kwebutho elisha lezwe elizokwakhiwa ukuze livikele imingcele yase-Iraqยนs ngemuva kweSaddam esetshenziwe, i-ICDC idalelwe ukusiza ekwenzeni umsebenzi wobuphoyisa amadolobha esizwe. Akukho okushiwo ngamaholo ampofu lapha, nakuba abangaphezu kwengxenye yabasanda kungena ebuthweni lase-Iraq sebeyekile ngenxa yeholo elincane.
Kubhala uColonel Brad May we-2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment, i-Iraq ingeyabantu base-Iraq. Nsuku zonke ngibona izimpawu ezengeziwe zokuthi le nkulumo iyiqiniso. Abantu base-Iraq basendleleni eya ekuholeni izwe labo esikhathini esizayo: izingane zihamba ngezinyawo ziya esikoleni, amabhasi agcwele umgwaqo ethwele abantu lapho beya khona, futhi abathengisi basemgwaqweni baqhudelana bodwa ngebhizinisi lakho.
Sikhombisa leli phepha kuDkt. Aziz, ophethe ibhizinisi elincane lokunyathelisa ngaphandle nje kwehhotela i-Sheraton e-Baghdad. Ayibuke ahleke. Uchaza ukuthi uhulumeni waseMelika kufanele ayeke ukutshela abantu base-Iraq ukuthi banenhlanhla kangakanani futhi aqale ukulungisa izinkinga, kungenjalo ngisho nabasekeli babo bazoqala ukubhikisha. Ngicela utshele abafundi bakho ukuthi singabantu abaphucuzekile futhi ngeke sisakwazi ukukubekezelela lokhu.โ
UPratap Chatterjee uphethe umhleli we-Corpwatch (www.corpwatch.org) e-Oakland, California, futhi u-Herbert Docena usebenzela i-Focus on the Global South (www.focusweb.org) kanye ne-Iraq International Occupation Watch Center. Lesi siqeshana senzeka ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokwesekwa yi-Fund for Investigative Journalism, Fund for Constitutional Government, kanye neBob Hall Investigative Action Fund.
(Le ndatshana yashicilelwa okokuqala kumagazini we-Southern Exposure's Winter 2003-2004.)
ยฉ Southern Exposure, 2003-2004
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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