Abezindaba bathi e-North Korea uzama ukuthola nokusebenzisa izikhali ezibhubhisayo. Nokho i I-united states, elimelene nalelisu, lisebenzise noma lasongela ukusebenzisa izikhali ezinjalo enyakatho-mpumalanga Asia kusukela ngawo-1940, lapho iwisa amabhomu e-athomu Japan.
IMPI ekhohliwe - impi yaseKorea ka-1950-53 - ingase ibizwe kangcono ngempi engaziwa. Obekungenakucimeka ngakho kwaba ukucekela phansi okumangalisayo kwemikhankaso yomoya ye-United States ngokumelene neNyakatho Korea, kusukela ekusetshenzisweni okubanzi nokuqhubekayo kokuqhuma kwamabhomu (ikakhulukazi nge-napalm), kuya ezinsongweni zokusebenzisa izikhali zenuzi namakhemikhali (1), kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezikhali. amadamu amakhulu aseNyakatho Korea ezigabeni zokugcina zempi. Nokho lesi siqephu asaziwa kakhulu ngisho nakubomlando, ingasaphathwa eyisakhamuzi esivamile, futhi asikaze sikhulunywe phakathi neminyaka eyishumi edlule yokuhlaziywa kwabezindaba ngenkinga yenuzi yaseNyakatho Korea.
I-Korea nayo kucatshangwa ukuthi yayiyimpi elinganiselwe, kodwa ukushushiswa kwayo kwakufana kakhulu nempi yomoya ngokumelene ne-Imperial Japan empini yezwe yesibili, futhi yayivame ukuqondisa abaholi bezempi base-US abafanayo. Ukuhlaselwa kwe-athomu e-Hiroshima naseNagasaki kuhlolisiswe ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene, nokho ukuhlasela komoya okushisayo ngokumelene namadolobha aseJapan naseKorea akutholanga ukunakwa okuncane kakhulu. Amandla omoya we-post-Korean air air kanye neqhinga lenuzi enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asia akuqondakali kahle; nokho lezi zilolonge ngokuphawulekayo ukukhetha kweNyakatho Korea futhi zihlala ziyisici esibalulekile esu layo lezokuphepha kazwelonke.
I-Napalm yasungulwa ekupheleni kwempi yezwe yesibili. Kwaba yinkinga enkulu phakathi nempi yaseVietnam, yagqama ngezithombe ezinyantisayo zezakhamuzi ezilimele. Nokho i-napalm eningi kakhulu yehliswa e-Korea futhi yaba nomphumela omubi kakhulu, njengoba iDemocratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) yayinamadolobha amaningi anabantu abaningi kanye nokufakwa kwezimboni zasemadolobheni kuneNyakatho yeVietnam. Ngo-2003 ngabamba iqhaza engqungqutheleni namakadebona ase-US empini yaseKorea. Phakathi nengxoxo nge-napalm, owasinda owalahlekelwa iso empini yaseChangjin (ngesiJapane, i-Chosin) wathi kwakuyisikhali esibi ngempela - kodwa 'sawela kubantu abalungile.' (Ah yebo, 'abantu abalungile' - ukudubula okunobungane emasosheni ayishumi nambili ase-US.) Waqhubeka: 'Amadoda ayengizungezile ashiswa. Balala beginqika eqhweni. Amadoda engangiwazi, ayemasha futhi elwa nawo angincenga ukuba ngiwadubule . . . Kwakubi kakhulu. Lapho i-napalm yayishise khona isikhumba, sasicwecwa ebusweni, ezingalweni, emilenzeni. . . njengama-chips amazambane athosiwe.' (2)
Ngokushesha ngemva kwaleso sigameko, uGeorge Barrett we-New York Times wayethole 'incwadi yokuhlonipha impi yesimanje' edolobhaneni eliseduze kwase-Anyang, eNingizimu Korea: 'Izakhamuzi kulo lonke leli dolobhana nasemasimini zabanjwa zabulawa futhi. bagcina ukuma ababekubambe ngesikhathi kushaywa i-napalm - owesilisa esezogibela ibhayisekili lakhe, abafana namantombazane abangu-50 bedlala ekhaya lezintandane, umama wekhaya ongaziwa ngendlela exakile, ephethe ngesandla ikhasi elidatshulwe kukhathalogi ye-Sears-Roebuck ekrayoniwe ku-Mail. I-oda elingu-3,811,294 nge-$2.98 'ijakhethi yombhede ethakazelayo - i-coral'.' UNobhala Wezwe wase-US u-Dean Acheson wayefuna iziphathimandla zokucwaninga zaziswe ngalolu hlobo 'lombiko ovusa inkanuko,' ukuze lumiswe. (3)
Omunye wemiyalo yokuqala yokushiswa kwamadolobha namadolobhana engawuthola endaweni yokugcina umlando wawukude eningizimu-mpumalanga yeKorea, phakathi nempi enzima ngasePusan โโPerimeter ngo-August 1950, lapho amasosha ase-United States ehlukunyezwa izinkulungwane zabashokobezi ezindaweni ezingemuva. Ngomhla ziyisi-6 Agasti isikhulu sase-US sacela 'ukuba amadolobha alandelayo abhujiswe' umbutho wezomoya: iChongsong, iChinbo neKusu-dong. Kuphinde kwabizelwa amabhomu e-B-29 ukuze aqhunyiswe ngamabhomu ngobuchule. Ngomhla ziyi-16 ku-Agasti amaqembu amahlanu e-B-29s ashaya indawo engunxande eduze nangaphambili, namadolobhana amaningi nemizana, edala ulwandle lomlilo ngamakhulu amathani e-napalm. Kwaphuma olunye ucingo ngomhla zingama-20 kuNcwaba. Ngomhla zingama-26 kuNcwaba ngithole kulo mthombo umbhalo owodwa: 'kuxoshwe amadolobhana ayi-11.' (4) Abashayeli bezindiza batshelwa ukuthi baqhumise izinhloso ababengazibona ukuze bagweme ukushaya izakhamuzi, kodwa babevame ukuqhumisa izikhungo ezinkulu nge-radar, noma balahle inani elikhulu le-napalm ezindaweni ezihlosiwe zesibili lapho eyokuqala ingatholakali.
Esitelekeni esikhulu edolobheni lezimboni lase-Hungnam ngomhla zingama-31 kuJulayi 1950, amathani angama-500 e-ordnance alethwa ngamafu nge-radar; amalangabi aphakama ngamamitha angu-200-300 emoyeni. Amasosha asemoyeni awisa amathani angama-625 amabhomu phezu kweNyakatho Korea ngomhlaka-12 Agasti, umthamo owawuzodinga umkhumbi wama-250 B-17s empini yezwe yesibili. Ekupheleni kuka-Agasti ukwakheka kwe-B-29 kwase kwehla amathani angama-800 ngosuku eNyakatho. (5) Okuningi kwakho kwakuyinapalm ehlanzekile. Kusukela ngoJuni kuya ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba 1950, i-B-29s yehlisa amalitha angu-866,914 e-napalm.
Imithombo yamasosha asemoyeni yasijabulela lesi sikhali esisha uma kuqhathaniswa, incokola ngemibhikisho yamakhomanisi futhi idukisa abezindaba 'ngokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu okunembayo.' Baphinde bathanda ukuveza ukuthi izakhamuzi zazixwayiswa ngamapheshana mayelana namabhomu azayo, nakuba bonke abashayeli bezindiza babazi ukuthi lezi azisebenzi. (6) Lesi kwakuyisandulela sokuqothulwa kwamadolobha namadolobha amaningi aseNyakatho Korea ngemva kokuba iChina ingene empini.
I-China ijoyina impi
Ukungena kwamaShayina kubangele ukwanda ngokushesha komkhankaso womoya. Kusukela ngo-November 1950, uJenene Douglas MacArthur wayala ukuba kudalwe indawo eyize phakathi kwendawo yokulwa nomngcele waseShayina, kucekelwe emoyeni konke 'okufakwayo, imboni, idolobha, nedolobhana' endaweni eyizinkulungwane zamakhilomitha-skwele endaweni yaseNyakatho Korea. Njengoba isazi saseBrithani esinamathiselwe endlunkulu kaMacArthur saphawula, ngaphandle kwaseNajin eduze nomngcele waseSoviet kanye namadamu aseYalu (womabili asinda ukuze angacasuli iMoscow noma iBeijing), imiyalo kaMacArthur โkwakuwukucekela phansi zonke izindlela zokuxhumana nakho konke ukufakwa, kanye nezimboni namadolobha nemizana. Lokhu kucekelwa phansi kuzoqala emngceleni weManchurian futhi kuqhubekele eningizimu.' Ngo-8 November 1950, i-79 B-29s yehlisa amathani angu-550 e-incendiary eSinuiju, 'yayisusa ebalazweni.' Ngemva kwesonto uHoeryong wanqunywa ikhanda ukuze 'ashise indawo.' Ngomhla zingama-25 kuLwezi 'ingxenye enkulu [ye]ndawo yaseNyakatho Ntshonalanga phakathi koMfula i-Yalu naseningizimu kuya kolayini besitha isuke ishisa kakhulu'; maduzane le ndawo yayizoba 'ihlane lomhlabathi ohangukile.' (7)
Lokhu kwenzeke ngaphambi kokuhlasela okukhulu kweSino-Korea okwasusa iNorth Korea amabutho eNhlangano Yezizwe. Lapho lokho kuqala, ibutho lasemoyeni laseMelika lashaya iPyongyang ngamabhomu angu-700 500-pound ngo-14-15 December; i-napalm yehla kumasosha e-Mustang, namathani angu-175 amabhomu okubhidliza i-fuse abambezelekile, awela phansi abese eqhuma lapho abantu bezama ukukhipha abashonile emlilweni we-napalm.
Ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari uGeneral Matthew Ridgway waphinde wayala umbutho wezomoya ukuba ushaye inhloko-dolobha, iPyongyang, 'ngomgomo wokushisa idolobha ngamabhomu avuthayo' (lokhu kwenzeka ezitelekeni ezimbili ngomhlaka-3 no-5 Januwari). Njengoba abantu baseMelika behlehla ngaphansi kwe-38th parallel, inqubomgomo yomhlaba oshisiwe yokushiswa kwaqhubeka, ukushisa i-Uijongbu, i-Wonju namanye amadolobha amancane aseNingizimu njengoba isitha sisondela. (8)
Amasosha asemoyeni nawo azama ukucekela phansi ubuholi baseNyakatho Korea. Ngesikhathi sempi yase-Iraq ngo-2003 umhlaba wafunda nge-MOAB, 'Umama Wawo Wonke Amabhomu,' enesisindo esingamaphawundi angama-21,500 ngamandla aqhumayo angamaphawundi ayi-18,000 e-TNT. I-Newsweek yabeka leli bhomu esembozweni sayo, ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi 'Kungani IMelika Ithusa Umhlaba.' (9) Ebusika obunzima bango-1950-51 uKim Il Sung kanye nabasekeli bakhe abaseduze babebuyile lapho baqala khona ngeminyaka yawo-1930s, bevaleleke emigodini ejulile eKanggye, eduze nomngcele waseManchurian. Ngemva kokuhluleka ukubathola izinyanga ezintathu ngemva kokufika kwe-Inch'on (ukwehluleka kwezobunhloli okwaholela ekuqhunyisweni kwebhomu kukhaphethi umzila omdala ongenela iSino-Korean ongenela enyakatho usuka ePyongyang uya emngceleni, kucatshangwa ukuthi uzobalekela eChina), I-B-29s iwise amabhomu e-Tarzan e-Kanggye. Lawa bekungamabhomu amakhulu angama-12,000-pound angakaze asetshenziswe ngaphambili - kodwa iziqhumane zomlilo eziqhathaniswa nezikhali zokugcina, amabhomu e-athomu.
Igalelo elivimbayo
Ngo-9 July 1950 - amasonto amabili nje empini, kufanelekile ukukhumbula - u-MacArthur wathumela u-Ridgway umlayezo oshisayo owashukumisela abaphathi bezisebenzi ezihlangene (JCS) 'ukuba bacabangele ukuthi amabhomu e-A kufanele atholakale ku-MacArthur noma cha.' Umphathi wezokusebenza, uJenene Charles Bolte, wacelwa ukuba akhulume neMacArthur mayelana nokusebenzisa amabhomu e-athomu 'ekusekeleni okuqondile [kokulwa] komhlabathi.' UBolte wacabanga ukuthi amabhomu anjalo ayi-10-20 angasindiswa eKorea ngaphandle kokufaka engcupheni amandla empi yomhlaba wonke yase-US.
UBoite uthole kuMacArthur isiphakamiso sakuqala sokusetshenziswa kwezikhali ze-athomu ngobuhlakani kanye nenkomba yezifiso zikaMacArthur ezimangalisayo zempi, ezihlanganisa ukuthatha indawo yaseNyakatho kanye nokusingatha ukungenelela okungenzeka kwamaShayina - noma amaSoviet -: 'Ngizobanqamula eNyakatho Korea . . . Ngibona ngeso lengqondo i-cul-de-sac. Okuwukuphela kwamaphaseji asuka eManchuria naseVladivostok anemigudu namabhuloho amaningi. Ngibona lapha ukusetshenziswa okuyingqayizivele kwebhomu le-athomu - ukushaya isibhamu - okungadinga umsebenzi wokulungisa wezinyanga eziyisithupha. Gcoba amandla ami e-B-29.'
Nokho, kuleli qophelo, i-JCS yenqabe ukusetshenziswa kwebhomu ngoba izinhloso ezinkulu ngokwanele zokudinga izikhali ze-athomu zazintula; ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngombono wezwe eminyakeni emihlanu ngemva kweHiroshima; futhi ngenxa yokuthi i-JCS yayilindele ukuthi igagasi lempi lihlehliswe ngezindlela zezempi ezivamile. Kodwa leso sibalo sashintsha lapho inani elikhulu lamasosha aseShayina lingena empini ngo-October nango-November 1950.
Engqungqutheleni yezindaba edumile yangomhla zingama-30 kuNovemba uMongameli uHarry Truman wasabisa ngokusetshenziswa kwebhomu le-athomu, ethi i-US ingase isebenzise noma yisiphi isikhali endaweni yayo yezikhali. (10) Usongo kwakungeyona into engelona iqiniso abaningi ababecabanga ukuthi luyiyo, kodwa lwalusekelwe ekuhleleni izimo eziphuthumayo ukusebenzisa ibhomu.
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