Imizamo yezinhlangano zama-diasporic Hindu nationalist e-United States yokungenelela ekubuyekezeni izingxenye ze-India, umlando wamaNdiya, kanye nobuHindu ezincwadini zokufunda zebanga lesi-6 ezikoleni zaseCalifornia State iyaphazamisa. Ngomhla zi-2 kuZibandlela wezi-2005, iKhomishana yoHlelo lweziFundo, indikimba eyelulekayo yeBhodi Yezemfundo Yesifunda saseCalifornia yamukela izibuyekezo eziyi-131 kwezingu-153 ezihlongozwe yiHindu Education Foundation (HEF) kanye neVedic Foundation (VF), amaqembu amabili axhumene neHindutva, umshisekeli wesizwe samaHindu. umbono. Ukuhlelwa okunikezwa yilawa maqembu kwamukelwe phakathi kokuncenga okukhulu kanye nokuhlanekezela amaqiniso kokuthi imibono yawo imele eyawo 'WONKE AMAHINDU' asemazweni angaphandle. Lokhu kufakazela amandla nezinsiza zobuzwe bamaHindu amabanga amade, namandla abo okuhlela e-United States.
Izinguquko eziphakanyiswe yi-HEF, VF, kanye ne-Ad Hoc Committee, ngesisekelo sezincomo ezenziwe nguSolwazi Shiva Bajpai, naye oxhumene ne-World Association for Vedic Studies, inhlangano yobuzwe bamaHindu, zigomela umlando wobuzwe kanye nenganekwane waseNdiya. ngokuthi 'iqiniso lezenhlalo'. Ngokuphambene nezifundo ezihlonishwayo, lezi zibuyekezo ziphikisa ukufuduka kwama-Aryans, okuhlotshaniswa nezazi-mlando nokuvela kobuHindu, kusukela e-Asia Emaphakathi kuya eNdiya. Lezi zibuyekezo zibeka ubuHindu njengobomdabu eNdiya futhi zihambisana nemvelaphi yabo, zenza imilando yama-adivasis ithule (izizwe, abantu bokuqala) kanye nokunqotshwa kwabo amaHindu. Ekhasini 238, Ikomidi Lesikhashana lihlongoze, futhi IKhomishana YeziFundo yemukela, ukuthi umbhalo wamanje, 'Ama-Aryan enza uhlelo lwezigabaรขโฌยฆ', esikhundleni salo: 'Ngezikhathi zamaVeda, abantu babehlukaniswa ngamaqembu ahlukene omphakathi (varnas ) ngokusekelwe emandleni abo okwenza umsebenzi othile.' Ukuxoxa ngalezi zindaba kuhlukanisa uhlelo lwezigaba kubuHindu, futhi kwehlisela phansi futhi kuthuntubeze isakhiwo esicindezelayo nepolitiki okwasungulwa ngayo uhlelo lwezigaba. Yethula isistimu ye-caste njengohlelo lwe-fluid, olungavinjelwe amadlozi. Ekhasini lama-245, Ikomidi Lesikhashana laphakamisa, futhi IKhomishana Yohlelo Lwezifundo yemukela, ukuthi umbhalo wamanje, 'Abesilisa babenamalungelo amaningi kunabesifazane', esikhundleni salokho: 'Abesilisa babenemisebenzi ehlukene (i-dharma) kanye namalungelo kunabesifazane. Abesifazane abaningi babephakathi kwezazi okwambulelwa amaVeda.' Ukungalingani kwamalungelo abantu besifazane kusemthethweni futhi kukhulunywe ngokuthi 'amalungelo ahlukene', ukungabonakali indima yabesifazane engaphansi komphakathi wezinzalamizi, kanye namaVedas abekwe njengezimfundiso 'ezambuliwe'. Lezi zibuyekezo zigqamisa inzondo nokucwasa kuka-Hindutva, futhi zigomela ukugqolozela amandla afakazela ukubusa kwamaHindu nobuzwe bamasiko. Umlando wabo wenza ubuHindu bufane, bukholelwe kuNkulunkulu oyedwa, bube yi-monolithic, buchitha ukuchithwa kwabesifazane, ama-dalits, adivasis, kanye nezinkolo ezincane ngaphansi kwamakhulu eminyaka okuphakama kwamaHindu kulokho namuhla okuyiNdiya, ngakho-ke imizabalazo yabo eqhubekayo yobulungisa nokuzibusa. Yimuphi umlayezo esiwuthumelela izingane?
Izikhundla ezithathwe yi-HEF kanye ne-VF zenziwe ngamabomu, futhi zihambisana nemizamo yamaqembu amaHindutva yokubhala kabusha umlando eNdiya, lapho imikhankaso yemfundo yamahlelo eyenziwa amaqembu amaHindu eyeqisayo ifaka amademoni abantu abambalwa ngokufundiswa kwezifundo eziyisisekelo. Uphiko lwamaHindu olungakwesokudla lusungule inethiwekhi yezemfundo yabantu basemakhaya nabancishwe amalungelo e-India, yakhela phezu kwegunya eliqinisekisa ukubaluleka 'kombono womhlaba wamaHindu' kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwesifunda samaHindu. Ukonakala okunjalo kwemfundo kubhebhezela imililo yezombangazwe nezenhlalo, kuhlakulele isiko lenzondo ngabantu abangewona amaHindu nalabo abenqabayo ukuzithoba ngaphansi kobushiqela bukaHindutva. Izinhlangano zamaHindu zobuzwe, njenge-Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), zihole le nhlangano e-India, zangena ngempumelelo ezinhlelweni zemfundo kanye namakhomishana okulawula amaphakathi. I-RSS yenze isambulela sesikhungo esibe nomthelela omubi kwezemfundo ezingeni lendawo. Idalwe yi-RSS ngo-1977, inethiwekhi ye-Vidya Bharati Akhil Bharatiya Shiksha Sansthan igxile emfundweni yokuziphatha, yangaphandle kwesikole kanye neyomzimba 'yengqondo, umzimba, nomoya'. Uhlelo lwe-Vidya Bharati luqondisa izikole ezingaphezu kuka-18,000 e-India, ngohlelo lwezifundo olwabiwe ezweni lonke. I-RSS isungule inethiwekhi yezikole, njengeVanvasi Kalyan Parishads, Vivekananda Kendras, Sewa Bharatis, Ekal Vidyalayas, ukuthuthukisa i-ajenda yemibono yobuzwe bamaHindu. Ku-adivasis (okubhekiselwa kuyo ngokweyisa abantu bobuzwe bamaHindu ngokuthi 'vanavasis' noma 'abahlali basehlathini') kanye nama-dalits (okwakudala 'okungathinteki'), leli qiniso eliqhubekayo lobuHindu liphoqa ukufakwa kwawo okuphoqelekile kubu-Brahmanical Hinduism. Abashisekeli bobuzwe bamaHindu basebenzise amanethiwekhi okufundisa njengezindlela zokuthola nokuhlanganisa abesifazane, ama-adivasis, nama-dalits emikhankasweni yokulwa nezinkolo ezincane. Ukubamba iqhaza kwabesifazane bamaHindu, i-adivasi, kanye nemiphakathi yama-dalit ekuqothulweni kohlanga kwamaSulumane e-Gujarat ngo-2002 kuyisibonelo saleli phethini.
Ngemva kokungena kwe-Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) esikhundleni sokubusa kulesi sikhungo ngo-1998, othisha bobuzwe bamaHindu bangeniswa kuMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezemfundo Nokuqeqeshwa Kokucwaninga (NCERT), uhlaka lukazwelonke lokuthuthukiswa kwekharikhulamu nokubuyekeza, ukuze benze izinguquko kuhlelo lwezifundo zesikole. Ngokuhlulwa kwe-BJP esikhungweni ngo-2004, izinqubo zokuhlehlisa lezi zinguquko sezifakiwe. UMnyango Wezwe Wase-United States, embikweni wawo we-International Religious Freedom ka-2002, 2003, no-2004, wathi imizamo yokwenza imfundo yobuHindu ibeka engcupheni inkululeko engokwenkolo eNdiya. Manje kubonakala sengathi leli qhinga elifanayo liyazenza eCalifornia.
Ikharikhulamu yobuzwe yamaHindu akumele izenze 'imfundo ejwayelekile' e-California. I-California State Board of Education kufanele iqaphele ukuthi i-VF ne-HEF nabasekeli bayo baxhumene eduze nezinhlangano zobuzwe zamaHindu. I-HEF, abaxhumanisi kanye nabeluleki bayo, isibonelo, ihlanganisa amalungu e-Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS, uzakwabo wase-US we-RSS) kanye ne-Vishwa Hindu Parishad of America (VHP-A), enye inhlangano ebalulekile ye-Hindutva. I-Hindu American Foundation isabise ngokuthatha izinyathelo zomthetho ngokumelene neBhodi Lezemfundo laseCalifornia mayelana nezinguquko zezincwadi zokufunda. Umongameli wayo, uDkt. Mihir Meghani, ubeyilungu lakho kokubili i-HSS ne-VHP-A.
Abashisekeli bezwe abangamaHindu e-US bebebhekise koSolwazi Michael Witzel (Harvard University), uJames Heitzman (UC, Davis), kanye noStanley Wolpert (UCLA). Lezi zazi zibuyekeze ukuhlelwa okuphakanyiswe abashisekeli bobuzwe bamaHindu futhi baphakamisa izinguquko ezinomthwalo wemfanelo ezisekelwe emilandweni ethembekile. UMnu. Gaurang Desai we-HSS wafanisa kabi uSolwazi Witzel noHitler ekukhulumeni neKhomishana Yohlelo Lwezifundo. Lokhu ukugxeka okuxakayo uma u-Hindutva ethi uncoma uHitler kanye neqembu lamaNazi, njengoba uMadhav Sadashiv Golwalkar, ungqondongqondo wakuqala we-RSS, owavezwa ngo-1938, kwethi 'We or Our Nation Defined': รขโฌหIJalimane yashaqisa umhlaba ngokuhlanza izwe. wezinhlanga zamaSemite - amaJuda. Ukuziqhenya ngobuzwe ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu kubonakala lapha.รขโฌโข Waqhubeka: รขโฌหAbantu abangewona amaHindu e-Hindustan [izwe lamaHindu] .... ingase ihlale ezweni ingaphansi kwesizwe samaHindu ngokuphelele ingafuni lutho, ingawafanele amalungelo, incane kakhulu noma ikuphi ukuphathwa okukhethekile, ngisho namalungelo ezakhamiziโ Ngemva kokuqokwa njengoNgqongqoshe Oyinhloko waseGujarat ngo-Okthoba 2001, uMnu. Narendra Modi wahlanganisa izimfundiso zeHindutva. ekubuseni kwakhe eGujarat. Ngokwe-athikili ye-Times of India, enesihloko esithi, 'E-Modi's Gujarat, uHitler uyiqhawe lezincwadi zokufunda', imibhalo yesikole sebanga leshumi: 'iveza isithombe esingagxeki ngendlela esabekayo yobuFascism nobuNazi. Ukuziqhenya okuqinile kwezwe okudalwe zombili lezi zimo, ukusebenza kahle kwehhovisi kanye nokuphatha kanye nezinye "impumelelo" kunemininingwane, kodwa ukuqothulwa kwamaJuda kanye nonya olubhekiswe kwizinyunyana zabasebenzi, izisebenzi ezifudukayo, nanoma yisiphi isigaba sabantu esingazange singene UMussolini noma incazelo kaHitler yesakhamuzi esifanelekile ayikutholi kukhulunywa ngayo.'
Imeyili enenzondo eqondiswe kuSolwazi Witzel imsole ngokuba 'nobandlululo'. Lesi isibonelo esinyanyekayo sokunyundela, futhi, egameni lesimiso sokuziphatha esiphakeme, kwenza inhlekisa ukungathi sรญna kobandlululo. Izazi ezihlonishwayo nezineziqu ezifana noSolwazi Witzel nabanye abake basebenza kuphaneli yokubuyekeza kumele bahlulelwe ngokufaneleka komfundaze wabo. Esikhundleni salokho, abashisekeli bobuzwe bamaHindu, njengoMnu. Desai kanye noDkt. Yvette Rosser, ababiza ngokungananazi ngoSolwazi Witzel ngokuthi 'uprofesa waseHarvard University' (India-West), bakha izinsolo ezinenhlamba nezihlambalazayo ukuze badicilele phansi isithunzi sabantu, kunokuba bahlanganyele nabo. ubuqotho izimpikiswano eziphakanyiswa yilabo ababaphikisayo.
Izindaba zokucwasa ngokwebala kanye ne-ethnocentrism imiphakathi ye-diasporic ebhekene nazo e-United States zikhathaza kakhulu futhi zisishukumisela ukuba sifune izinguquko zezifundo, ngethemba lokuthi ikharikhulamu enenhlonipho izoqhubekisela phambili lula umphakathi wamasiko amaningi. Ekuphakamiseni izinguquko zekharikhulamu, kufanele nokho sehlukanise phakathi kokuziqhenya ngokwezwe ofisa ukubeka phambili umlando ofanayo nokhazimulayo kanye nokufundiswa komlando, okuhlose ukwethula ubunzima obungaphakathi. Inganekwane njengomlando ayizuzisi ama-Indian-American kanye nabanye abafundi besikole baseCalifornia, okumele ukusebenzelana kwabo nesikhathi esedlule kumele kube lula ukubuza imibuzo ejulile yokuthi izinto zenzeka kanjani, ukuthi yini eyakha ulwazi, ukuthi ulwazi luphikiswana kanjani, ukuze ukufunda umlando wazisa umsebenzi wokuba yisakhamuzi.
(Umbhali ungumdidiyeli wosolwazi weSocial and Cultural Anthropology e-California Institute of Integral Studies e-San Francisco, California.)
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