INorth Korea iphezulu ohlwini lwabaphathi bakaBush 'lwezifundazwe zamaphekula'. Inkulumo kaJanuwari 2002 ethi 'I-Axis of Evil' kanye nokuzibophezela kukaJuni 2002 empini ye-preemptive kwakuyizimpawu eziqinile ukusuka eWashington kuya ePyongyang. Isitatimende esisemthethweni sesu likamongameli esethulwe kuKhongolose ngoSepthemba 2002 sibhekise kuphela 'ezizweni ezimbili ezikhohlakele', okusho ukuthi izifundazwe ezihlukumeza abantu bazo, zingawunaki umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ezilwela ukuthola izikhali ezibhubhisayo, zixhasa ubuphekula, 'zenqaba izindinganiso zobuntu eziyisisekelo futhi ngizonda i-United States nakho konke ekumelelayo.' Lezi zifundazwe, ezakha 'usongo olusondela kuzo zonke izizwe', kwakuyi-Iraq neNyakatho Korea.
Kuyiqiniso ukuthi izenzo uKim Jong Il azivuma ngoSepthemba 2002 - ukuthumba nokuhlola - zingachazwa 'njengezobuphekula'. Nokho ukumane ulebule iNorth Korea ngale mibandela akukhona ukuqonda umthwalo wesikhathi esidlule noma ukunikeza noma iyiphi incwadi kadokotela yamanje noma yesikhathi esizayo. I-'Normalcy' ibingaziwa endaweni yase-East Asia ezungeze inhlonhlo yase-Korea iminyaka eyikhulu. Ubukoloniyali, uqhekeko, impi, iMpi Yomshoshaphansi kanye nokubhekana ngeziqu zamehlo kuhlanekezele kakhulu uhlaka lombuso kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwezifundazwe. I-warping ayithinti kuphela izinhlelo zombuso kodwa nezingqondo nemiphefumulo.
Umsebenzi ongokomlando obhekene nesifunda ungase ubonakale njengowokwenza ubudlelwano 'bejwayelekile' phakathi kwezifundazwe ezintathu, iJapan, North Korea kanye neSouth Korea, zonke ezike zasebenzisa unya nokwesaba njengethuluzi lokulwa nonya kanye nokwesaba. inhloso yombuso, ukuqeda kokubili ukwesaba kanye nezimpande zokwesaba, kanye nokuxoxisana ngendawo yokuhlala entsha phakathi kwabo namandla amakhulu omhlaba, i-United States (egodla ilungelo lokusebenzisa udlame, ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa, ukuphishekela izintshisekelo zayo zomhlaba wonke ngenkathi ilebula 'amaphekula' labo abaphikisana nakho). Ukwakhiwa kokuhleleka okunobulungiswa nokunokuthula kuzodinga ukuxazululwa kwezinkinga ezinde ezingakaxazululeki, kusukela efeni lobukoloniyali baseJapane kuya eMpini Yezwe Yesibili kanye neMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Uma kuqoqwa isikhathi eside ukusalela emuva kwezindaba ezingakaxazululeki, kulapho ubudlelwano buba obungajwayelekile.
Ukuhlehla okufushane okungokomlando embuzweni wobuphekula esikhathini esidlule kwanele ukukhombisa ukuthi lo mqondo udideke kangakanani. Umuntu oyedwa othathwa eJapane njengesibonelo sobuphekula bekhulu lama-20 u-An Chong Gun, umbulali ka-Ito Hirobumi ngo-1909, 'owayeyisakhamuzi' saseJapane ngaleso sikhathi; kodwa kubantu baseKorea, eNyakatho naseNingizimu, u-An uyiqhawe lesizwe. Ngokuqondene neJapane, nakuba uNdunankulu uKoizumi ezihlanganise eduze nomkhankaso kaGeorge W. Bush wokulwa namaphekula, ngesikhathi esifanayo waziwa kakhulu ngenhlonipho ejulile abonisa ngayo amaphekula aseJapane abafileyo abachitha i-Asia ngeminyaka yawo-1930 kanye nawo-1940. igama lombusi waseJapane, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke okhokho baseJapane bebhomu lokuzibulala, i-kamikaze. Nakuba umehluko ngezinga lezenzo zabo ungenakulinganiswa, kokubili i-An Chong Gun kanye ne-Imperial Japanese Army (ngaphansi komkhuzi wawo omkhulu, uMbusi u-Hirohito) 'babengamaphekula', ahluke ngaphezu kwakho konke ukuthi laba bamuva babesekelwa isimo, kuyilapho owokuqala akazange. Umnyombo wokwesaba kwawo-1930 kanye nawo-1940 okwakuchaza ubudlelwano baseJapan-Korea kwaba ukuthunjwa kwenkosi yaseJapan yamakhulu ezinkulungwane zezinsizwa zaseKorea ukuze zisebenze ngenkani kanye nabesifazane abasebasha ngokudayisa ngomzimba ngenkani.
Isithombe nedumela leNorth Korea njengombuso ononya, ongenabuntu, obhekene nobuphekula nokubulala abantu abaningi, kubuyela emuva eMpini YaseKorea ka-1950-1953. Ukuziphatha kwayo kwakungasoleki neze, kodwa ucwaningo emashumini eminyaka amuva nje lubonise ukuthi unya olukhulu lwempi yileso esenziwa yi-United States, kungaba seNogunri, Taejon noma kwenye indawo, noma ngokucekela phansi ngamabomu amadamu, iziteshi zikagesi, ingqalasizinda yempilo yezenhlalakahle ephula umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Isu lezempi lase-US laliwukuba lingashiyi itshe phezu kwetshe, lihlwanyele ukwesaba ngazo zonke izindlela. Nokho iNorth Korea isolwa cishe emhlabeni wonke, ngisho nangezinto eyabe izisulu zazo. Ilebula lamaphekula lalinamathiselwe kuyo, kodwa hhayi e-US.
ENingizimu Korea, udlame lwempi yabazalwane lwasuswa kancane kancane. Ngo-1967 nango-1969 abafundi, abadwebi nongqondongqondo abangaphezu kwekhulu ababefunda noma abahlala eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika bahudulelwa eSeoul, besolwa ngokuba yizinhloli, bahlukunyezwe, baquliswa amacala, futhi abaningi babo bagwetshwa intambo noma izigwebo ezinde. Owayegqame kakhulu umqambi odumile, u-Yun I-Sang (owashona ngo-1995), manje othathwa njengomunye wabaqambi abakhulu baseKorea naseJalimane bekhulu lama-20. Isigwebo sakhe sentambo sagcina sihoxisiwe, kodwa ukuhlukunyezwa kwamshiyela uphawu angazange alulame kulo ngokugcwele. Abanye, njengalowo owayengumfundi wasenyuvesi yase-Oxford ngaleso sikhathi uPark No Su (Francis Park) babulawa. Ngo-1973, uKim Dae Jung, wathunjwa ama-ejenti e-CIA yaseKorea egunjini lehhotela eTokyo, wasinda ngokulambisa, kodwa lolu daba lwangcwatshwa buthule ohulumeni ababili ngo-1975 futhi kuze kube yilolu suku alukaze luphenywe kahle, kungasaphathwa-ke ukuthi. ixazululwe ngokuxolisa nesinxephezelo. Ngo-1980, amakhulu, uma kungezona izinkulungwane, zabantu zabulawa kwesinye sezenzo zonya ezibi kakhulu zekhulu leminyaka - isibhicongo saseKwangju. Ngakho-ke, eNingizimu Korea kwaze kwaba ngu-1987, empeleni izolo, ukuthumba, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukuboshwa nokubulawa kwabantu kwakwenziwa; izimbongi zezwe, izifundiswa, izishoshovu zezombusazwe kanye nezinyunyana zabasebenzi babhekana nobunzima obungenakulinganiswa. Ukunqoba kuphela kwesixuku esidumile ngokumelene nombuso wezempi osekelwa i-US- kanye ne-Japan okwaqeda ukwesaba. Ukwesaba kwakungabangelwanga ububi bemvelo banoma ubani, kodwa bagqugquzelwa uhlelo lukazwelonke lokwehlukanisa futhi baqhutshekiselwa phambili umqondo we-bipolar weMpi Yomshoshaphansi.
Namuhla, ukufeza ubudlelwano 'obujwayelekile' phakathi kwalezi zifundazwe kudinga ukusebenza kokuqonda okufanayo kwesikhathi esedlule, uhlaka lokubambisana okwamanje, kanye nombono okwabelwana ngawo wesikhathi esizayo. Ngamafuphi, inkinga enkulu phakathi kweNyakatho Korea neJapan, okungenani emehlweni aseJapan, ukuthunjwa, futhi phakathi kweNorth Korea ne-United States, emehlweni e-US, izikhali zenuzi, noma izikhali zembubhiso.
Abathunjwa
Ngomhla ziyi-17 kuSepthemba 2002, undunankulu waseJapan uKoizumi wavakashela usuku olulodwa ePyongyang. Ekushintshaneni okumangalisayo nomholi waseNyakatho Korea uKim Jong Il, waxolisa 'ngomonakalo omkhulu nokuhlupheka' okwenziwa kubantu baseKorea' ngesikhathi sobukoloni (1910-1945), kuyilapho uKim Jong Il exolisa ngokuthunjwa kwamaJapane angu-13. phakathi kuka-1977 no-1982 kanye nokuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi yezinhloli emanzini aseJapane (idume kakhulu umkhumbi owacwiliswa ngokushiswa nonogada base-Japan ngoDisemba 2001. Izambulo mayelana nokuthunjwa kwamaJapane ayishumi nantathu, omunye wabo unyaka we-13 -Intombazane endala yesikole, okwakushone abayisishiyagalombili kubo kwasinda abahlanu kuphela, yavusa isimo sokukhathazeka nentukuthelo yomphakathi eJapane esiqhathaniswa naleyo eyakhukhula i-United States ngemva komhla ziyi-11 kuSeptemba 2001. Kubonakala sengathi iJapane yonke becasukile ngokungabi nabulungisa okukhona, behlanganyela ubuhlungu babathunjwa nemindeni yabo, futhi babumbene ekuzimiseleni ukubasekela nokuphoqelela iNorth Korea ukuba ilungise.
Ngo-October 15, amaJapane amahlanu ayesaphila, ngaleso sikhathi ayeseneminyaka engaba ngu-25 ehlala eNyakatho Korea, andiza ebuyela eJapane ngendiza ekhethekile. Lapho bebuya, benza kanjalo, ngokusobala, njengabantu baseNyakatho Korea, beshiya imisebenzi yenkonzo yomphakathi yaseNyakatho Korea kanye nemindeni yabo e-Pyongyang, kanye nebheji 'loMholi Othandekayo' uKim Jong Il emaphepheni abo. Ekuqaleni, babemanqikanqika ukubuyela eJapane, bekhetha ukuba izihlobo zabo zibavakashele ePyongyang. Kwaze kwaba yilapho becindezelwa kanzima uhulumeni waseJapane lapho bavuma khona ukuvakasha isikhashana. Lapho befika eJapane, iqiniso lokuthi akekho kubo owayengakhuluma igama elibi ngeNorth Korea, ngisho, ngokusobala, emindenini yabo, lashiwo njengobufakazi bokuthi babegezwe ingqondo futhi bengakwazi ukuziveza ngokukhululeka. Lapho bebikela ngemva kwesonto elilodwa ukuthi bancamela ukubuyela ekhaya kusenesikhathi, bengalindi amasonto amabili, kwaba nomkhankaso okhungathekile owawufuna ukuthi bavinjwe. Iziteshi zikamabonakude kanye nemithombo yezindaba inikeze ukuthunjwa kwengubo yokulala, ehlanganisa amalungu omndeni cishe nsuku zonke. I-ajenda ye-Japan-North Korea kuhulumeni, Ukudla kanye nabezindaba yamukelwa kancane kancane ngamabutho e-bellicose aphiko lwesokudla azibophezele ekuketulweni kweNyakatho Korea, isikhundla esisondelene nesoMbusi waseTokyo u-Ishihara oke wakhuluma izikhathi ezimbalwa ngokulwa. Ngomhla zingama-24 kuMfumfu uNobhala Omkhulu weKhabhinethi, uFukuda Yasuo, umemezele ukuthi, naphezu kwesivumelwano nePyongyang sokuthi bazobuyiswa ngemva kwamasonto amabili, abahlanu ababi ngeke bavunyelwe ukubuyela emuva futhi uPyongyang kuzodingeka 'abuyisele' izingane zabo. .
Lapho isinqumo sokubabopha simenyezelwa, i-Japan Times (25 October) yakhuluma ngenqubomgomo kahulumeni 'yokuba bahlale e-Japan unomphela' njengento 'ebalulekile 'ยฆ ukuze bakwazi ukuveza inkululeko yabo yokuzikhethela.' I-Yomiuri (25 Okthoba) iphethe indaba yayo ngokubhekisela esinqumweni sokuthi abaHlanu 'bavunyelwe ukuhlala', bese bengeza: 'uhulumeni ngeke abavumele ukuthi babuyele eNyakatho Korea, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izinhloso zabo' (omalukeke. kwengezwe). I-slide phakathi kolimi lokuzikhethela kanye nolimi lokuphoqelela kwakuyinto eyayingadonsela ukunaka kukaGeorge Orwell, kodwa bambalwa abanikeze okungaphezu komcabango odlulayo. Uma ukuphoqa kuyinkululeko, impi iwukuthula.
Lokho uTokyo akubiza ngokuthi 'inkululeko yokuzikhethela' yabathunjwa, empeleni kwakusho izifiso zemikhaya yabo, okusho ukuthi imindeni ehluzekile kunokuba imindeni, kanye nezazi zezombangazwe nezikhulu ezimele umbuso waseJapane. Ephuca Abahlanu inkululeko yabo yokuzikhethela, uhulumeni waseJapane wamukela isimiso sangaphambi kwempi sokubaluleke kakhulu komkhaya, okungukuthi, phezu komuntu ngamunye, naphezu kwemibandela yomthethosisekelo lapho zonke izakhamuzi njengabantu ngabanye ziqinisekiswa amalungelo okuphila, inkululeko. kanye nokuphishekela injabulo, inkululeko yokucabanga nekanembeza, kanye (ngaphansi kweSigaba 22) 'nenkululeko 'ยฆ yokuthuthela kwelinye izwe futhi bazihlukanise nobuzwe babo.' [1] Ngesinqumo saso sokugcina abahlanu eJapan unomphela, umbuso waseJapan wawubathumba futhi.
EPyongyang, iJapan ibonakale yephula isivumelwano lapho abathunjwa abahlanu bazobuya ngemuva kwamasonto amabili ukuzocubungula ikusasa labo lesikhathi eside. Izingane azikwazanga ukumane 'zinikezelwe' (ngempoqo uma kunesidingo, njengoba uhlangothi lwaseJapane lusho). U-Pyongyang, ngemva kwakho konke, ekuqaleni wayephakamise ukuthi abathunjwa bahambe nezingane zabo ngesikhathi sokuvakasha kwabo eJapane, kodwa isipho sasinqatshiwe, ngakho-ke ukusolwa ngokukholwa okubi, kanye nesiphakamiso sokuthi abathunjwa, uma bebuyela emakhaya abo ePyongyang, angeke aphinde avunyelwe ukuphuma futhi, kwaba mahhala. Selokhu kumenyezelwe isinqumo sokuvimba abathunjwa ukuthi babuyele ePyongyang, izingxoxo zokuthi kwenziwe kube yisimo esijwayelekile zifinyelele kwangqingetshe.
Maqondana nezingane zasePyongyang okufunwa 'ukubuyela' kwazo eJapane, nakuba izwe laseJapane labona izingane ngokungangabazeki 'njengamaJapane', angezaseJapane, ngaphandle kokunye babeqhubeka nempilo yabo ePyongyang bengazi ukuthi abazali bazo. babengamaJapane, ingasaphathwa eyokuthunjwa kwawo ekuqaleni, noma ukuthi ayethathwe kuwo futhi ayengeke avunyelwe ukuba abuyele ekhaya. Ukuphikelela kukahulumeni waseJapane ukuthi bangamaJapane ngokungangabazeki kwakuyobamangaza uma bekuzwa. Ngokombono wabo, babemane bephucwa abazali babo, ngaphandle kwencazelo, njengoba nje eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nangaphezulu edlule, imindeni yabaHlanu yaphucwa izingane zabo. Lezi yizingane abazali bazo abaye 'baphelelwa umoya' kungazelelwe futhi ngendlela engachazeki.
E-Kuala Lumpur, lapho izingxoxo ezilandelanayo mayelana nokujwayelekile zibanjelwa ngasekupheleni kuka-Okthoba, izithunywa zaseNyakatho Korea zacelwa ukuba zibonise 'ubuqotho' obuningi, futhi zatshelwa ukuthi 'nakuba kuthinta ukuphila kwabantu, iJapane neNyakatho Korea kubonakala sengathi. beka ukubaluleka okuhlukile ezimpilweni zabantu.' Lapho kumenyezelwa ngasekupheleni kuka-Okthoba 2002 ukuthi kuzofunwa isinxephezelo eNyakatho Korea ngokuthunjwa kweminyaka yawo-1970 kanye nawo-1980, ubuzenzisi babumangalisa, njengoba iTokyo ibilokhu ikhipha noma yisiphi isinxephezelo kulabo ababeyi-'Comfort Women', izisebenzi zezigqila, kanye ne- ezinye izisulu zenkathi yamakholoni. Ilinde ngesineke i-Pyongyang ukuthi yenze buthaka isikhundla sayo kwaze kwaba seqophelweni lapho i-17 September 'isimemezelo se-Pyongyang' singahlelwa ngokwefomula esetshenziswayo, eklanywe ngokucophelela ukuze ingabi nemiphumela engokomthetho nencane yokuziphatha. Kungase kube ngomqondo othile omncane 'entshisakalweni yezwe lase-Japan' ukwenza lokhu, kodwa kwakuyisinqumo esingenanhliziyo sokungabi nabulungisa okukhulu komlando. I-colonialism yaseJapane yagcina iphunyukile ekubeni nokwenzeka kokutholakala ingekho emthethweni, naphezu kobufakazi obuningi bomlando obuphikisana nalokho. Ngakho-ke umlayezo waseJapane oya ePyongyang ubonakala uhluke ngokuphelele kulokho okwamenyezelwa isithunywa sakhe e-Kuala Lumpur: Impilo yaseKorea neyaseJapane yayinenani elihlukile ngempela, idlanzana lempilo yaseJapane enesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane, ngempela izigidi zabantu baseKorea. .
Indlela eqinile yezingxoxo kanye nokusingathwa kwendaba yokuthunjwa yayidumile eJapane. Isinqumo sikahulumeni sokugcina abathunjwa naso sathathwa kakhulu-noma-ngaphansi njengemvelo futhi sihle, kungakholakali ukuthi noma yimuphi 'we-Pyongyang Five' angafuna ukubuyela futhi ayohlala lapho ngaphandle uma begezwe ingqondo. Ukuze bathole ubunikazi babo 'beqiniso' njengamaJapane ngaphambi kokuba bakwazi ukuzikhethela ngokukhululekile, izisulu ezineshwa kuzodingeka zibhekane nenqubo ende yokukhuhla ingqondo. Ukubhekwa okuphelele kanye nokugxilwa kwemithombo yezindaba kanye nezombusazwe kubo kwafeza le njongo.
Okubuhlungu kakhulu kunePyongyang Five nemindeni yabo indaba kaKim Hye Gyong, indodakazi kaYokota Megumi eneminyaka engu-15. Unina kaKim, owahlwithwa esendleleni eya ekhaya evela emdlalweni we-badminton wayiswa eNyakatho Korea ngo-1977, lapho eseyintombazane yesikole eneminyaka engu-13 ubudala, washada nendoda yaseKorea ngo-1986, wabeletha indodakazi yakhe ngonyaka olandelayo, kwathi 1993 (ngokwencazelo yaseNyakatho Korea) wafa ngokuzibulala lapho ehlushwa ukucindezeleka. Kwaqalwa uhide lwemizamo yamaJapane yokuncenga le ntombazanyana, eyakhuliswa uyise waseNyakatho Korea, ukuba ilishiye ikhaya futhi โivakasheleโ ugogo nomkhulu wayo eJapane. Exoxwa nethelevishini yaseJapane, ekhala izinyembezi wabuza ukuthi kungani ugogo nomkhulu wakhe, ethembise ukumvakashela, manje waphikelela ukuba aye kubo. Ugogo nomkhulu wakhe basabela ngokuyengwa kwesicelo sokumyisa eDisneyland. Izitatimende zikahulumeni wase-Japan zikwenza kucace, nakuba kungenjalo kuye, ukuthi noma yikuphi 'ukuvakasha' okunjalo kuzoba uhambo oluya indlela eyodwa, njengoba kwase kuba 'kulaba ababuya' abahlanu. Nalapha futhi, amalungelo ombuso waseJapane, kanye nawogogo nomkhulu bale ngane (okungukuthi, nakuba umama waseJapane okungukuthi esikhundleni sikayise waseNyakatho Korea), anikezwa kuqala kunamalungelo entombazane ngokwayo.
Inhlekelele yabathunjwa iyaqhubeka, amalungelo nezifiso zabo zihlonishwa ngendlela engabonakali, kodwa empeleni kuhambisana nentando yeningi yombono ovusiwe wamaJapane kanye nohulumeni onyakaziswa imizwa eqinile emelene namaKorea kanye ne-neo-nationalist. Umbono wabantu abaningi e-Japan uhlangabezane nesiyaluyalu semizwa - ukudabuka okwabelanwa nemindeni yezisulu, ukucasukela i-Pyongyang kanye nesifiso sokuziphindiselela, kanye nenkolelo yokuthi i-Japan kuzomele ifundise iNorth Korea ukuthi ingaba 'isimo esivamile' kanjani.
Nokho, akhona amanye amazwi. Omunye umhlaziyi waseJapane (uYamazumi Masanori) wazama ukubeka lokhu emongweni ngokubuza ukuthi iJapane ivamile kangakanani โeyahlasela izwe elingumakhelwane futhi yalenza ikoloni, yabela abantu indawo, amagama, ulimi, amadolobha namadolobhana, ibulala labo ababemelana nayo,โ ukubamba ngendluzula nokuthumba nokuthumela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zempi izinsizwa njengezisebenzi namasosha ebutho lombuso nabesifazane 'njengabesifazane abaduduzayo', kwalahlekelwa ukuphila okungenakubalwa, kwase kuthi iminyaka engu-57 abazange baxolise noma benze isinxephezelo.' Umbhali wezincwadi ohlonishwayo waseKorea-e-Japan, uKim Sok Pon, ugxeke kokubili iNorth Korea, ngokuthunjwa kanye nesenzo sayo 'esiyimbuka nesiyihlazo' sokushiya izimangalo zokunxeshezelwa, kanye ne-Japan, 'ngenxa ye-amnesia yayo yomlando'. Amazwi anjalo, futhi kwakukhona namanye, acwila ekwayeni yentukuthelo yamaJapane azenza alungile.
Ngemva kwemihlangano yango-September 17, ukuxolisa kweJapane ngamacala e-imperialism yaseJapane cishe kwalibaleka ngokuphelele. Njengoba ulaka olulungile lwaluqina, umuzwa 'we-Japan njengesisulu' wedlula noma yimuphi umuzwa wobuhlungu obubangelwa 'i-Japan njengomhlaseli'. Isimo saseJapane esingavamile sobudlova obususwa ezindaweni zabo, lapho izingane zesikole ezigqoke izingubo zesiKorea zithukwa noma zihlukunyezwe ezitimeleni ezingaphansi komhlaba noma emigwaqweni yaseTokyo, e-Osaka nakwamanye amadolobha. Izicelo zokuphindisela zazwakala ezindaweni eziphezulu. Izikhungo zaseKorea zafakwa ngaphansi konogada. Kwabikwa izinsongo zokufa. I-Yomiuri elandela imithetho yaqala ukusebenzisa amagama anjengokuthi 'okucasulayo' ukubhekisela eNyakatho Korea, kuyilapho i-Asahi (19 September) yathi: 'Ingabe kuyadingeka ngempela ukusungula ubudlelwano bokusebenzelana nesizwe esingekho emthethweni?' Ngomhla ziyi-14 kuMfumfu, uNdunankulu u-Koizumi, esabela esimeni esithandwayo, wagxeka iNorth Korea 'njengesimo esiyihlazo esithumba futhi sibulale abantu'.
Ulaka lobutha baseJapane neNyakatho Korea, kanye nokungabaza ukubhekana namacala eJapane ngokumelene neKorea, kungase kusuke eqinisweni lokuthi iNorth Korea ifana kakhulu neJapane ukuze ibukwe njengenhlamba, uhlobo lokumelela kwe-burlesque, lesibili lesigaba sesibili. isimo saphezulu, esisekelwe ezinganekwaneni. Ubutha eNyakatho Korea buqine kakhulu eJapan phakathi kwalabo abagcina imithetho kanye ne-neo-nationalists abagunyazwe labo ngezwe labo - i-imperial, i-patriarchal, i-monolithic, i-patriotic, i-anti- 'Western' - empeleni iseduze neqiniso laseNyakatho Korea kunanoma iyiphi evamile, intando yeningi esekwe kwisakhamuzi. Womabili la mazwe, ahluke kakhulu, agcina ezingeni elijulile ubunikazi benganekwane, obucatshangelwayo njengento ekhethekile, eyingqayizivele, futhi ephakeme, kunohlaka lwesimanje lokuba yisakhamuzi, ubukhosi obudumile nokulingana.
Ukulungela eJapan ukuvuma ukuthi umbono wePyongyang ngezwe, nokho usontekile ngenxa yobushiqela futhi uphawuleka ngezenzo zobugebengu exolise ngazo manje, nokho wasungulwa ngomqondo wobulungiswa kanye nesikhalo esingokomlando esilungile, wawungekho ngokusobala. Ngemuva kwesinqumo esifushane se-Koizumi sangomhla ziyi-17 kuSepthemba, i-Japan yahoxa kunoma yimuphi umzamo wokuqonda umbono womhlaba we-Pyongyang, ukwenza izichibiyelo 'eziqotho' zesikhathi esidlule seMpi Yamakoloni kanye neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, noma ukubambisana enqubweni yokuzama ukuvulwa kwe-Pyongyang. NgoDisemba, iJapan yabonakala izibophezele enkolelweni yokuthi iPyongyang iya ngokuya iba buthaka, kwaze kwaba seqophelweni lapho ingeke ibe nayo enye indlela ngaphandle kokubuyela etafuleni lezingxoxo ngemibandela yaseJapan. Ekugcineni imali yaseJapan, ngalowo mbono, izofakazela ikhadi elingenakuvinjwa. Khonamanjalo, ngemva komhla ziyi-17 kuMandulo, kwaba nezingcindezi ezinkulu zokuvala iJapan isu lokugxila ku-WMD, okuhlanganisa ingcindezi yokuphoqelela ukuhambisa kanye nokushintshwa kombuso ePyongyang.
Izikhali Zokucekela Kakhulu (WMD)
Udaba phakathi kweNorth Korea ne-US kade lugxile kulokho okubizwa ngezikhali zokucekela phansi. Nakuba lolu daba lwethulwa emhlabeni njengosongo olulethwa umbuso 'okhohlakele' ophishekela izinqubomgomo ezingaqondakali ezisongela omakhelwane abangenacala, iqiniso liwukuthi ukuhluka kwangempela kweNorth Korea esikhathini senuzi ukubhekana nokuhlala kwayo ngaphansi komthunzi wosongo lwenuzi. eside kunanoma yisiphi esinye isizwe. Ekuqaleni kobusika buka-1950 uGeneral MacArthur wacela imvume yokulahla 'phakathi kwamabhomu e-athomu angama-30 nama-50' futhi wabeka ibhande le-cobalt enemisebe entanyeni ye-peninsula yaseKorea. I-Joint Chiefs of Staff izikhathi eziningana yabonisana futhi yasondela kakhulu ekusebenziseni ibhomu, kwathi ekwindla ka-1951 umsebenzi owodwa wase-US, owaziwa ngokuthi 'i-Operation Hudson Harbour', wawuhilela ukuthunyelwa kwe-B 29 eyedwa ePyongyang njengokungathi ku-nuclear. gijima. Yayiklanyelwe ukubangela ukwesaba, futhi ngokungangabazeki kwaba njalo. Eminyakeni emine ngemuva kokuphela kwempi, i-US yethula izikhali zenuzi, izimayini, kanye nemicibisholo eKorea, yengeza ngemuva kwalokho esitokisini sayo esigcinwe eduze ne-Demilitarized Zone futhi yakhelwe ukwesabisa iNyakatho engeyona eyenuzi. Ngenkathi izikhali zenuzi zihoxiswa ngo-1991, ngokwesidingo saseNingizimu Korea, i-US yaqhubeka nokuzilolonga ngesiteleka samabhomu enuzi eNyakatho Korea, kuze kube yi-1998, futhi mhlawumbe kuze kube namuhla.
INorth Korea ayifuni ukuxolisa, kodwa ifuna ukuqeda usongo lokuqothulwa kwezikhali zenuzi osekuphele cishe umlando wayo wonke. Nokho isidingo saso siphathwa ngokuthile okufana nokugconwa eWashington, kanye nabalingani baseWashington. Njengoba ubutha be-US ne-Iraq bushube ngendlela engavamile ngenxa yokwehluleka ukugudluza uSaddam Hussein ngo-1991, ngakho-ke ubutha base-US neNorth Korea bunekhwalithi ebukekayo - lokho uBruce Cumings abhekisela kukho 'njengenzondo engapheli' - ngoba iNorth Korea yalwa I-US yama nse ngo-1953 ngaphansi kukaKim Il Sung, uyise womholi wayo wamanje, futhi imelana nayo kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
Izwe ligcwele ukuzenzisa kwenuzi. Ikhothamela igunya lamandla amakhulu ngoba aphethe Izikhali Zokubhidliza Kakhulu (WMD) noma ngabe kucasula ukubusa kwawo yedwa. Nakuba ubulungu 'beqembu lenuzi' buzuza ukuhlonishwa kwamalungu ekilabhu, kanye nesihlalo soMkhandlu Wezokuphepha WeNhlangano Yezizwe, labo abazojoyina le kilabhu babhekwa njengababi noma bafihlwe futhi bavikelwe (kwa-Israel, eNingizimu Afrika, ePakistan) futhi zifeza izinjongo 'Zamandla Amakhulu'. Njengoba iWashington ngaphansi kukaGeorge W. Bush ifuna ukuthi amanye amazwe ahlangabezane nezibopho ezihlukahlukene, alahle noma yiziphi izinhlelo zenuzi futhi acindeze amandla awo avamile, i-US ngokwayo iyenqaba ukwamukela isivumelwano sokuvinjelwa kokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi, ihoxise ezingqungqutheleni ezihlukahlukene zokulawula imicibisholo namakhemikhali kanye. ukuthuthukiswa nokusatshalaliswa kwezikhali ze-bacteriological, kubonisa inhloso yayo yokuphishekela amandla enuzi okuhlanganisa nokubusa indawo, iyaqhubeka nokusekela izikhali zenuzi (inqolobane yezikhali elinganiselwa ku-9,000 yazo), isebenzisa 'izikhali ezivamile' ezisebenzisa imikhiqizo ephuma ngemisebe. yobuchwepheshe benuzi (i-uranium ephelile), futhi iphusha iCongress ukuthi igunyaze izimpi zenuzi ezincane, ezaziwa ngokuthi izikhali 'ze-Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator', ngokungangabazeki kucatshangelwa ama-bunkers nezakhiwo ezingaphansi komhlaba zaseNyakatho Korea.
Ngo-1993, kwaqubuka inhlekelele ngenxa yohlelo lwaseNyakatho Korea okwakusolakala ukuthi lwenziwe ngenuzi olwaholela entwasahlobo yonyaka olandelayo onqenqemeni lwempi. Ekugcineni ukuhlasela kwavinjwa ngenxa yeseluleko sikaMongameli uClinton mayelana nezindleko ezingase zibe khona ze-'Operations Plan 5027': abantu abangafika esigidini bazobulawa kunoma iyiphi impi egcwele kule nhlonhlo, kuhlanganise nama-80,000 kuya ku-100,000 aseMelika, impi ingabiza ngaphezu kwamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-100 futhi ibangele ukulahlekelwa okungaphezu kwamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,000 (isigidintathu).
Ngemva kokuvakasha kukaJimmy Carter ePyongyang ngoJuni 1994, kwenziwa isivumelwano esaziwa ngokuthi i-Geneva 'Agreed Framework'. INorth Korea izoyeka uhlelo lwayo lwenuzi ukuze inikezwe amandla enuzi asebenzisa amanzi amancane ngosuku okwakuhlosiwe ngalo luka-2003, kuyilapho i-US yona yazibophezela 'ukudlulela ebuhlotsheni obuphelele bezombangazwe nezomnotho.' Ucwaningo oluhamba phambili lwalezi zenzakalo, lukaDon Oberdorfer, luphetha ngokuthi iPyongyang yadlala ikhadi lenuzi 'ngokukhalipha, iphoqa elinye lamazwe acebe kakhulu futhi anamandla kakhulu emhlabeni ukuba yenze izingxoxo futhi yenze isivumelwano nesinye sezizwe eziphumelele kancane.'
Kodwa kwakuyisivumelwano lapho i-US yayimanqikanqika kusukela ekuqaleni. Ngenxa yokuthi yayinethemba noma ilindele ukuthi iNorth Korea izowa kudala ngaphambi kokuba noma ibuphi ubuchwepheshe benuzi budluliselwe kuyo, isifungo sika-'2003' asizange sithathwe ngokungathi sรญna. Ukubambezeleka kwakungamahlalakhona. Ukwakhiwa kwalesi siza kwaqala ngo-2002, lapho kwambiwa imigodi emikhulu embalwa emhlabathini. Awukho ugesi ongaphehlwa kuze kube sekupheleni kweshumi leminyaka lamanje. Akugcinanga ngokuthi iWashington ihoxile engxenyeni yayo yezingxoxo mayelana nokuhlinzekwa kwezinsiza zokuphehla ugesi, kodwa yahamba kancane futhi yaba manqikanqika ngokuzibophezela kwayo 'ekuqhubekeleni phambili ekufezeni ngokugcwele ubudlelwano bezepolitiki nezomnotho'. Kube khona impumelelo ngaphansi kukaNobhala Wezokuvikela uWilliam Perry ngonyaka ka-2000, lapho kwakushintshana ngokuvakasha phakathi kukaMarshall Jo Myong Rok, indoda engakwesokudla kaKim Jong Il, kanye noNobhala Wezwe waseMelika uMadeleine Albright, kwathi ngo-Okthoba 2000 kwaphinde kwaqinisekiswa i-Joint US-North Korea Communique. isivumelwano sika-1994 futhi sazwakalisa ukuzibophezela okuvuselelwe ekwenzeni ngcono ubudlelwano kanye nokuphela kweMpi YaseKorea. UClinton ngokwakhe ubezoya ePyongyang ukuba nesikhathi singapheli.
Ngaphansi kokuphatha kuka-George W. Bush, Uhlaka Okuvunyelenwe Ngalo kwabonakala njengokuzibophezela kohlangothi olulodwa lwaseNyakatho Korea ukulahla uhlelo lwayo lwenuzi. Ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, isithunywa esikhethekile sikaBush ePyongyang, uJames Kelly, wafuna ukuthi iPyongyang iguqule ngokuphelele ukuziphatha kwayo, ilahle izinhlelo zayo ze-WMD (izikhali zokubhubhisa abantu abaningi), iyeke ukuthuthukiswa nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwemicibisholo ye-ballistic, igweme ukusongela omakhelwane bayo, ukusekelwa ubuphekula, 'nempatho edabukisayo yabantu baseNyakatho Korea.' Lapho isithunywa sikamongameli wokuqala wase-US, uWilliam Perry, aletha 'igatsha lomnqumo le-dรฉtente' ePyongyang ngoMeyi 2000, owesibili, uKelly, ngo-Okthoba 2002 waletha isiphetho sikaBush. Amalayini aqinile ashayela inqubomgomo yaseWashington ngo-2002 abonakala engahambisani nokushintsha kombuso, ePyongyang njengaseBaghdad.
U-Kelly ubike ukuthi uPyongyang uvumile ukuthi unohlelo lokunothisa i-uranium kanye 'nezinye izikhali', ezingashiwongo, 'ezazinamandla nakakhulu'. Abezindaba bomhlaba babike ukuthi iPyongyang 'inohlelo olusebenzayo lwezikhali zenuzi'. U-Kelly uchaze ozakwabo basePyongyang 'njengabagomelayo, abanolaka' ngendlela, futhi wabika ukuthi 'bahlulekile ukukhombisa ukuma okuhle.' Babuyise ukunconywa ngokumchaza 'njengonezandla eziphakeme kakhulu futhi ozidlayo', ememezela inkhulumomphendvulwano nalabo 'ababefuna ukuyiqeda izikhali futhi bacekele phansi uhlelo lwesocialist lwesitayela saseKorea' ngaphandle kombuzo. Uyasihlukumeza futhi uyasihlukumeza, bekungathi bayasho, futhi sizokuhlukumeza futhi sizokuhlukumeza.
Lokho iNorth Korea eyamemezela kamuva kuNhlangano Yezizwe ukuthi yayithenge ngempela ubuchwepheshe be-gas centrifuge obungase busetshenziselwe ukunothisa i-uranium, kodwa ukuthi ayizange isebenzise imishini. Ukuthi ukuba 'nedivayisi' kufana 'nohlelo' kuyiphuzu elibalulekile. Kunoma yikuphi, asikho isikhali senuzi esake sakhiwa noma kuphi ngaphandle kokuhlolwa, futhi iNorth Korea ayizange ihlole. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi yayinesibopho ngaphansi 'Kohlaka Okuvunyelenwe Ngayo' ngo-1994 ukuvumela ukuhlolwa yi-IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), kodwa kuphela lapho 'ingxenye ebalulekile' yeziphehlisi isiqediwe futhi ngaphambi kokuthi 'izingxenye ezibalulekile zenuzi' zilethwe. . Njengoba bekungakaze kube nenqubekelaphambili ekuhlinzekeni ngosizo lokuthuthukiswa komnotho isikhathi eside, i-Pyongyang kungenzeka ukuthi yathatha umbono wokuthi isibopho, njengama-reactors, sasihlehlisiwe.
Ngisho nokucabanga ukuthi iNorth Korea imatasatasa ekwakhiweni kwezikhali zenuzi, okungacaci nakancane, njengoba ike yavuma ukuthi kubukeka sengathi akukho engakwenza ngakho kodwa ukuxoxisana ngayo. UMnyango Wezobumbano eSeoul, onesizathu esingcono sokuqonda ukucabanga kwePyongyang kunabanye, uthatha lo mbono: 'inhloso yabo yangempela akukhona ukuqhubeka nohlelo lokuthuthukisa izikhali zenuzi, kodwa ukufuna impumelelo ebuhlotsheni ne-United States.' I-Pyongyang ibonakala ibala ukuthi into eyodwa i-US okufanele iyithathe ngokungathรญ sina uhlelo lwezikhali zenuzi. Ngokufulathela kwabo odongeni njengoba isimo esibucayi sombuso siya sijula, futhi befuna inqubekelaphambili 'yokwenza ubudlelwano obujwayelekile' ne-US ne-Japan, bebungahlanganyeli kangako ekubambeni okungenangqondo njengakulokho u-Alexandre Mansourov akubiza ngokuthi 'ukuxoxisana ngenkani okuhleliwe. '
Kwakukhona nokuqagela eSeoul ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi iWashington ayiqondanga, mhlawumbe yahlanekezela ngamabomu, 'ukwamukelwa' kwePyongyang. Omunye umbono wawuwukuthi ukubhekisela kokuthile 'okunamandla ngisho nangokwengeziwe' kunezikhali zenuzi kungenzeka ukuthi kwakubhekisela emandleni obumbano lwe-Workers Party kanye nabantu, kunokuba kube iphrojekthi embi yekhemikhali noma yosuku lwembubhiso. Umeluleki omkhulu kamongameli kaKim Dae Jung ubuze isikhathi sokwambulwa kwe-US, lapho ukuvakasha kwe-Koizumi kwase kuseduze futhi nokubambisana kwezomnotho eNyakatho neNingizimu kuya kudlondlobala. Kungenzeka yini ukuthi iWashington yayingafuni ukuthi kuqubuke ukuthula nokubuyisana phakathi kwamaKorea amabili neJapan?
Iphuzu elibalulekile kunqubomgomo yase-Washington yaseMpumalanga Asia ukuthi iJapane 'iyaqhubeka ithembele ekuvikelweni kwe-US', noma yimuphi umzamo wokumiselela isivumelwano neChina 'ungabhekana nethonya elibulalayo ethonyeni lezombusazwe nezempi lase-US eMpumalanga Asia.' [2] Abaphathi bakaBush basibeke kwacaca isidingo sabo sokuthi iJapan ibuyekeze umthethosisekelo wayo, yandise umkhathi wayo wezokuvikela ukuze isekele ukusebenza 'komfelandawonye' njengozakwethu ophelele wesitayela se-NATO, futhi (umbiko we-Armitage) uziphendulele ekubeni 'IBrithani yaseMpumalanga Ekude'. [3] Njengoba umongameli wase-US ngoSepthemba 2002 echaza kabusha indima yezwe lakhe njenge-hegemon yomhlaba wonke, ethethelela impi yangaphambi kwesikhathi futhi enikeza isaziso sokuthi iziteleka zenuzi zangaphambi kwesikhathi zazicatshangelwa, incazelo yobumbano lwaseJapan yayiguquliwe ngokusobala.
Uma ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubudlelwano phakathi kweJapan neNyakatho Korea, naphakathi kweNyakatho neNingizimu Korea, bekufanele bube bujwayelekile ukuze ukungezwani kuphele kubo, ukufakwa okuphelele kweJapan ngaphakathi kwephrojekthi ye-US ye-hegemonic yomhlaba kungaba nzima ukukuthethelela. Ukube iNorth Korea ibingasuswa 'e-axis yobubi', ububi bebungaphenduka imfanelo yamaSulumane futhi i-ajenda kaBush izoba nzima kakhulu ukuyigcina, futhi uma kuqubuka ukuthula e-East Asia isizathu sokuba khona kwesizinda samasosha ase-US eNingizimu. I-Korea ne-Japan kuzoba nzima kakhulu ukusekela. Ukuze iJapani iqale 'ukuzihambela', ukwenza ubudlelwano bayo bujwayeleke nezwekazi futhi ibe 'iJapan', kunokuba 'iBrithani' yaseMpumalanga Asia (indima engaphansi, eyabelwe abaphathi bakaBush) Iphupho elibi laseWashington mhlawumbe likhulu kuno-9:11.
Isiphetho
Kusukela yasungulwa ngo-1948, izwe laseNyakatho Korea lakhiwe lazungeza izinganekwane eziyisisekelo zamabhendi ezishokobezi ayelwa neJapan ngeminyaka yawo-1930. Kusukela ngawo-1950 liye laphila ngaphansi kosongo lokushabalala ezandleni zamandla amakhulu omhlaba. Kuphela uma kufinyelelwa ukuthula ne-Japan kanye ne-US lapho kungaba khona noma yimaphi amathemba okuhlakazwa 'kwesifunda samavukelambuso'. Manje, njengoba isazi esihamba phambili saseJapane u-Wada Haruki siye saphikisana, ubufakazi buphakamisa ukuthi i-North Korea ayiseyona i-monolithic, ukuthi izakhi ezinamandla kuleso sifundazwe zifisa ngempela ukubekela eceleni imodeli yobushokobezi yokuba yimfihlo, ukugqugquzela, ukwethembeka okuphelele kumkhuzi, okubaluleke kakhulu. kwezempi, futhi siphishekele iPerestroika (okwathi ngo-2001 igama lesiKorea elithi 'Kaegon' laqanjwa). [4] Bafuna ukungena bevela emakhazeni.
Izwe laseNyakatho Korea kungenzeka lenze cishe bonke ubugebengu encwadini, kodwa akulona lodwa kulokho. Okungakaze kwenzeke ngaphambili wukuvuma kwayo nokuxolisa kwamanye amacala ayo. Ngenxa yokuthi futhi impofu, iphelelwe yithemba futhi ayinabangane, ibonakala ikulungele ukudela cishe yonke into, kodwa ukuziqhenya nobuso kuyigugu ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye. Ekwindla ka-2002 ukulungela kweJapan kanye ne-US ukwenza noma yikuphi ukuvumelana 'nobuso' baseNyakatho Korea, ukubona ngokomlando ubuhlungu kanye nomuzwa wobulungisa, noma ngabe buhlanekezelwe, obubuqhubayo, babungekho ngokusobala, nokho nakakhulu. ingcindezi ihlanganiswa ukuze kuphoqwe ukuthunyelwa okuvela ePyongyang, mancane amathuba okuba yimuphi umphumela ophumelelayo.
Ukuxolisa kukaKim Jong Il, imizamo yokuletha izinguquko kwezomnotho, izinyathelo zokuvula imigwaqo nomzila wesitimela neSouth Korea (kanye nokujoyina uhlelo lwe-trans-continental), kanye newebhu ekhulayo yokubambisana kwezomnotho okuxoxiswana ngayo neNingizimu Korea. ngentando yoshintsho ePyongyang. Isimemezelo samhla ziyi-17 kuMandulo, nakuba sasinamaphutha, sasiyintuthuko enhle neyingqophamlando. Inkinga yaseKorea iseyinkinga hhayi nje ngenxa yokungathembeki, udlame noma ubuhlanya beNyakatho Korea, kodwa nangenxa yokuzikhukhumeza kanye nokungakhethi hlangothi kwe-United States, kanye nokuzibona elungile, yafunda i-amnesia yomlando kanye nokungaphenduli ngamabomu kweJapane. Akungabazeki ukuthi abaxoxisana basePyongyang balalela ngokumangala okuthile lapho befundiswa iTokyo ngesidingo sabo sokubonisa ubuqotho, njengoba iJapane iye yagwema, yaphika, yasibekela umthwalo wemfanelo wayo ngekoloni layo langaphambili iminyaka eyisigamu.
Umsebenzi wezazi-mlando, izazi zefilosofi kanye nezihlakaniphi zomphakathi zesifunda ukwakha uhlaka lokuziphatha nomlando lapho ubugebengu bombuso bekhulu lama-20 bungaba khona, umthwalo wemfanelo ucaciswe futhi izisulu zinxeshezelwe. Esinye isiphakamiso 'yiKhomishana Yeqiniso Nokubuyisana YaseMpumalanga Asia'. [5] Ezinye iziphakamiso, ezinombono ongaphezulu, zidinga izinyathelo eziya ekwakhiweni 'Kwekhaya Elivamile Lase-Asia', [6] futhi kuyaphawuleka ukuthi iSimemezelo sasePyongyang ngokwaso sakhuluma ngalo mqondo wokusungula 'ubudlelwano bokusebenzisana obusekelwe phezu. ukwethembana phakathi kwamazwe athintekayo kulesi sifunda'. Kuphela ngale nqubo yokucabangisisa nokucabanga kabusha lapho kungenzeka khona ukuthi uzwelo lwase-Japan, manje olujatshuliswe ukuhlupheka kwabantu bayo, lunganwetshwa esifundeni, kuhlanganise nosizi lwamanje lwesizwe sonke. I-Pyongyang Five ngokungangabazeki ifanelwe isinxephezelo, futhi imfihlakalo emayelana nokufa kwabanye abathunjwa abayisishiyagalombili (kanye namanye amacala okusolakala kodwa angaqinisekisiwe okuthunjwa) kufanele kusulwe, kodwa lezi zinkinga zingaxazululwa ngendlela egculisayo kuphela ngokubhekisisa ukucatshangelwa kobulungiswa emhlabeni wonke. ubuntu, futhi ngalezo zindinganiso ezifanayo nezisulu ezingenakubalwa zobugebengu bezwe lase-Japan zifanelwe ukulungiswa okufanele ngokwemvelo kuhambisane nokuxolisa okukhishwe u-Koizumi. Uhlaka olunjalo lobulungiswa namalungelo abantu akumele lugxiliswe emisebenzini yezenhlalo nezombusazwe e-Japan kanye naseNyakatho Korea.
amanothi
1. Uhulumeni waseJapane, ekuqaleni kukaDecember, wazama ukwenza izenzo zawo ngenye indlela ngokuthi abathunjwa ngokwabo banquma, ngosuku lwabo lwe-10 eJapane, ukuthi ngeke babuyele emakhaya abo asePyongyang. Kodwa-ke, lo mbiko ucaphuna nje 'imithombo' futhi awubhekiseli ekucindezelekeni okukhulu okubekwe kwabaHlanu noma osizini lwezingane. ('Abathunjwa bazwakalise isifiso sokuhlala kusenesikhathi', Daily Yomiuri Online, 3 December 2002 http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/newse/20021202wo42.htm)
2. Zalmay Khalilzad et al, The United States and Asia: towards a New US Strategy and Force Posture', (eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi 'Rand Report'), June, 2001 http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1315/), p. 15.
3. I-Institute for National Strategic Studies, 'i-United States kanye ne-Japan: Ithuthukela ku-Mature Partnership', i-Washington, i-National Defence University, 11 October 2000, eyaziwa ngokuthi 'Umbiko Wezokuvikela'. (http://www.ndu.edu/ndu/sr_japan.html). Isincomo sesi-3 soMbiko weRandi owalandela wangoJuni 2001 sifundeka kanje: 'Imizamo yokweseka e-Japan yokubuyekeza umthethosisekelo wayo, ukwandisa umkhathizwe wayo ngale kokuvikela indawo, kanye nokuthola amakhono okusekela ukusebenza komfelandawonye.'
4. Wada Haruki, 'Ingabe i-Perestroika yaseNyakatho Korea ingaphumelela?', http://www.zmag.org, okuthunyelwe ngo-Okthoba 2002.
5. Yoshioka Tatsuya, 'Higashi Ajia ni shinjitsu wakai furamu', Gendai shiso, November 2002, pp. 8-17.
6. Kang Sangjung, Tohoku Ajia kyodo no ie o mezashite, Heibonsha, 2001.
(Lena inguqulo efushanisiwe nebuyekezwe kancane yombhalo evela ku-New Left Review e-London, kumagazini ka-November-December 2002, nangesi-Japanese ngo-Sekai, January 2003.)
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