Imikhankaso yokuqala yamakholoni bekungekona nje ukuncenga. Kwakuyizimfuno, ezisekelwa izenzo ezingenabo ubudlova ezaphoqa iBrithani ukuba iguqule imithetho yayo. Ngokuduba umnotho nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlaka ezintsha zikahulumeni, uJohn Dickinson wabhala ngo-1767, abaholi bamakoloni babengacindezela iphalamende ngokuthi โbagodle iBrithani zonke izinzuzo abazithola kithi.โ Elinye ipheshana elalisakazwa ngaleso sikhathi lakhuthaza abaholi bamakoloni ukuba โbaphikisane nokucindezela ngokudalula ukungabi namandla kwabo.โ
Abaningi bamakholoni base bevele belandela lesi seluleko, benqaba ukuhambisana noMthetho Wesitembu omusha, intela eqondile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamalayisense, ukushicilelwa kanye namaphepha omthetho, ngokuphikisana nokusetshenziswa kwezitembu. Ngokusho kweBrithani, lo msebenzi wawuzosetshenziselwa ukuxhasa ngezimali amasosha aseBrithani โavikeleโ amakoloni โenzondweniโ yamaNdiya kanye nokwanda kweFrance. Ukuphikiswa kwaqala ngisho nangaphambi kokuba uMthetho ube ngokusemthethweni. Le nhlangano yasemazingeni aphansi, eyasusa umthetho, yabandakanya ukwenqaba okukhulu ukungenisa impahla yaseBrithani kanye nokuqala kokuziphilisa ngokwezomnotho eNyakatho Melika.
Izinhlobo zokudelela kwezombangazwe kanye nezinyathelo eziqondile zazihlanganisa ukungalaleli umphakathi futhi, kwezinye izimo, izinsongo ezihloselwe abasabalalisi bezitembu. Akekho owabulawa, kodwa izinsongo nokuhlaselwa okuhlakazekile kwempahla kwakuyizithiyo ezisebenzayo. NgoNovemba bonke abasabalalisa izitembu basula, kwathi amachweba namaphephandaba ahlala evuliwe yize bezingekho izitembu. Izikweletu kubathengisi baseBrithani zashiywa zingakhokhiwe. I-Rhode Island Assembly inqume ukuthi amakholoni kuphela angakhokhisa amakholoni. Ukuze kugwenywe ukushushiswa okukhulu kwabaphikisi, nokho, uGeorge Washington weluleke ukuthi izinkantolo zamakholoni zivalwe.
Naphezu kokungabikho kobudlova, usongo ekubuseni kweBrithani lwalusobala. Amandla ayesakazwa ngokushesha ngohulumeni abaningi ababambele. Imihlangano yasemadolobheni yathatha imithetho eyayilalelwa kakhulu kunemithetho yaseBrithani. Ekuqaleni kuka-1768 ngaphezu kwezigidi ezine zamapondo kwakukweletwa abathengisi baseBrithani, ababecindezela iNkosi kanye nephalamende ukuba bathathe isinyathelo. Umthetho Wesitembu wachithwa, kodwa iBrithani ngesikhathi esifanayo yamemezela ukuthi ilungelo lokukhokhisa amakoloni lisekhona futhi lizohlala likhona. Obekungeke kuvikelwe phansi bekubhalwe ephepheni.
I-Townshend Acts, umzamo ka-1768 kaNdunankulu omusha waseBrithani uCharles Townshend wokuphoqa intela yangaphandle, yahlangabezana nokuphikiswa okungaka. Imithetho emisha yabeka intela ezimpahleni ezivela kwamanye amazwe ezifana nomthofu, upende, iphepha, ingilazi netiye. Kulokhu kwakungebona abathengisi abaqale umkhankaso kodwa omakhenikha, ama-artisan nabasebenzi. Indlela eyinhloko kwakuwukungadli, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela ezihlukile zomnotho ezihambisana nemigqa yokuzimela. Lapho izimpahla zingathengwanga futhi lezo ezisemashalofini asendlini zingasetshenziswa, abathengisi baphoqeleka ukuthi bangazingenisi lezi zinto ezaziduba. Kungakapheli unyaka isishayamthetho saseMassachusetts sawulahla lo mthetho, sifuna ukuba kuthathwe izinyathelo ezibumbene, futhi uVirginia wavotela ukungangeniswa kwamanye amazwe, azisa amanye amakoloni ngesinqumo sawo.
Ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwabacindezela abathengisi bamaNgisi kwaze kwaba yilapho iZenzo zifa ngo-1770. Kodwa kulokhu iBrithani yayihlakaniphe kakhulu: Zonke izintela - ngaphandle komsebenzi wetiye - zachithwa. Behluleka ukunqoba okuphelele amakoloni ahlukana phakathi ngempumelelo yomkhankaso wabo. Ekudidekeni ukumelana kwahlakazeka njengoba iBrithani ibambelele ngokuqinile elungelweni layo lentela.
Ngaphandle kokuhlehla ugqozi lwamakholoni saqhubeka kweminye imizamo yokumelana. AmaKomidi Ezincwadi, asungulwa eminyakeni edlule njengohulumeni bangasese, agcina inethiwekhi yezinkulumo zobumbano, imibhikisho, ukusizana, kanye nemibono emisha. Ngo-1773, iBrithani yanikeza i-catalyst yokuhlola lezi zitho ezikhulayo zamandla athandwayo.
I-East India Company, eyaqala ukubusa emhlabeni wonke, yayisenkingeni yezimali. Ukusiza ibhizinisi elinethonya, iphalamende laseBrithani lagunyaza uMthetho olawula amanani ukuze kunikezwe i-East India umbuso wamakoloni. Umthetho wawusebenzisa imakethe kangangokuthi ngisho netiye elishushumbiswayo lalibiza kakhulu. I-Boston Tea Party yaba yimpendulo yokuqala; Abantu baseBostoni ababegqoke imvunulo yaseNdiya bachithe izifuba zetiye ezingu-342. IBrithani yasabela ngokuvala ichweba laseBoston nokwandisa ingcindezelo.
Amakholoni ahlangana, esizwa isipiliyoni sawo sangaphambilini ngesenzo esihlangene kanye nokugibela kukaPaul Revere ukuze "akunike zonke izindaba." Imiphakathi eminingi - i-New York, i-Philadelphia, i-Charlestown, i-Wilmington ne-Baltimore phakathi kwayo - ithembise ukwesekwa kokuziphatha nezomnotho. Imali, irayisi nezimvu kwatheleka eMassachusetts njengoba iBrithani izama ukubukela phansi ukuzibusa.
Edelela iBrithani, Umhlangano Wedolobha LaseMassachusetts wanquma ukunqamula ukungenisa nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, futhi waphinde wabiza ukuduba umnotho. U-Revere ugibele waya eNew York nase-Philadelphia nezindaba ze-Suffolk Resolves, ngokushesha ezamukelwa yi-Continental Congress. Yonke imithetho ephoqayo yayiphambana noMthethosisekelo, uKhongolose wawuphethe, futhi akufanele ulandelwe. Abantu banxuswa ukuthi bazenzele ohulumeni babo futhi banqabe izintela kohulumeni okuthiwa โabasemthethweniโ ezifundeni zabo.
Nakuba i-Resolves iphakamise ukuthi kube khona impi, umgomo wawulokhu ungenalo udlame - ukuduba, ukumelana nentela, ukungangeniswa kwamanye amazwe (ngezinye izikhathi kuhlanganise nezigqila), kanye nokuthuthukiswa kohulumeni basekhaya ababambele. I-Continental Association, eyakhiwa ekupheleni kuka-1774, yahlanganisa lezi zindlela futhi yengeza ukuphoqelelwa kwezomthetho "kokungahlanganyeli" emigqeni esetshenziswe ngaphambili eVirginia.
Njengoba lokhu kubuyekezwa okufushane kuphakamisa, ukunyakaza kwenkululeko yase-US kwavela emazingeni aphansi, kubantu bomakhelwane nasemiphakathini, amakholoni abenza ukuzibophezela komuntu siqu futhi babamba iqhaza ezitelekeni zendlala, ukungadli kanye nezinye izenzo zobuqhawe zokumelana. Bekuwumzabalazo omkhulu futhi ozinzile, omunye wemikhankaso eminingi engenalo udlame eye yaba nomthelela omkhulu emlandweni womhlaba, nakuba ama-akhawunti โasemthethweniโ engavamile ukuwenza aqashelwe.
Ukuphikiswa kwabantu - okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi "isenzo esingenalo udlame" noma "amandla abantu" - kubonakale kuphumelela, nakuba kungaphumeleli ngaso sonke isikhathi ngokwakho, ekuvukeleni okuningi kwamakholoni, ukulwa nabasebenzi, amalungelo omphakathi kanye nabesifazane, imikhankaso yokulwa nokubulawa kohlanga kanye nobushiqela, kanye ezinye izimpi zokuzimela kanye nenkululeko. Abashisekeli bobuzwe baseNdiya bayisebenzisa emzabalazweni wabo wokulwa nokubuswa kweBrithani, amazwe ahlukahlukene aseYurophu ayisebenzisa ukuze amelane nokubuswa kwamaNazi, abaphikisana namazwe abuswa ngamaKhomanisi bayisebenzisela ukwandisa inkululeko - futhi ekugcineni baqeda ubushiqela ePoland, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Estonia, Latvia, kanye I-Lithuania.
Lokhu kunyakaza bekungekona okugobayo noma ukuzithoba, futhi iningi labantu abahilelekile kwakungebona abalwi, abangcwele noma abaholi bemvelo. Babengabantu abavamile ezimeni ezingavamile, besebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene - kusukela emibhikishweni kanye nemilindelo kuya ekudalweni kohulumeni abahambisanayo noma "we-de facto" - ukuphonsela inselelo futhi ekugcineni bachithe igunya elingekho emthethweni. Emakoloni aseMelika eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili edlule, abantu base besendleleni yokunqoba iMpi Yenkululeko ngaphambi kokuthi kuqale nokudutshulwa. Kunezifundo ezicacile lapha mayelana nemizabalazo yasekhaya neyomhlaba wonke esibhekene nayo namuhla.
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nemizabalazo yakamuva engenalo udlame kanye namandla okumelana nomphakathi, thintana nomsebenzi kaGene Sharp, umsunguli we-Albert Einstein Institution, umbhali we Ukulwa Kwezimpi Ezingaphenduki nezinye izincwadi, ezaziwa ngokuthi โi-Machiavelli yokungabi nabudlova.โ
UGreg Guma ungumbhali kanye nentatheli, futhi owayenguMqondisi Omkhulu wePacifica Radio. Ubhala ngabezindaba nepolitiki kusizindalwazi sakhe, iMaverick Media
(http://muckraker-gg.blogspot.com/).
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