UGeorge Zimmerman wayebhekisisa indawo yangakubo. Lapho amadoda amnyama ehamba noma eshayela endaweni, wabikela amaphoyisa, ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi ngokuphindaphindiwe [3]. Ekugcineni, ecasulwe ukuthi โbabehlaleโ bebalekile, waphuma ngobusuku obunemvula ehlome ngesibhamu esigcwele kanye nomthetho we-Stand Your Ground, ebheka noma ubani okungafanele abe sendaweni yakubo ikakhulukazi yabaMhlophe.
INingizimu inomlando omude walolu hlobo lwento. Ayejwayele ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-Slave Patrol.
Ngaphambi kweMpi Yombango Nokwakhiwa Kabusha, indlela eyinhloko izifundazwe zaseNingizimu ezazigcina isikhungo sobugqila kwakungezempi zasendaweni nezwe lonke, ezaziwa nangokuthi "Ama-Slave Patrols." Lawa ma-Patrols, ezifundazweni eziningi, ayedinga umsebenzi wanyanga zonke kumadoda amhlophe aseningizimu aphakathi kweminyaka engu-17 no-47, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abanikazi bezigqila noma cha.
Abagibeli abayizigqila babehamba, ngokuvamile begibele amahhashi [okulingana nesimanje kungaba semotweni], benqamula emaphandleni befuna abantu base-Afrika baseMelika โabangekho lapho bengabakhona.โ Lapho abagadi be-patroli bethola abantu abaNsundu ezindaweni lapho "abangebona" โโkhona, isijeziso sasisukela ekushayweni, ekubuyiselweni kwabo abanikazi bezigqila zabo, babulawe ngokubhaxabulwa, ukulengiswa noma ukudutshulwa.
Eminye yemibiko ebanzi kakhulu mayelana nemvelo kanye nezinga Lokugada Kwezigqila yavela ezingxoxweni ezenziwe yi-WPA (i-Works Progress Administration, uhlelo Lwedili Elisha olwakhiwe yi-FDR) ngesikhathi Sokuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho. Ngaleso sikhathi, ababeyizigqila kanye nezingane zalabo ababeyizigqila babesaphila futhi benezindaba okufanele bazixoxe, futhi i-WPA yabeka abantu ukuthi basebenze eNingizimu yaseMelika beqoqa futhi babhale lezo zindaba.
I-WPA's Georgia Writers Project, i-Savannah Unit, ikhiqize isifinyezo esihle kakhulu sezindaba ezithathwe kubantu ababephila (iningi beyizingane) ngesikhathi sobugqila, mayelana nokusebenzisana kwabo nemindeni yabo nabaqaphi bezigqila. Isihloko sombiko besisithi โIzigubhu Nezithunzi: izindaba zokusinda phakathi kwamaNigro asogwini lwaseGeorgia [4]).
Eminye imilando eminingi yomlomo nebhaliwe ehlanganiswe yi-WPA Writers Project manje igcinwa ngabakwa Library of Congress [5].
Inqwaba yeminye imibiko efanayo, kanye nocwaningo oluningiliziwe lwezwe nezwe lokugada kwezigqila, ngisho nezinhla zobulungu, kushicilelwe encwadini ehlakaniphile ka-Sally E. Hadden โAma-Slave Patrols: Umthetho Nodlame eVirginia naseCarolinas [6].
U-Hadden ucaphuna izindaba eziningi kanye nenqwaba yemithombo mayelana nokuthi abagibeli bezigqila babezoshaya kanjani, bashaye, noma bahlukumeze abantu base-Afrika baseMelika abatholakale ngaphandle kwensimu. Abesifazane babedlwengulwa njalo, futhi amadoda ayeshaywa ngezinduku noma ngeziswebhu. U-Hadden ubhala ngezindaba ezihlanganiswe yi-WPA:
โIzigqila zingase zicele ukuba zingashayi eceleni lapho zigada, zinethemba lokuthi ububele noma ukucasuka kungase kugweme ukushaywa. Ngezinye izikhathi abagibeli babedlalisa isigqila, besongela ngokushaywa, bese bededela izigqila. Ukungabi nangqondo okungokwemvelo kwesijeziso kwenezela ekwesabeni izigqila eziningi ezazizizwa lapho zihlangana nokugada kwezigqila.
โOmunye owayeyisigqila [isigqila], u-Alex Woods, wakhumbula indlela ithimba eliqaphayo elasabela ngayo esigqilini esincengayo. Wathi abagibeli โbabengeke bazivumele [izinceku] ukuba zibize iNkosi lapho zibasulile kodwa bazivumela zithi, โO! khuleka, O! khuleka, nkosi.โ'
โIsijeziso esinzima esasinganikezwa onogada senza owayeyisigqila ukuba athande ukuhlangana nonogada ngokudayiselwa inkosi entsha - isigqila sasizama ukugwema zombili lezi zinkinga nganoma iyiphi indlela. Zimbalwa izinto uma ziqhathaniswa nobuhlungu isigqila esabekezelelwa ngokushaywa unogada. Omunye owayeyisigqila eNingizimu Carolina ukhumbula lokho abantu abakuzwa ngesikhathi ezalwa: unina 'waklabalasa sengathi ushaywa ama-patroller.'โ (ikhasi 117)
I-National Humanities Centre yanyathelisa kabusha i-akhawunti ka-1857 ka-Austin Steward, owaphunyuka ebugqilini ngo-1813. Isihloko esithi "Izigqila Nezigqila," uSteward uvula i-akhawunti ngokuthi lesi sifinyezo [okubili]:
โIzigqila azilokothi zivunyelwe ukuphuma endaweni ezikuyo, ngaphandle kwencwadi ebhalwe phansi. Uma kwenzeka kukhona ozama ukweqa lo mthetho, maningi amathuba okuthi abanjwe ngamaphoyisa aphinde ashaywe imivimbo engamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalolunye.
โLokhu kuqapha kuhlale kusebenza njalo ngeSonto, kuya ensimini ngayinye ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwawo, kungena kuzo zonke izindlu zezigqila, futhi kubhekisise ukuziphatha kwezigqila; futhi uma bethola esinye isigqila kwenye insimu singenalo, sijeziswa masinyane ngokubhaxabulwa kanzima.โ
Ube eseqhubeka nokuxoxa izindaba eziningana ezishaqisayo zokuhlangana komuntu siqu ne-patrol yesigqila, okuhlanganisa neyokuholela ekufeni kwezigqila eziyisithupha, futhi aphinde abhale kabusha imithetho yaseNorth Carolina Slave Patrol kanje:
"IMITHETHO YOKUVIMBELA IZIGQILA, ISIFUNDA SASE-ROWAN, E-North CAROLINA, ngo-1825
1st. Abaqaphi bazoqokwa, okungenani abane esifundeni ngasinye sikaKaputeni.
2d. Kuyoba umsebenzi wabo, ngababili enanini labo, okungenani, ukugada izifunda zabo kanye ngesonto; ekwehlulekeni kwalokho, bayobhekana nezijeziso ezibekwe ngumthetho.
3d. Bayoba namandla okujezisa ngokushaywa, uma ababili bekhona bevumelana nalokho.
4th. Umlindi oyedwa uzoba namandla okuthumba noma yisiphi isigqila esiziphethe kabi esiziphatha ngokungemthetho noma ngokusolisayo; futhi abambe leso sigqila esitokisini kuze kube yilapho esekwazi ukuhlanganisa inombolo edingekayo Yabaseshi ukuze babambe iqhaza ebhizinisini.
5 kwe. Ngaphambi kokungenela imisebenzi yabo, abaLinda bayobiza imantshi eyibamba, futhi bathathe isifungo esilandelayo, sokuthi: "Mina, u-AB ngaqoka omunye wamaPhoyisa yiNkantolo Yesifunda saseRowan, enkampanini kaCaptain B, ngiyafunga, ukuthi Ngizokwenza ngokwethembeka imisebenzi yoMlindi, ngawo wonke amandla ami, ngokomthetho kanye nemithethonqubo yeNkantolo Yesifunda.โ
I-National Humanities Centre ineminye imibiko eminingi efanayo ezinqolobaneni zayo.
I-Slave Patrols kwakuyisici esivamile saseNingizimu, kusukela ekuhlalweni kwayo kokuqala ngabantu baseYurophu abangabanikazi bezigqila kuze kube amashumi eminyaka ngemva koKwakhiwa Kabusha.
Lapho ubugqila buqedwa, kodwa abaMhlophe eNingizimu basafuna ukugcina abaNsundu โendaweni yabo,โ i-Slave Patrols yathathelwa indawo kakhulu (noma yamane yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi) i-KKK, osherifu bamadolobha amancane, futhi, ngokusobala, โI-Neighbourhood Watch. โ
Ama-Slave Parollers ayengavamile ukumisa noma ukunukubeza abantu abamhlophe. Kodwa lapho abaNsundu betholakala ezindaweni ezingalindelekile, babengalindela isijeziso esisheshayo nesinzima.
Futhi izimiso zomthetho zaseNingizimu, ikakhulukazi ngaphandle kokukhetha, zasekela ama-Slave Patrollers kanye nezindlalifa zabo zangemva kokwakhiwa kabusha.
Kubonakala sengathi izinto eziningi zishintsha - okungenani ekujuleni kwaseNingizimu - kulapho zihlala zifana.
Umbhalo:
Njengoba uCarl T Bogus ebhala esihlokweni sakhe esihle kakhulu se-University of California Davis Law Review, โUmlando Ofihliwe Wesichibiyelo Sesibili [8],โ isimo samaphoyisa sasidingeka ukuphoqelela ubugqila eNingizimu endala. Ingxenye ebalulekile yalowo mbuso wamaphoyisa kwakuyi-Slave Patrols. Njengoba uPatrick Henry, umnikazi wesigqila omkhulu kunabo bonke eVirginia, kanye nomnikazi wesigqila uJames Madison baphawula ezingxoxweni zabo emhlanganweni wokuqinisekisa umthethosisekelo waseVirginia, laba masosha ombutho wezigqila ayengamasosha ombuso, futhi ayevikelwe, okungenani eNingizimu, ngamagama aqaphile. Yesichibiyelo Sesibili, ekuhlakanipheni kokugcina, wanika amasosha amandla hhayi esizweni kodwa emazweni ngamanye. Ungafunda ingxabano kaPatrick Henry yalokho ngezansi, kanye nokuphawula kukaJames Madison mayelana nokukhathazeka kukaHenry ku- โIzingcaphuno ezivela The Madison Papers [9]โ itholakala ezincwadini ze-Google.
Phakathi ku isihloko esandulele [10], ngibhale phansi ukuthi lezi zindawo zokugada izigqila zaseningizimu zavunywa futhi zafakwa kanjani kuSichibiyelo Sesibili. Lelo thiphu Yesichibiyelo Sesibili lesigqoko esinamandla amhlophe manje selinwetshiwe futhi lanwetshwa ngalokho okubizwa nge- Stand Your Ground laws.
UPatrick Henry ku-Virginia Ratifying Convention (June 1788) ephikisana noMthethosivivinywa Wamalungelo ukuze ugunyazwe kanye noMthethosisekelo ukuze kugcinwe ubugqila:
Maqondana naleyo ngxenye [yoMqulu Wamalungelo] ethi wonke amandla anganikeziwe ahlala kubantu, kufanele [agunyazwe] ngaphambi kokwamukelwa [koMthethosisekelo], noma izofaka lelizwe ekubhujisweni okungenakugwenywa. Ukukhuluma ngayo njengento elandelayo, hhayi njengelinye lamalungelo akho angahlukaniseki, kukushiya embonweni ovamile weCongress ozocubungula lolo daba. Ngeke babonisane nawe mayelana nomthelela walo Mthethosisekelo. Ngeke bawuthathe umbono waleli komiti mayelana nokusebenza kwalo. Bazoyichaza ngokuthanda kwabo.
Uma uyibeka kamuva, ake ngibuze imiphumela.
Phakathi kwamandla ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi ashiwo (sic) abangase bacabange, uma sisempini, bangase bakhulule zonke izigqila zakho uma zithanda. Futhi lokhu kufanele futhi kwenziwe ngamadoda [asenyakatho], iningi lawo elingenasithakazelo esifanayo nani. Ngakho-ke, ngeke babe nomuzwa wezithakazelo zakho.
Sekushiwo kaningi lapha ukuthi inhloso enkulu kahulumeni kazwelonke kwakuwukuvikela izwe. Lawo mandla okuthiwa ahloselwe ukuvikela nokuphepha [Esigabeni 1, isigaba sesi-8 soMthethosisekelo] angase enziwe anengeka futhi acindezele.
Uma benikeza uhulumeni jikelele amandla okuhlinzeka ngokuzivikela jikelele, (sic) izindlela kufanele zilingane kuze kube sekugcineni. Zonke izindlela ezitholakala kubantu kumele zinikezwe uhulumeni ophathiswe ukuvikela umphakathi.
Kulesi sifundazwe kukhona abamnyama abayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi amathathu nesithupha, futhi baningi kwezinye izifundazwe ezimbalwa. Kodwa kukhona abambalwa noma abekho emazweni aseNyakatho; futhi nokho, uma i-Northern States izoba nombono wokuthi izigqila zethu azinakubalwa, zingabiza yonke imithombo yezwe.
Ngabe uKhongolose ungasho ukuthi wonke umuntu omnyama kumele alwe? Asibonanga yini kancane le mpi yokugcina?
Asiphushwanga kanzima kangangokuthi ukukhululwa kube okujwayelekile; kodwa izenzo zoMkhandlu zaphasisa ukuthi zonke izigqila ezizoya ebuthweni kufanele zikhululeke.
Okunye okuzofaka isandla ukuletha lo mcimbi. Ubugqila buyazondeka. Siyayizwa imiphumela yako ebulalayoโsiyayizonda ngalo lonke usizi lwesintu. Konke lokhu okucatshangelwayo, esikhathini esizayo, makucindezele ngamandla agcwele ezingqondweni zeCongress. Vumela lelo dolobha, engithemba ukuthi liyohlukanisa iMelika, kanye nesidingo sokuvikela izwe, - zonke lezi zinto mazisebenze ezingqondweni zabo; bazophenya lelo phepha [uMthethosisekelo], babone ukuthi banawo yini amandla okusebenzisa [ukukhulula izigqila].
Abazange yini, mnumzane? Abanawo amandla okuhlinzekela ukuzivikela kanye nenhlalakahle jikelele[Esigabeni 1, isigaba 8 soMthethosisekelo]? Bangacabangi yini ukuthi lezi zibiza ukuthi kuqedwe ubugqila? Ngeke yini basho zonke izigqila zikhululekile, futhi ngeke yini bagunyazwe yilawo mandla?
Lokhu akukhona ukucatshangelwa okungaqondakali noma ukuchithwa okunengqondo. Iphepha [uMthethosisekelo] likhuluma ngaleli phuzu: banamandla ngokwemibandela ecacile, engaguquki, futhi bazowasebenzisa ngokucacile nangokuqinisekile.
Njengoba ngibunyanya ubugqila, ngiyabona ukuthi ukuhlakanipha kuyakwenqabela ukuqedwa kwabo. Ngiyaphika ukuthi uhulumeni jikelele kufanele abakhulule, ngoba iningi lezifundazwe ezinqunyiwe alinabo izibopho zokuzwelana nokuzwelana nalabo okuthakaselayo kwabo okungathintwa ukukhululwa kwabo.
Iningi likaKhongolose lisenyakatho, kanti izigqila ziseningizimu.
Kulesi simo, ngibona impahla enkulu yabantu baseVirginia isengcupheni, nokuthula nokuthula kwabo kungasekho. Ngiyaphinda futhi, ukuthi bekungajabulisa umphefumulo wami ukuthi wonke umuntu wakithi ukhululiwe. Njengoba kufanele ngokubonga sincome lowo mthetho waseZulwini esibalele phakathi kwabakhululekileyo, kufanele sikhale futhi sisole isidingo sokubamba abantu esiphila nabo ebugqilini.
Kodwa ingabe kuyenzeka, nganoma iyiphi indlela yomuntu, ukuwakhulula ngaphandle kokukhiqiza imiphumela esabekayo neyingozi kakhulu? Kufanele siwaphathe ngendlela esawazuza kokhokho bethu, njengoba ukwenza kwawo akuhambisani nobukhazikhazi bezwe lethu. Kodwa kufanele sinciphise, ngangokunokwenzeka, ukuqina kwesiphetho sabo esingajabulisi.
Ngiyazi ukuthi, ezikhathini ezihlukene, isishayamthetho, silalela izikhalazo, sikuvumile ukukhululwa kwabo. Mangingagxili kule ndaba. Ngizonezela kuphela ukuthi lesi [isikhungo sobugqila], kanye nayo yonke enye impahla yabantu baseVirginia, sisengozini, futhi sibekwe ezandleni zalabo abangenakho ukufana kwesimo nathi [abangewona abanikazi bezigqila].
Le [indaba yokulawula amasosha, abizwa nangokuthi ama-patrols wezigqila] yindaba yasendaweni, futhi angikuboni ukufaneleka kokuyibeka ngaphansi kweCongress.
Thom Hartmann ungumbhali kanye nomsingathi wezingxoxo zansuku zonke ohlanganiswe kuzwelonke. Incwadi yakhe entsha ithi Umfundi kaThom Hartmann.
links:
[1] http://alternet.org
[2] http://www.alternet.org/authors/thom-hartmann
[3] http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2012-03-19/news/os-trayvon-martin-shooting-george-zimmerman-911-20120319_1_neighborhood-county-sheriff-s-office-crime-watch
[4] http://www.amazon.com/Drums-Shadows-Survival-Studies-Georgia/dp/1604443243
[5] http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/
[6] http://www.amazon.com/Slave-Patrols-Violence-Carolinas-Historical/dp/0674012348/
[7] http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai/community/text2/plantationsteward.pdf
[8] http://www.saf.org/LawReviews/Bogus2.htm
[9] http://books.google.com/books?id=tN99jYDpUi0C&;pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=%22alarmed+with+respect+to+the+emancipation%22+madison&source=bl&ots=bFUi95nbYz&sig=lytuAn4skhTFHZjkZTZKHxPk08Y&hl=en&sa=X&ei=88_xUMvDMIyI0QHBxYG4CA&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage
[10] http://www.alternet.org/civil-liberties/thom-hartmann-second-amndment-was-ratified-preserve-slavery?paging=off
[11] http://www.alternet.org/tags/slave-patrol
[12] http://www.alternet.org/%2Bnew_src%2B
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