Njengoba nje iJalimane lobuNazi lenza eYurophu phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, i-Imperial Japan yayisebenzisa kakhulu imisebenzi ephoqelelwe kuyo yonke indawo enkulu ye-Asia Pacific eyake yayithatha. Namuhla, nokho, uhulumeni waseJapan nezinkampani zibhekene nefa lomsebenzi ophoqelelwe ngesikhathi sempi ngendlela ehluke kakhulu kunozakwabo baseJalimane.
Lesi sihloko sidingida ukuphikisa kwezinkampani izimangalo zembuyiselo yokusebenza ngempoqo kwamaShayina eJapan, njengoba kwethulwe abameli bommangalelwa be-Mitsubishi Materials Corp. ecaleni lesinxephezelo elizonqunywa yiNkantolo Yesifunda saseFukuoka ngo-March 29. Ezingxoxweni zokuvala ezishaqisayo ngo-September odlule. , abakwaMitsubishi bakhiphe ukuphikwa okugcwele kwamaqiniso omlando avame ukuqashelwa ezinye izinkantolo zaseJapane, kuyilapho inqwabelanisa ukugxekwa Kwamacala aseTokyo futhi ibuza ngokusobala ukuthi iJapane yake โyake yayihlaselaโ yini iChina nhlobo. AbakwaMitsubishi baxwayise ngehlazo ukuthi umklomelo wokulungisa izinkinga wabamangali baseShayina asebekhulile, noma ngisho nesinqumo senkantolo sokuthi kwenzeke umsebenzi ophoqelelwe, kuzothwalisa iJapane โngomthwalo oyiphutha womphefumuloโ amakhulu eminyaka.
Okokuqala, bheka indlela yaseJalimane. Isisekelo esithi โIsikhumbuzo, Isibopho kanye Nekusasaโ sasungulwa ngo-2000, sinama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6 evela kuhulumeni wobumbano kanye namabhizinisi ezimboni angaphezu kuka-6,500. Njengoba izinkokhelo zokulungisa zazisondela ekupheleni kokuphela konyaka, cishe izigidi eziyi-1.6 izisulu zezisebenzi noma izindlalifa zazo, ezihlala emazweni angaphezu kwekhulu, bathole ukuxolisa komuntu ngamunye kanye nesinxephezelo esingokomfanekiso esingafika ku-$100 lilinye. Sebebonke, abantu abayizigidi ezingu-10,000 kukholakala ukuthi basebenzela umbuso wamaNazi ngokungazithandeli.[12]
Izikhumbuzo nokukhuluma iqiniso ngemfundo yomlando kuyizici ezihlobene zenqubo yokubuyisela lapho amaJalimane ebonise khona ukuzibophezela okuqinile ekubuyisaneni. Uhulumeni wesifunda saseBerlin uthenge inkambu yamahektha ayisishiyagalombili okwakusetshenzwa ngenkani futhi useyenza ibe imnyuziyamu yesikhumbuzo ezovulwa ehlobo lika-2006. Lezi zinyathelo zakamuva ephethinini yokubuyisana ende, uma ngezinye izikhathi ifaneleka, zigcizelela ukungaqhubeki phakathi kwesikhathi sempi nangemva kwempi. EJalimane. Ikakhulukazi abangewona amaJuda abavela eMpumalanga Yurophu nasezweni elaliyiSoviet Union, izisebenzi eziphoqelelwe zaziyisigaba sokugcina esikhulu sezisulu ezinganxeshezelwa zamacala empi aseJalimane. Izinombolo ezincane zezinhlanga, ezenkolo nezocansi ezishushiswayo nazo zafakwa esikhwameni sokulungisa isimo saseJalimane.
โNgokwezombangazwe nangokuziphatha, lesi sahluko asisoze savalwa,โ kuphawula usihlalo wenhlangano yokulungisa isimo ngo-October odlule. "Okusengcupheni lapha - futhi lokhu kungumthwalo wesizukulwane sethu kanye nezizukulwane ezizayo - ukugcina lezi zenzakalo ezimbi kakhulu, lezi zokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu zisesikhumbuzweni sezwe."[2]
Ngo-December 2005, ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Austrian Reconciliation Fund yaqeda ukukhokha cishe amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-350 ezisebenzini ezingu-132,000 3, noma imikhaya yazo, ephoqwe ukuba isebenze kanzima ngenxa yempi yamaNazi kulelo zwe. NjengaseJalimane, izinkokhelo zokulungisa zase-Austria zaziphakeme โkuzisebenzi eziyizigqila,โ amaNazi ayehlose ukuzisebenzela zize zife ngaphansi kwezimo ezinyantisayo, kunalezo โzabasebenzi abaphoqelelwe,โ ababesebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezicindezelayo futhi kwezinye izimo bathola imali encane. amaholo phakathi nempi.[XNUMX]
โUbulungiswa obuqinileโ bubhekisela emcabangweni wezomthetho omusha owaqashwa ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990 izishoshovu zokulungisa umsebenzi ophoqelelwe, abameli becala laseMelika, izikhulu zoMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika, nohulumeni baseYurophu nezinkampani. Amabhange aseSwitzerland naseFrance nezinkampani zomshwalense asebenzise indlela efanayo ukuze axazulule amagagasi ezimangalo ezivela ezimpahleni eziphangiwe zezisulu zokuQothulwa Kwesizwe. Ukuvumelana okuyisisekelo kokuthi kwenziwe ukungabi nabulungisa komlando kanye nentando yezombangazwe, ezuzwe ngenhlanganisela yengcindezi nezikhuthazo, ukulungisa ububi beza kuqala. Imininingwane efana nokunquma izinombolo eziqondile zabasebenzi bezigqila kanye nezisebenzi eziphoqelelwe zaqoshwa kuphela ngemva kokusungulwa kwesisekelo sokulungisa. Ubulungiswa obuqinile babuhlose ukunxephezela izisulu eziningi ezikhulile ngangokunokwenzeka, ngakho izidingo zokufaneleka zazivame ukuxegiswa ngisho nalapho imibhalo ingekho.[4]
Umthetho waseJapan ongenzi lutho
Umlando waseJapan, ngokuphambene, wembula indlela ehluke kakhulu yokubhekana nesikhathi esedlule. "Impi yombango" engenakunqandeka phezu kwenkumbulo kazwelonke yokuqoqwa kweKorea, izimpi ezinonya e-China, kanye nokuhlala kwezempi ezindaweni ezinkulu zase-East Asia kushiye izincwadi zomlando waseJapane isihloko sombango ovuthayo oqhubekayo namuhla, ngaphakathi nangaphakathi esifundeni. Ukuvakasha kukandunankulu okuyisikhumbuzo eYasukuni Shrine, ehlonipha izigebengu zempi ezilahlwe amacala futhi okungokomfanekiso kuxhumene neMpi Yase-Japan Enkulu Yasempumalanga Ye-Asia, kanye nokusekelwa okusemthethweni kwendaba ebukezwayo yesikhathi esedlule sase-Japan, ziphikiswa kakhulu amaShayina namaKorea ahlanganisa imihlangano yabaholi abaphezulu. ziye zaba yinto engenakwenzeka. Ukubuyiswa kwezimpahla zamasiko nezizimele ezaphangwa kulo lonke elase-Asia yiJapan kusekude ne-ajenda.
Izisulu zobugebengu bempi yaseJapan cishe azikaze zithole ukuxolisa noma isinxephezelo, njengoba iTokyo iphikisana ngokuthi izivumelwano zokuthula nezinye izivumelwano ezisezingeni likahulumeni zacisha zonke izimangalo ezingokomthetho emashumini eminyaka edlule. Isikhwama se-Asian Womenโs Fund sango-1995 sokugqilazwa ngokocansi kwezempi simelele okuhlukile. Kodwa-ke iningi labesifazane abazibiza ngokududuza banqabile ngokucasuka imali yenduduzo evela emithonjeni ezimele ngoba inqanyuliwe ekuvunyelweni ngokugcwele kwesibopho sikahulumeni. Ukuxolisa kombuso, ngokusobala, indawo eyodwa lapho iJapane izame ngobuqotho ukuhlawulela ukuziphatha kwayo okungafanele kwempi.[5] Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi lokhu kuye kwaphikiswa kaningi yizenzo zikahulumeni eziphikisanayo, njengokuvakashelwa kwe-Yasukuni kanye "nokugxeka" osopolitiki abakhulu, futhi ngenxa yokuthi azikaze zihambisane nokubuyisela okufanele kwabahlukunyeziwe, izinkinga ziyaqhubeka zikhula.
Nakuba iJalimane iqhubekile nokuphenya izakhamizi zayo ngamacala empi kuze kube yikhulunyaka lamanje, iJapan ayikaze ibambe noma yimaphi amacala obugebengu bempi, yakhetha ukunikeza amaJapan ukukhululwa kusenesikhathi kanye noshwele kumaJapan alahlwe amacala anjalo ngesikhathi se-Allied Occupation. UKishi Nobusuke uchithe iminyaka emithathu ejele laseSugamo njengomsolwa wobugebengu bempi we-Class A ngaphambi kokuba athathe ihhovisi likandunankulu kusukela ngo-1957-60, ebonisa ngokusobala ukuqhubeka phakathi kwesikhathi sempi kanye ne-Japan yangemva kwempi.[6] UKishi wayengumsunguli weLiberal Democratic Party eyabusa isikhathi eside futhi umzukulu wakhe, u-Abe Shinzo, uthathwa njengomgijimi ohamba phambili esikhundleni sikaKoizumi Junichiro njengondunankulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kulo nyaka.
Izinhlelo ezintathu eziyinhloko zomsebenzi ophoqelelwe eJapane zazibandakanya iziboshwa zempi ezihlangene, amaKorea namaShayina. Izigidi zabantu base-Asiya kucatshangwa ukuthi basebenze ngokumelene nentando yabo ngombuso ongaphandle kweJapane, kodwa umlando womlando uhlala ungathuthukisiwe futhi awucatshangelwa lapha.
Imizamo yokuphoqeleka yokulungiswa kwabasebenzi ngama-Allied POWs agqamisa indlela i-United States eyisize ngayo i-Japan yeqa isibopho sempi. Izinkulungwane zeziboshwa zama-Allied zashona zisendleleni eya eJapane zigibela โimikhumbi yesihogoโ edume kabi, eziningi zazo ezazingaphawulwanga njengemikhumbi ye-POW futhi zadutshulwa ziphuma emanzini yimikhumbi-ngwenya yaseMelika, kuyilapho ukuphathwa kabi ngendlela ehlelekile nokubanjwa kwe-Red Cross ukuthunyelwa kokudla nemithi kube nomthelela omkhulu. amanani okufa ekamu lasejele. Ama-American ex-POWs athola izinkokhelo zamathokheni ezimpahleni zaseJapan ezazilahliwe ngokushesha ngemva kwempi, kodwa uMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika wawuphikisa ngamandla umkhankaso wabo wokunxeshezelwa kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990. Naphezu kokudlala indima ebalulekile ekulungiseni izinto ezibhekiswe eJalimane, kanye neqiniso lokuthi iCongress kanye nezishayamthetho zombuso zazizimisele ukusiza impi yangaphambili ye-POWs, igatsha eliphezulu laseMelika lacindezela izinkantolo zesizwe ukuthi zihumushe iSivumelwano Sokuthula SaseSan Francisco njengokwenqabela izimangalo zomuntu ngamunye. ngokumelene nezinkampani zaseJapane.[7] Ezinye izizwe ezihlangene, ezacindezelwa iWashington ukuthi zamukele imigomo yokunxeshezelwa okuthambile yesivumelwano sika-1951, zinxephezele ama-POW awo angaphambili ngezimali zasekhaya eminyakeni yamuva. Kubonakala sengathi i-United States ayisoze yakwenza lokho.
Encwadini yakhe ethi Unjust Enrichment, esahlukweni esithi โMitsubishi: Empire of Exploitation,โ umcwaningi oholayo uLinda Goetz Holmes uyabhala: โIMitsubishi isendaweni eyingqayizivele emlandweni wokusebenzisa kwezinkampani zaseJapane izigqila zePOW phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Le nkampani yakha, yaba ngumnikazi, futhi yasebenzisa okungenani ishumi nesikhombisa lemikhumbi 'yezihogo' zabathengisi ezazithutha iziboshwa ziyiswe ezindaweni eziya kuzo; futhi le nkampani yazuza ngokusetshenziswa kweziboshwa endaweni ebanzi kunanoma iyiphi enye.โ[8] I-Mitsubishi iphinde yahlinzeka ngeziphambano zamapulangwe ezibiza amakhilomitha angu-225 ku-Burma-Siam Railway edume kabi. Mayelana nekamu elikhulu le-Allied POW eduze nendawo ye-Unit 731 eManchuria, u-Holmes uthi "umbono usamile wokuthi indawo yakwaMitsubishi e-Mukden yayiyindawo yezigameko ezivame kakhulu nezihlelekile zokuhlolwa kwezokwelapha eziboshweni zempi zaseMelika."[9]
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iMitsubishi ibhekane nenqwaba yamacala eJapan, e-US naseNingizimu Korea ngokusetshenziswa kwayo kakhulu ekhaya kwe-Korean Force Force (KFL). Amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezisebenzi zaseKorea, kuhlanganise namantombazane asanda kweva eshumini nambili, abuthwa futhi alethwa eJapane ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuphoqelela nokukhohlisa okwakhula kanzima njengoba impi iqhubeka.[10] Izinkampani zafaka amaholo azo โkuma-akhawunti okonga okushisekela izweโ kuyilapho zibamba izimali ezibanjwayo zempesheni nomshwalense wezempilo, futhi zigcina ukulawula okugcwele kwama-passbook afanelekile. Izithembiso zokuthumela imali ekhaya emindenini yaseKorea zaphulwa kakhulu.
Abasebenzi baseKorea baqale ukufuna amaholo abo angakhokhelwa ngokushesha ngemuva kokuzinikela kweJapan futhi basaqhubeka nokwenza lokho nanamuhla. Ngo-1946, nokho, uhulumeni waseJapan wayala buthule izinkampani ukuthi zifake amaholo kanye nezimali ezihlobene nezinhlangano zikahulumeni kubandakanya neBhange LaseJapan. Ngokusobala, izimali kamuva zahlanganiswa nediphozithi yamaholo engakhokhiwe yezisebenzi zaseShayina, kodwa zagcinwa zihlukene nemali engazange ikhokhelwe amasosha aseKorea nezakhamuzi ezazisebenzela amasosha aseJapane. Izimali ezixhumene ne-KFL manje ziphethwe yibhange likazwelonke ngenani lama-yen ayizigidi ezingu-215 (noma cishe amaRandi ayizigidi ezimbili, okungalungiswanga iminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha yenzalo noma ukwehla kwamandla emali).[2]
Esikhundleni sokwazisa labo ababebuthelwe eKorea, iTokyo igodle ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nediphozithi ye-KFL, amaholo abo angakhokhelwa, eminyakeni eyaholela esivumelwaneni sokujwayelekile se-Japan-South Korea se-1965 ukuze kugwenywe ukuthwala umthwalo walesi sici esivelele sombuso wamakholoni. Uhulumeni waseSeoul, owathikamezeka emizamweni yokuqhubekisela phambili lesi sicelo sesinxephezelo ngokusemthethweni egameni lezakhamuzi zawo, waphoqeleka ukuthi wamukele ifomula โyosizo lwezomnothoโ eyayingathandwa kakhulu eyayiphatha amaholo angakhokhelwa njengezimangalo zempahla okufanele zihoxiswe ngesikhathi sesivumelwano.
Onyakeni odlule, ukufuna osekunesikhathi eside kulandelwa ukulungiswa kwe-KFL kushintshiwe. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi engapheli evela kuKhomishana YaseNingizimu Korea Yeqiniso Yokugqugquzela Ngenkani ngaphansi kwe-Japanese Imperialism, eqhubeka nokuthumela abaphenyi ezindaweni ezazisebenza ezweni lonke, uhulumeni waseJapan ucele izinkampani, omasipala namathempeli ukuthi babambisane ekufuneni osekudlule isikhathi sokuthola uhlu lwamagama kanye nokubuyiswa kwezinkampani. umlotha wabantu kudala ugcinwe emathuneni omphakathi. Nakuba uhulumeni waseNingizimu Korea kulindeleke ukuthi ekugcineni anxephezele abasele bebuthelwe emsebenzini, isenzo esingahlazisa ngokufanelekile uhulumeni wase-Japan nabantu, izinhloso ze-Japan mayelana nediphozithi enkulu yamaholo e-KFL azikacaci. Idlanzana lezindawo zokuhlala ngaphandle kwenkantolo kule minyaka eyishumi edlule zizuze isibalo esincane sabasebenzi baseKorea bangaphambili. Umthetho wase-Japan awuwavumeli amacala esigaba.
Irekhodi lomsebenzi ophoqelelwe wamaShayina
Inhlangano yokunxeshezelwa kwabasebenzi abaphoqelelwe baseShayina (CFL) iyilensi ewusizo yokubhekisisa kabanzi ukuthi umbuso wase-Japan nezinkampani zihlanganyele kanjani eminyakeni engama-60 edlule ukuze zigweme ukuziphendulela ngezenzo zazo ezihlanganyelwe ngesikhathi sempi.
I-Japan Focus yangaphambilini esihlokweni wachaza ukuthi ngo-1946 uMnyango Wezangaphandle (i-MOFA) kanye nezinkampani ezingama-35 bahlanganisa kanjani ngasese irekhodi eliphelele lohlelo lwabasebenzi abaphoqelelwe ezindaweni zokusebenza eziyi-135 ezweni lonke, ikakhulukazi ngezinhloso zokuzivikela ngokulindela ukushushiswa kwamacala empi okwakwenzeka kakhulu.[12] Uhulumeni kamuva wacindezela Umbiko Wophenyo Omiqulu emihlanu Wezimo Zokusebenza Zabasebenzi BaseShayina (owaziwa kangcono ngokuthi Umbiko Womnyango Wezangaphandle, noma i-FMR) ukuze kuvinjelwe izimangalo zokunxeshezelwa kombuso ezivela eChina futhi kuvinjwe imizamo ezimisele yezishoshovu zokulungisa izimo zasekhaya, ezazifuna ukubuyisela ekhaya izinsalela zamaShayina futhi uveze iqiniso mayelana nezimo zesitayela sobugqila. Bangaphezu koyedwa kwabayisithupha (6,830 kwabangu-38,935) abesilisa baseShayina abaphakathi kweminyaka engu-11 no-78 ubudala, ngokusho kwezibalo ze-FMR ezicophelelayo. Kwezinye izindawo isigamu sazo zonke izisebenzi safa ngokuphelele, naphezu kokufika eJapane phakathi nonyaka wokugcina wempi.
Ecaleni lesinxephezelo manje eliseNkantolo Yesifunda saseFukuoka, abamangalelwa abathathu umbuso, iMitsubishi kanye neMitsui Mining Co. Izinkampani eziyisithupha ezisebenza ezindaweni ezingu-16 eFukuoka Prefecture, okuyindawo yazo yamalahle yaseChikuho ebhebhezela impi yasekhaya, yathola abasebenzi baseChina abangu-6,090 sebebonke, okwesibili. eHokkaido kuphela. IMitsui yasebenzisa izimayini ezintathu ezihilelekile kuleli cala futhi yasebenzisa ingqikithi yamaShayina angu-5,696 ezweni lonke, eyayicishe ibe amaphesenti angu-15 abo bonke abasebenzi futhi ingaphezu kwanoma iyiphi enye inkampani. IMitsubishi ibambe izimayini ezimbili ezithintekayo kuleli cala futhi yasebenzisa amaShayina angama-2,709 ezweni lonke, noma amaphesenti ayisikhombisa abo bonke abasebenzi. Abangu-352 kwabangu-25 abasebenza kwaMitsubishi eKatsuta bashonile. Leso silinganiso sokufa esingamaphesenti angama-XNUMX sikleliswe phezulu esifundeni kodwa sisendaweni yamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili kuphela.
Imibhalo ye-MOFA eyachithwa ngo-2002 yaveza ukuthi abaphathi bakaNdunankulu u-Kishi, owabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ngesikhathi sempi ekugunyazeni uhlelo lwe-CFL, bakha isu lokufihla okucacile futhi bakwenza ngokuqamba amanga ku-Diet kanye namaqembu ezakhamizi mayelana nempahla yombuso. yamarekhodi e-CFL, ngenkathi idweba isithombe esingelona iqiniso โsomsebenzi wenkontileka yokuzithandela.โ Ngo-1993 umbiko ophelele woMnyango Wezangaphandle, kanye nemibiko engaphezu kwekhulu yesizindalwazi ngasinye i-FMR eyayisekelwe phezu kwayo, yanikezwa inethiwekhi yokusakaza ye-NHK yigatsha laseTokyo le-Overseas Chinese Association, eyayithole imibhalo ngokuputshuka kwenkonzo. cishe ngo-100. Lokhu kwaholela esimweni samanje sombuso sokuthi lolu hlelo lwaluhlanganisa "izisebenzi eziphoqelelwe ingxenye". NgoJulayi 1950, i-MOFA yamemezela ngokuxolisa ukuthi isiseshe isitolo sayo esingaphansi futhi yathola amakhasi angu-2003 emibiko yesayithi ye-CFL ethunyelwe izinkampani eminyakeni engu-20,000 ngaphambili, okuhlanganisa amanga okuphika kwangaphambilini kokuthi igcine noma imaphi amarekhodi anjalo.[57]
I-Corporate Japan, eholwa izinhlangano zemboni yezokwakha kanye nemboni yezimayini, yaqala yathintana nohulumeni ngombono wokungenisa izisebenzi zaseShayina ngo-1939. Njengoba ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi enzima yasekhaya yaseJapane kuba bucayi kakhulu, umbuso waguqula lo mbono wenkampani waba iqiniso lezokuphatha ngezinyathelo ezimbili: November 1942 โisinqumo sekhabhinethiโ esaholela ekuqulweni kwecala lezisebenzi ezingu-1,411 1943 kusukela ngo-April 1944; kanye โnesinqumo sika-February 1944 โsesekela likangqongqosheโ esaholela esigabeni esigcwele sokungeniswa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kusukela ngoNdasa XNUMX. UKishi wagunyaza zombili lezi zinyathelo, okokuqala njengoNgqongqoshe Wezohwebo Nezimboni futhi kamuva njengePhini LikaNgqongqoshe Wezezikhali; womabili amaphothifoliyo afaka nokwengamela okubanzi kokusebenza ngempoqo.
Ngemuva kokuthi izicelo zokwabiwa kwabasebenzi zigunyazwe umbuso, izinkampani zenze izinkontileka neNorth China Industrial Labour Association, inhlangano esebenzisana namaShayina e-Beijing eyathola izisebenzi ngosizo olunodlame lwe-Imperial Japanese Army. Iziboshwa zaseShayina zazihlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yezisebenzi zaseJapane eziya eJapane, nakuba umgomo wase-Asia-wide wawuwukunikeza isikhundla se-POW kuphela kumasosha amhlophe aseNtshonalanga. Ukufuna nokucekela phansi ohambweni lwamabutho opopayi aseJapane naseShayina kwakuhlanganisa "ukuzingela izisebenzi," okusho ukuthi noma yimuphi umuntu wesilisa onamandla wayenecala lokuthunjwa ekhonjwe ngesibhamu futhi athunyelwe eJapane njengempango yempi. Ukuqashwa ngokukhohlisa kwasetshenziswa kabanzi, futhi. Izisebenzi eziphoqelelwe ezisinde kulolu vivinyo olunonya zithi bezingazi noma yiziphi izinkontileka phakathi kwezinkampani zaseJapane nenhlangano yabasebenzi eseceleni kwaseChina, futhi bambalwa kakhulu abake bathola iholo ngomsebenzi wabo onzima.
Impela, bekukuncane ukuzenzisa ukukhokhelwa kwamaholo kwaze kwaba ngemuva kokuthi iJapan izinikele kumfelandawonye we-Allied ohlanganisa uhulumeni waseChina waseKuomintang. Ngo-Okthoba 1946 izindawo zokusebenza eziningi zase zingena ezinxushunxushwini nasekuziphindiseleni kwabasebenzi benkampani yaseJapan ngamaShayina ayefuna amaholo, ukudla kanye nezinto ezibonakalayo njengezimpahla zokugqoka - ngaleyo ndlela.[14] E-Tagawa, indawo yemayini enkulu ye-Mitsui lapho abanye abamangaleli bamanje be-Fukuoka besebenza khona, ama-POW aseShayina asanda kunqoba agxumela edolobheni efake amabhande engalo ekhombisa ibutho lawo le-KMT. (Ngasekupheleni kwempi isiteleka esikhulu eTagawa sasiholwa abasebenzi โbe-trial batchโ ababese-Japan ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwemibili, isikhathi senkontileka yabasebenzi be-ersatz phakathi kukaMitsui nempahla yaseBeijing. Abasebenzi benkampani bahlaselwa ngamafosholo futhi phakathi nokuvukela, okwaphela ngemva kokuba amakhulu amaphoyisa nama-kempeitai engene ekamu futhi ehudulela ngaphandle abaholi bamaqembu.)
Njengoba uhulumeni waseJapan owayekhathazekile enxusa iziphathimandla ze-American Occupation ukuthi zenze ukubuyisela amaShayina kube yinto ehamba phambili, ezinye izinkampani zakhipha izizumbulu zemali kubaholi bophiko lwabasebenzi baseChina ababevame ukuhluleka ukuyisabalalisa ngendlela efanele. Uhlelo lokuhlinzeka ngamanani angaguquki "wokuthatha imali yokuya ekhaya," olwenziwa uhlangothi lwaseJapan ngokugunyazwa kwe-GHQ, nalo lwabhidlika ngokushesha. Izisebenzi eziningi ebezihamba zanikezwa amavawusha okukhokha esikhumulweni semikhumbi futhi zatshelwa ukuthi zizihlenge ngemali emabhange asebenzisana neJapan ekhaya eChina, okuthe lapho zifika kwatholakala ukuthi seziphelile.
Umkhondo wamaholo angakhokhelwa omsebenzi ophoqelelwe waseShayina usalokhu unzima ukuwubeka phansi ngokunemba, ngenxa yengxenye yezinhlobonhlobo zezimpendulo zenkampani kodwa ikakhulukazi ngesakhiwo sikahulumeni wase-Japan. Ngesikhathi se-Occupation njengasendabeni yezisebenzi zaseKorea, uhulumeni wamisa โuhlelo olukhethekile lokufaka imaliโ lwemali izinkampani ezihlulekile ukuyikhokhela izisebenzi zaseShayina ngaphambi kokuba zihambe eJapane. I-Tokyo, njengoba ingakaze izame ukwazisa labo abangase babe ngabamukeli mayelana namadiphozithi, ivuma ngokungananazi ukuthi izimali zisaphethwe izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezifana neBhange LaseJapan kanye namahhovisi esifunda kanye nezikhungo zezomthetho. Kepha iJapan igcizelela ukuthi amarekhodi ampofu enza kube nzima ukuhlanganisa amadiphozithi nabantu abavela emazweni athile, okuthe noma kunjalo balahlekelwe yiwo wonke amalungelo okufuna imali. Sekuqinisekisiwe ukuthi ihhovisi le-Moji Customs lilodwa namuhla linemali ehlobene ne-CFL engaba ama-yen angaba yizigidi eziyisikhombisa, manje ebiza cishe ama-yen ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa noma amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-70, inani elingafaki inzalo ehlanganisiwe yeminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha.[15]
Ekuqaleni kuka-1946, ngokuphawulekayo, zonke izinkampani ezingu-35 zabelana ngesamba esivulekile sama-yen ayizigidi ezingu-56, namuhla ebiza cishe ama-yen ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-56 noma amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-560, evela esikhwameni sikahulumeni njengesinxephezelo sokulahlekelwa okuthiwa kudalwe ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi waseShayina.[16] IMitsui Mining ithole cishe amaphesenti angu-14 kaphaya wesinxephezelo sikahulumeni kwathi iMitsubishi Materials yathola ucezu lwamaphesenti amahlanu, okubonisa inani eliyisisekelo labasebenzi abasetshenzisiwe. Isikhathi salezi zinkokhelo ezinkampanini, njengoba nje ababhali boMbiko Womnyango Wezangaphandle babeveza uhlelo lwezabasebenzi ngendlela engcono kakhulu futhi i-GHQ yayinyakaza ukuze ihlakaze ama-zaibatsu conglomerates, iphakamisa umzamo wokubhuqa wokuveza imboni njengesisulu sezomnotho ngisho nabasebenzi. babeqolwa emalini yabo.
Izinkampani zaba โabawine kathathuโ ngokuhlomula ngokuqondile emsebenzini ongakhokhelwa ngesikhathi sempi futhi zithole imali yomphakathi ngakho ngemva kwalokho, ngendlela eyayivame ukufihla indima yazo njengeqembu njengomshoshozeli wohlelo futhi ibakhulule esidingweni sokuholela abasebenzi bazo. Nakuba isisusa sobugovu obuvamile singenakwehliswa ekuhloleni ukubalekela ukuziphendulela kwe-CFL kwangemva kwempi okwenziwa uhulumeni kanye nezithakazelo zebhizinisi ezizimele, inhloso ejulile kwakuwukuqhubekisela phambili izici ezibalulekile zohlelo olukhona lwezombangazwe nezomnotho.
Umkhankaso wokulungisa uyaqhubeka
Abasekeli beCitizen and Diet besiphakamiso sesikhwama sesinxephezelo se-CFL bafuna ukugxilisa ukunaka komphakathi ngokungalungi kwesimo samanje kanye nokubaluleka kokudlulela ekubuyisaneni. Njengoba isiphakamiso esithi โzenmen kaiketsuโ (isixazululo esibanzi) sifingqa ngamafuphi: Umbiko Wenkonzo Yangaphandle ka-1946 uveza amaShayina angu-38,935 17 alethwa eJapane; umbuso usaqhubeka nokubamba amadiphozithi amakhulu angazange akhokhelwe laba basebenzi; kanye nezinkampani ezazisebenzisa umsebenzi ophoqelelwe waseShayina zathola isinxephezelo esikhulu sikahulumeni.[XNUMX]
Isimangalo sibonakala okungenani siphoqa njengoba kwandulela โubulungiswa obungenasiciโ baseJalimane nase-Austrian. Njengoba ngaphansi kwamaphesenti ayishumi ezisulu ze-CFL zisaphila nanamuhla, abasekeli besikhwama bathi, umthetho kazwelonke kufanele ushaywe ngokushesha ukuze kunikezwe izisulu noma izindlalifa isixoliso esisemthethweni kanye nezinkokhelo ezizwakalayo ezivela kuhulumeni nasembonini. Kwakuzokwakhiwa nesisekelo semfundo sezizukulwane ezizayo.
Amajaji aseJapan ezinqumweni zangaphambilini zenkantolo ye-CFL abonakalise ukuzwelana okungajwayelekile kubamangali baseShayina, ehlala ethola ukuthi umbuso nezinkampani zisebenzisana ngokuhlanganyela emsebenzini ophoqelelwe ngokungemthetho, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile ephakamisa isisombululo somthetho. Kuze kube manje kube nezivumelwano ezimbili zesinxephezelo ezixhunywe yinkantolo: โIsikhwama sosizoโ sika-Kajima Corp. sikaNovemba 2000 esihlobene nendawo eyayisakhiwe kuyo i-Hanaoka, lapho kwashona khona abasebenzi abangu-418 kwabangu-986 futhi kwaba nokuvukela umbuso, kanye nenkokhelo ka-September 2004 ehilela I-Nippon Yakin Kogyo Co. Nakuba uhulumeni enqaba ukuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni zokuxazulula izinkinga zangaphandle kwenkantolo, ukunxeshezelwa kwesithathu kunconywe yiNkantolo Yesifunda saseNagano futhi kungase kuphothulwe ngoMashi - uma abamangalelwa abathathu benkampani bevuma.
Amacala asenkantolo asalinde ezindaweni ezingaphezu kweshumi ukusuka eHokkaido kuya eKyushu, lapho iMitsubishi iyodwa imangalelwa khona eFukuoka, Nagasaki naseMiyazaki. Icala elihilela imayini yethusi yakwaMitsubishi, iMiyazaki, izinga layo lokufa elingamaphesenti angu-31 lalicishe liphindwe kabili kunesilinganiso sikazwelonke, laba khona ngemva kokuba i-MOFA ikhiphe umbiko wendawo owawungaziwa ngaphambilini ngo-2003. yokungavikeleki kombuso kanye nemikhawulo yesikhathi sokufaka izicelo. Kepha ukunqoba okune kwenkundla yenkantolo kunikeze umnyakazo wokunxeshezelwa kwe-CFL umuzwa ongajwayelekile womfutho.
INkantolo Yesifunda saseTokyo ngoJulayi 2001 yayala umbuso ukuba unxephezele umndeni kaLiu Lianren iminyaka engu-13 ayichitha ecashile ngemva kokuba eqe emayini yaseHokkaido ngaphambi nje kokuphela kwempi, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseTokyo yasichitha lesi sinqumo ngoJuni odlule. (Ngomlando oxakayo, uKishi wayengundunankulu ngesikhathi uLiu ephuma emhumeni weqhwa ngo-February 1958; abaphathi bakhe baqhubeka nokuphenya uLiu ngokungena eJapane ngokungemthetho. U-Liu ngolaka wafuna isinxephezelo ngokuthunjwa kwakhe nokusebenza ngenkani, etshela izintatheli ukuthi zibuze uKishi ukuthi kanjani. wayezele ukuzoba sezweni. Wenqaba imvilophu kahulumeni ayeyinikeziwe enemali yozwelo engu-100,000 yen futhi wabuyela eShayina njengeqhawe lesizwe.)
Ecaleni lokuqala elanqunywa iNkantolo Yesifunda saseFukuoka, amajaji athola ngo-April 2002 ukuthi ukuziphatha kukaMitsui โkungachazwa njengokubiโ futhi ayala inkampani ukuba inxephezele abamangali. Ngo-March 2004, iNkantolo Yesifunda SaseNiigata yathola kokubili umbuso kanye nenkampani yezokuthutha i-Rinko Corp. benecala lomonakalo. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-Hiroshima ngoJulayi 2004 yahoxisa isinqumo senkantolo encane futhi yayala i-Nishimatsu Construction Co. ukuba ikhokhe isinxephezelo.
Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseFukuoka yawuchitha umyalelo wokunxeshezelwa kweMitsui ngo-May 2004. Noma kunjalo, lesi sinqumo sagxeka ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni okuhlanganyelwe kombuso nenkampani, โukucekelwa phansi kobufakazi ngonyaโ kanye nezitatimende ezingelona iqiniso zikahulumeni eSidlweni Sokudla. Lapho ithola ukuthi โumsebenzi ophoqelelwe onjengesigqila wawuwukweqa okunyantisayo kwesithunzi somuntu,โ inkantolo yathi: โAmadoda aseShayina, ayekade ephila ngokuthula futhi engabuswa ubukhosi besizwe samaJapane, ayesebenzisa ubudlova ngamabomu. kanye nokukhohlisa, behlukaniswa nemindeni yabo, bayiswa ezweni eliyizitha futhi baphoqelelwa ukuba basebenze lapho.โ[18] Inkantolo yakwenqaba ngokunganaki ukuzivikela kombuso, ijaji elikhulu lagcizelela esithangamini sabezindaba sangemva kokukhipha isinqumo ukuthi isimangalo sabamangali sasiwukuba. inqatshiwe kuphela ngoba ifakwe sekwephuze kakhulu.
Icala lokuqala lika-Fukuoka, icala lase-Hiroshima, kanye necala lika-Liu Lianren lidluliselwe eNkantolo Ephakeme Yase-Japan, lapho isinqumo somuntu ohlukunyezwayo sizoshintsha isiphakamiso sesikhwama se-CFL ngokusobala kakhulu ohlelweni lwephalamende.
Ukuphika kweMitsubishi ukusebenza ngempoqo
Icala lesibili lamaShayina eliphoqelela ukusebenza eNkantolo Yesifunda saseFukuoka lafakwa ngoFebhuwari 2003 ngabamangali abangu-45, okungenzeka ukuthi babeyizisebenzi noma amalungu omndeni wabo asaphila. Ukulalelwa kwecala kokugcina kwabanjwa ngoSepthemba 21 odlule. Umbuso, ngenkathi usathule ngobuqiniso bezincazelo zezisulu zokuhlangenwe nakho kwazo ngesikhathi sempi, uthi i-Japan-China Joint Declaration of 1972 yahoxisa wonke amalungelo ezakhamuzi zaseShayina, ukuthi ayikwazi ukumangalelwa. ukulungisa ngaphansi komthethosisekelo we-Meiji owawusebenza phakathi nempi, nokuthi izimangalo zindala kakhulu. U-Mitsui futhi ugcina iphrofayili ephansi, ephazanyiswe ukuhlulwa kwakhe kwangaphambilini ngaphambi kwenkantolo efanayo kanye nokunqoba kwesikhalazo okwamukele ama-akhawunti omlando wabamangali.
I-Mitsubishi Materials, eyalandela uphiko lwezimayini lwe-zaibatsu yesikhathi sempi, esikhathini esidlule ngokuvamile ibithembele emigodleni yesivumelwano, imigoqo yesikhathi kanye nokuvikela โinkampani ehlukileโ ukuyivikela emasudini. Noma yikuphi ukuphathwa kabi kwezisebenzi zakwamanye amazwe kubonakale njengomonakalo wempi ovamile amazwe azimele kuphela angabhekana nawo, futhi, ngokusobala, njengomphumela wezinqubomgomo zezwe eziya phezulu izinhlangano ezazingakwazi ukumelana nazo.
Kodwa namuhla, njengoba ukwanda kobuzwe baseNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asia kubhekene nemizamo eyengeziwe ngaphakathi kwe-Japan โyokwenza ibe yinhleโ (bika suru) ukuziphatha kwayo kwempi, ithimba lezokuvikela lakwaMitsubishi leqe i-Rubicon yokubuyekezwa komlando ngokuphika ukuthi noma yimuphi umsebenzi ophoqelelwe wenzeke ezimayini zamalahle zaseFukuoka. Ngokudabukisayo namanje, inkampani yasekela lokhu kuphika emibikweni yayo yesayithi yango-1946 kanye neqiniso lokuthi abaphathi be-Occupation abakaze balethe amacala empi e-CFL ngokumelene nayo.
AbakwaMitsubishi bahlasele ukwethembeka kwabesilisa asebekhulile baseShayina ngokuthi kukhona ukungqubuzana phakathi kobufakazi babo bomlomo enkantolo kanye nesikhalo esasifakwe abameli babo baseJapan ekuqaleni. Inkampani iphinde yaphikisa ngokuthi ngenxa yokuthi icala libhekisela emibikweni yesayithi, imibhalo kufanele yamukelwe ngokwangempela futhi ithathwe njengathembekile ngokuphelele. Imibiko yesizindalwazi, abakwaMitsubishi abathi abasenayo, yahlanganiswa ngenhloso yokuxosha ngakho-ke ayicacisi ngokusobala ukusebenza ngempoqo, ukungondleki noma ukuhlukunyezwa. AbakwaMitsubishi bathi lokhu kufakazela ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa okunjalo akukaze kwenzeke.
Eqinisweni, njengoba โIziqondiso Zokulawula Izisebenzi ZaseShayina Eziphuma Ngaphandle,โ ezanikezwa izinhlangano uMnyango Wezangaphakathi ngo-April 1944, zachazwa ngokuningiliziwe, izimo zokuphila zenziwe ngamabomu zaba mubi ngangokunokwenzeka futhi izisebenzi zaphathwa ngonya ngamabomu. Umgomo wawuwukukhulisa ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni, kanye nokunciphisa izingozi zokuphepha zokuletha intsha, abantu besilisa abayizitha eziqhingini zasekhaya, ngokucindezela isifiso sabo sokumelana. Iphoqelelwe ukuhlolwa okuvamile kwenkonzo, iziqondiso zabiza ukuphepha kwekamu okweqisayo, izingubo ezisezingeni eliphansi, izindawo zokulala eziminyene, izindlu zangasese zasendulo ezingenazo izindawo zokugeza, ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha okulinganiselwe, kanye nenani elincane lokudla okumpofu kakhulu - okwakuzogodlwa njengoba kudingekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe. isiyalo.[19] (U-Okazaki Eijo, owayephethe ukuhlolwa kwekamu likaNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi, wabuye wahola Amaphoyisa Aphakeme Akhethekile. I-post-war lustration yamgcina ephuma esikhundleni somphakathi kwaze kwaba ngu-1952, kodwa wakhethwa ekudleni ngethikithi le-LDP lentombazane ngo-1955 futhi kamuva wakhonza. njengesekela likanobhala wekhabhinethi kaKishi.)
Umbiko wesizinda semayini yakwaMitsubishi iKatsuta eFukuoka uthi amaShayina aphiwa ukudla okungcono kunamaJapani, futhi asebenze amahora angu-12 kanye nohambo oluphelezelwayo lokuphuma ekamu ngamaholide. Abamangali bathi basebenze kanzima amahora angu-25 bengenazo izinsuku zokuphumula futhi bebelokhu bebhuqwabhuqwa yindlala. Amanani aphezulu kakhulu okufa kwe-CFL, njengamaphesenti angu-XNUMX ezisebenzi ezashonela eKatsuta, akushiyi kungabaza mayelana nesimo sangempela salolu hlelo.
Nokho, nalapha futhi, uhulumeni nezinhlangano zathatha isinyathelo sokufihla iqiniso ngokushesha ngemva kokuphela kwempi. Amaphoyisa asesifundeni saseHokkaido, โEsazisweni Esibalulekile Sokulungiselela Izinhlu Zamagama,โ aqondise amahhovisi edolobha nodokotela bendawo ukuthi benze izitifiketi zokufa okungamanga ngokushiya izinkomba zendlala, ukusebenza ngokweqile, ukuhlukunyezwa nokuzibulala. Omunye udokotela wabika ukuthi watshelwa amaphoyisa โukuba angabhali lutho ezitifiketini zokufa okungase kubangele inkinga kamuva.โ Umphumela waba ukuthi ukushona okungenacala okubangelwa ukuqunjelwa kanye nokuvuvukala kwamathumbu kwadlanga.[20]
IMitsubishi iphinde yagomela ngesibindi ukuthi ukuntuleka kokushushiswa kwamacala empi e-CFL enkampanini kufakazela ubumsulwa bayo. Abameli bakwaMitsubishi babone ukuthi i-Tokyo Trials, ngokusemthethweni i-International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE), yakhipha izinqumo ezinecala emacaleni ahlanganisa ukuhlukumeza kanye nonya olubhekiswe kubasebenzi bakwamanye amazwe yizinkampani zaseJapan.
โNokho,โ uMitsubishi watshela inkantolo, โakekho nomshushisi oyedwa ohilela izindawo zokusebenza okwakucatshangelwa kuzo kuleli cala. Leli qiniso elibalulekile kufanele likalwe ngokufanele. Kuyakhombisa ukuthi abakwaMitsubishi Materials abazange benze lutho oluphambene nomthetho okumele isolwe ngakho. Ngempela, ukuvuma kwale nkantolo ukuthi ukuphathwa kwalaba bamangali yiMitsubishi Materials kuhilela ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni kuyoyiphikisa imiphumela yocwaningo yethimba labaphenyi elakhiwe uhlangothi olunqoba impi. Kuyadingeka ukuqaphela ukuthi ukutholwa okunjalo kuzomelela isengezo Ezivivinyweni ZaseTokyo.โ[21]
Lesi sithombe sinephutha. Ngenxa yokuthi inhloso enkulu โyenkambo ehlehlayoโ ye-GHQ kwakuwukuvuselela ama-conglomerates afana ne-Mitsubishi ne-Mitsui, ukushushiswa kwe-IMTFE e-Yokohama kwabaseShayina abasebenza ngempoqo emacaleni e-Class B kanye no-C kwanqunyelwe kumasayithi amabili nje kwangu-135. Izisebenzi ezine zasekamu namaphoyisa endawo amabili balahlwa amacala eHanaoka ngo-March 1948, ngezigwebo ezisukela eminyakeni engu-20 yokusebenza kanzima kuye ekufeni ngokulengiswa. Akukho ukulengiswa okwenzeka, nokho, futhi bonke abagwetshiwe badedelwa ngaphambi kokuphela koMsebenzi. Icala lesibili lalihilela ibhizinisi lechweba lase-Osaka futhi lasongwa izinsuku ezimbili ngo-Okthoba 1947; Kukhishwe izinqumo ezine ezinecala ngemuva kokuthi amacala okubulala ngokuhlukumeza enziwe isihluku. Isigwebo esinzima kunazo zonke seminyaka engu-12 sanikezwa umphathi we-CFL wasethekwini. Ngemva kokukhululwa kwakhe ngaphambi kwesikhathi, wabuyela esikhundleni sokuphatha ethekwini futhi wasiza ekucindezeleni umsebenzi ohleliwe wabasebenzi. I-IMTFE ayizange icabange ukuba netyala kwe-CFL kwabaphathi bezinkampani nezikhulu zikahulumeni, njengoba iMitsubishi iyazi ngokuqinisekile.
I-NHK, njengengxenye yedokhumentari yayo yango-1993 eyadalula Umbiko Womnyango Wezangaphandle, yaya eLos Angeles ukuyoxoxisana nomphenyi wangaphambili wamacala empi ye-Allied owayehola uphenyo lokuqala lwe-CFL. UWilliam Simpson utshele inethiwekhi ukuthi isinqumo se-GHQ sokuyeka ukushushiswa ngokuphumelelayo "singabonisa iqiniso lokuthi kwakukhona impi yombango eChina futhi akukho okuningi okwakungazuzwa ngokutshalwa kwemizamo ye-United States. Kwenziwa isinqumo sokuthi singagcizeleli ukushiyeka kwabasebenzi bezinkampani zaseJapane emazingeni aphezulu ngoba laba kwakungabantu esasifuna ukusebenza nabo eMpini Yomshoshaphansi njengamadlelandawonye.โ[22] Nokho ukuhlukunyezwa kwama-Allied POWs amhlophe emakamu okusetshenzelwa kanzima kuwo kwashushiswa ngamandla. izivivinyo ze-Class B no-C ezibanjelwe eJapane nakwamanye amazwe ase-Asia; kwakhishwa izigwebo zentambo eziningi. Leli zinga eliphindwe kabili lobuhlanga lehlise ukuhlupheka kwabahlukunyezwa base-Asia futhi kwaba isici esisobala senqubo ye-IMTFE.
Abameli babamangali baziphikisa izimpikiswano zokuvala ze-Mitsubishi ngokugcizelela esinye isizathu esenza ukuthi imboni yaseJapane ingalokothi iphendule ngokusebenza ngempoqo kwamaShayina: uhlelo lokukhohlisa ngesikhathi sempi kanye netulo lokufihla ngemva kwempi. Ngokusho kwabamangali, โUkuxoshwa ngempoqo kanye nokusebenza ngenkani okuhilelekile kuleli cala, kusukela ekuqaleni kanye naso sonke isikhathi sangemva kwempi kuze kube namuhla, kuye kwafihlwa yisimangalo sabamangalelwa 'sokungeniswa kwezisebenzi kwamanye amazwe okusekelwe ezinkontilekeni zomsebenzi wokuzithandela.' Amacala okusebenza ngempoqo enzeka ezindaweni zokusebenzela zabamangalelwa awazange ashushiswe eNkantolo Yamacala aseTokyo kuphela ngenxa yetulo labo lokufihla amacala abo.โ[23]
Lo mfanekiso uthola ukwesekwa okuvela kumarekhodi omlando, kuqala ngemiyalo kahulumeni yangemuva kokuzinikela ezinkampanini ukuze zishise amarekhodi e-CFL afaka icala. NgoNovemba 1945, imboni yezokwakha yayihlela isu lokuvimbela uphenyo lwe-Hanaoka ukuthi lusabalale ngale kweKajima Gumi (manje eyiKajima Corp.). Ngentwasahlobo elandelayo iqembu lemboni lagcina ummeli wakwa-Kobe owathi, esibonelweni sangemva kwempi yangemva kwempi, waqasha ngempumelelo leso sikhulu se-MOFA ebese siqondisa ukukhiqizwa kokugcina kwe-FMR. "Ukulibeka ngembaba, inhloso bekuwukufihla inkathazo e-Hanaoka kusuka ku-GHQ," isikhulu esesithathe umhlalaphansi sitshele i-NHK emashumini eminyaka kamuva. โYingakho uKajima eqhubekile kuze kube namuhla ngaphandle kwezinkinga.โ[24]
Izinkampani ezingamashumi amabili kwezingama-35 ezazisebenzisa abantu baseShayina ngenkani zisasebenza, eziningi zazo zisemhlabeni wonke. Khonamanjalo, isithombe esigcwele sendlela uhulumeni nemboni abalekela ngayo umthwalo wemfanelo uya ngokuya ucaca. Imibhalo eyengeziwe egciniwe ye-MOFA eyenziwa esidlangalaleni ngo-December 2003 ikhombisa ukuthi uhulumeni wamelana nenkani izicelo ze-GHQ zamarekhodi e-CFL ngo-1947, futhi akazange anikeze i-FMR ebalulekile. Esikhundleni salokho, umbuso waphinda wacela imininingwane ezinkampanini, ezazwakalisa ukungenami ngesicelo esivuselelwe futhi zathumela izinto ezincane kuphela. NgoNovemba 1948, ngayo leyo nyanga i-IMTFE yaphetha umsebenzi wayo eJapane, uhulumeni wagcina ethumele โi-jeep-fulโ yedatha yezibalo ku-GHQ, eyabuyisela imibhalo ngoFebhuwari olandelayo.[25]
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