Isizungu Somgijimi Wamabanga Amade kwakuyifilimu yaseBrithani yobusha bami. Isiqu esinjalo asinangqondo namuhla lapho izigidi ngezigidi zabantu, kuhlanganisa nomongameli bethu ababili bokugcina, begijima yonke indawo. Kodwa enye indawo enengqondo ingase ibe nje: โIsizungu Sebanga Elide Lobuntu.โ Ngisho noma singakwazi ukuncwina ngandlela thize kule planethi, kungase kubonise indawo enkulu enesizungu. Lapho indawo yethu yokwenziwa iba nomsindo, yilapho siba khona kakhulu ebukhoneni bezithombe zezinhlobo zazo zonke izinhlobo (vele uhlole i-Discovery Channel), yilapho iplanethi yethu iba yinto engelutho.
Nansi indlela, umagazini waseBrithani New Scientist ikubeka ku Ukuvuselelwa Kwezinto Ezihlukahlukene (vakashelwe 12/7):
โUkuqagela okungcono kakhulu kwezazi zezinto eziphilayo ukuthi izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zishabalala ngokushesha ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyikhulu kuya kweziyikhulu kunangaphambi kokuba iHomo sapiens ifike. Kodwa umthelela wethu uhlukile ekuqothulweni okukhulu kwesikhathi esidlule. Baqothula amaqembu ezilwane, ikakhulukazi ama-dinosaur, kuyilapho abantu becosha uhlobo ngalunye. Esikhathini esidlule, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zaphindeka njengoba izinhlobo zezilwane zisakazekela ezindaweni ezintsha zemvelo, kodwa abantu baqothula izindawo eziphilayo kanye nezinto eziphilayo. Izilwane zasendle zizoba nesikhathi esinzima sokukhiqiza kabusha.
โAbawinile ngemva kokushabalala okukhulu okwaqeda ama-dinosaur sebezoba abahluliwe. Olunye uhlobo lwezilwane ezincelisayo ezine kanye nohlobo lwenyoni olulodwa kweziyisishiyagalombili zibhekene nengozi enkulu yokushabalala esikhathini esizayo esiseduze: inani labantu bohlobo ngalunye kulindeleke ukuthi lehle okungenani ngengxenye yesihlanu eminyakeni eyi-10 ezayo. Cishe bonke basengozini ngenxa yezinto ezenziwa abantuรขโฌยฆโ
Into ethusayo lapha akukhona ukuthi ukuphila akukwazi ukuzimisa, kodwa isikhathi esicishe singaqondakali esisithathayo ukwenza kanjalo. New Scientist inikeza isilinganiso seminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-10 ukuze iplanethi โilungiseโ โisibothoโ samanje esenziwa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngithanda ukusebenzisa isibonelo senyamazane eyi-pronghorn, โthe ghost prairie,โ ukuchaza lokhu. Isidalwa esisheshayo, esikwazi ukugijima kufika kumamayela angamashumi ayisithupha ngehora, mhlawumbe amamayela angamashumi amathathu ngehora ngokushesha kunanoma yisiphi isizingeli endaweni yaso. Lelo mayela elengeziwe lingase libonakale liyinqaba ngaphandle uma uqonda ukuthi, ngaphambi kokuba isilwane esikhulu esincelisayo esincelisayo siphume emlandweni wabantu, eminyakeni engaba ngu-13,000 kuya kweziyi-16,000 edlule, ngokusobala kwakunezidalwa (mhlawumbe amabhubesi noma izimpisi eziyingozi) ezazikwazi ukuhambisana nento ethile eseduze nalezo. isivinini. Ngakho-ke zonke lezo zinkulungwane zeminyaka, ngaphezu kokuhlanganisa umlando wethu kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zase-Uri kuya ezehlakalweni zakamuva e-Iraq, i-pronghorn ibe nomngane oyisipoki. Isikhathi esiningi, ngokwemibandela yomuntu, futhi namanje โayikabhalisiโ ukulahlekelwa; isikhathi esiningi futhi leyo niche endaweni yethu ihlala ingenalutho.
Ukulahleka kwezinhlobo zezilwane kuyinto eyenzeka emhlabeni wonke, kodwa endaweni yethu enomsindo, abaphathi bakaBush bethule impi ngokumelene nemvelo, umkhankaso "wokushaqeka nokwesaba" wobudlova obumangalisayo. Kube nenkulumompikiswano enkulu mayelana nezingxoxo zemfundiso kaBush yempi โyokuvikelaโ (empeleni โyokuvikelaโ) ngoba abaphathi bakhiphe ngokuziqhenya umqulu wamasu omhlaba wonke owawumemezela ukuthi uyingxenye yeMfundiso kaBush entsha emhlabeni. Kodwa isixuku esifanayo sihileleke kulokho okungase kubhekwe njengempi yokuvimbela imvelo (okwenza, njengoba ukufudumala kwembulunga kungase kubonise ngolunye usuku, inamandla okuphindisela ngezikhali ezibhubhisayo) futhi lokhu akubikwanga neze ezweni lakithi. . Ku-TV, ngokusho kukaRobert Kennedy, Jr. (bheka ngezansi), kuphela ama-4% emizuzu yezindaba zenethiwekhi ye-TV anikezelwe ezindabeni zemvelo ngalesi sikhathi. (Yebo, uyayikhipha โindaba yemveloโ eyodwa enaka kakhulu, noma yisiphi isiphepho esidala, esizimele, njengamanje eNyakatho-mpumalanga.)
Ake ngiqale nginikeze izingcezu ezimbili ezisikiselayo mayelana nokulahleka okungenzeka kwezinhlobo ezithile, zombili ezivela eBritish Guardian, womabili agxile ezilwaneni โezinamandla,โ esingase sibe nozwelo ngazo (ngokungafani nezinambuzane, izinyoka, izinhlanzi ezincane, izilwane ezingenamgogodla, kanye neningi lezitshalo). Eyokuqala iphathelene โnekati elikhulu elisengozini yokushabalala emhlabeniโ (kanye nendoda efuna ukulisindisa). I-Iberian lynx isilwane okungeke kwenzeke ukuthi uzwe ngaso, inyamazane edla inyama engavamile ukubonakala ejwayele ukujwayela indawo yamapulazi amancane amaPutukezi, amadlelo phakathi kwezindawo ezinamahlathi. Njengokulahlekelwa kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba kwabantu kuye kwashiya i-lynx isengozini. Imvelo yawo eminyakeni yamuva nje iye yagawulwa imigwaqo emikhulu futhi yathathwa amasimu kagamthilini athe thuthu (akhiqiza ugaxa lwesihlahla ukuze kwenziwe iphepha). Ngenxa yalokho, ilahlekelwa ukuphila kwezinhlobo zezilwane (Natasha Walters, โIkati elihamba lodwa,โ 11/15):
โ[T]izindawo lapho i-lynx ingahlala khona ziyahlukaniswa, zisikwe futhi zisikwe futhi, zibe izindawo zokuhlala ezincane kakhulu. Ezindaweni ezimbili kuphela kukhona abantu abazalanayo - iDoรยฑana National Park ogwini oluseningizimu yeSpain kanye nezintaba zaseSierra Morena e-Andalusia - futhi zombili zingama-ghettoes asebenzayo, abiyelwe ngemigwaqo, amadolobha namapulazi esimanje, angenalo ithuba le-lynx. ukuwela kusuka komunye kuya komunye.
โLokhu kuhlukana kubukeka kuwumphumela ongenakugwemeka wendlela amazwe asethuthukile asebenzisa ngayo umhlaba wawo. Lawo masimu kagamthilini ezindaweni eziphakeme zasePortugal avame ukutshala amaphepha amahhovisi aseBrithani, kuyilapho izindawo eziphansi zimbozwe amapulazi amakhulu, amaningi awo agcwele imihubhe yepulasitiki ecwebezelayo okutshalwa kuyo ama-strawberry ukuze adayiswe ngaphandle kwesizini ezitolo ezinkulu zaseBrithani. Iphepha lamaphrinta ethu nama-strawberries okudla kwasemini - izinto ezisilungele, kodwa inhlekelele ye-lynx. "
Ngaleso sikhathi, izihlobo zethu eziseduze zisabisa ngokuyishiya le planethi (Tim Radford, โCountdown to endlin for the worldโs great mfees,โ 11/26):
โAma-gorilla, izimfene, ama-bonobos nama-orangutansรขโฌยฆ angase anyamalale endle phakathi neminyaka engu-50, kusho abaholi beZizwe Ezihlangene abahlangana namuhla eParis. Bacele u-$25m ukuze basindise izinkawu ezinkulu emhlabeni ekuqothulweni.
โ'Iwashi limi ngomzuzu owodwa kuya phakathi kwamabili ezinkawini ezinkulu, izilwane ezihlanganyela ngaphezu kuka-96% we-DNA yazo nabantu,' kusho u-Klaus Tรยถpfer, inhloko yohlelo lwemvelo lwe-UN. 'Uma silahlekelwa yinoma yiziphi izinhlobo zezinkawu ezinkulu sizobe sicekela phansi ibhuloho eliya emvelaphi yethu, kanye nalo ingxenye yobuntu bethu.' Ubize u-$25m (ยฃ15m) 'ubuncane obuncane esibudingayo, okulingana nokunikeza indoda efayo isinkwa namanzi'รขโฌยฆ [B]y ngonyaka odlule, abacwaningi phansi base beqale ukuveza into embi nakakhulu. iphethini yokulahlekelwa. Bathola ukuthi amanani ezinkawu e-Afrika ayencishwe ukugawulwa kwemithi, ukuzingela nezifo.โ
Izibonelo ezimbili ezinesizotha ezingaphindaphindeka kaningi emhlabeni jikelele nasendaweni. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, emuva e-USA, abaphathi bakaBush baphendule emathubeni okushabalala โkokwehlaโ ngendlela engenakuqhathaniswa. Ngokusho kukaJulie Cart we e-Los Angeles Times (โSpecies Protection Act โBrokenโ,โ 11/14):
"Isikhulu esiphezulu soMnyango Wezangaphakathi waseMelika" sithe ngoLwesine izidingo zabantu abakhulayo, izithakazelo zezolimo kanye nentuthuko ekhulayo emazweni aseNtshonalanga kufanele zicatshangelwe ngokulinganayo nezitshalo nezilwane ezisengcupheni yokushabalalaรขโฌยฆ Umsizi kaNobhala Wezangaphakathi uCraig Manson ukugxekile lokhu. -ukunikezwa kwendawo yokuhlala [koMthetho Wezilwane Ezisengozini], okhawulela intuthuko ezindaweni ezithandwa izilwane ezisengozini, uthi ukuqokwa okunjalo akudingekile ukuze kuqhutshekwe nezitshalo nezilwane eziningiรขโฌยฆ.
โAbaphathi bakwaBush bafake izitshalo nezilwane ezimbalwa ohlwini lwezilwane ezisengozini yokushabalala kunanoma yiziphi ezinye emlandweni weminyaka engu-30 walesi senzo. UBush usebale izinhlobo ezingama-20 selokhu athatha izintambo. UMongameli uClinton ubhale ohlwini lwama-211 phakathi neminyaka yakhe yokuqala emithathu ehhovisi. Abalondolozi bemvelo bayaqaphela ukuthi akukho nolunye ohlwini olwenziwe ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaBush olwenziwa ngokuzithandela ngabakwaFish and Wildlife Service. Konke kwavela ngenxa yamacala noma izicelo ezivela emaqenjini azimele.โ
UManson, ojwayelekile kwizikhulu zezemvelo zokuphatha kukaBush, uyagula ukubona uMthetho (noma iplanethi) usetshenziswa, ngamazwi akhe, โnjengendawo yokunakekela abagulayoโ yezilwane ezisongelwa noma ezisengozini. Njengoba owayeyinhloko ye-EPA uBruce Babbitt, eshilo, laba baphathi bangathanda ukubona lo mthetho โwehluleka.โ
Njengoba kuvela, uManson ubesebenza kanzima muva nje. Usanda kukhipha umbiko wesayensi mayelana nokugeleza koMfula i-Missouri okuhloswe ngawo ukuvimbela ukushabalala kwe-sturgeon, ama-tern nama-plover asengozini yokushabalala. U-Amanda Griscom, owaziwa ngokuthi โMuckraker,โ obhalela umagazini wezemvelo ohlale uheha I-Grist, uthi lokhu kungenxa yeSigele saseMissouri uKit Bond, โumsekeli oqinile wemboni yezikebhe,โ okholelwa ukuthi noma yikuphi ukuvikelwa kwemvelo komfula โkuzocekela phansi umnotho wezwe lakhe.โ Uyaphawula - isici esibalulekile sokuphatha sihamba yonke indawo - ukuthi iMissouri "iyisifunda esinamavoti okhetho amaningi kunanoma iyiphi enye indlela yomfula."
Mhlawumbe isici esibaluleke kakhulu sezemvelo kukho konke lokhu ukulahlekelwa indawo yokuhlala - into lapho izazi zemvelo zaseBush zibonakala zimagange ukwenza ngokukhethekile. Njengamanje, ukunikeza isibonelo esisodwa esincane, bahlose ukufakazela ukuthi amaxhaphozi namaxhaphozi angabakhiqizi bokungcoliswa kwemvelo. Njengoba i-Griscom ibika esiqeshini esifanayo, uBruce Boler, usosayensi we-EPA eFlorida, usanda kusula ngokubhikisha lapho i-EPA (Bangiphuphuthekise Nge-Pseudo Science),
โlwamukele ucwaningo oluphetha ngokuthi amaxhaphozi angakhiqiza ukungcola okuningi kunalokho akusefayo. 'Kuwukuguqulwa okusobala kokutholwe ngokwesayensi kwendabuko ukuthi amaxhaphozi ahlanza amanzi ngokwemvelo,' uBoler utshele uMuckraker. 'Amaxhaphozi avame ukubizwa ngokuthi izinso zemvelo. Ososayensi abaningi abazihloniphayo bazokutshela lokho, nokho abathuthukisi [abazimele] nezikhulu [e-Corps] babefuna ngisekele umbono wabo wokuthi amaxhaphozi, empeleni, angumthombo wokungcola.'
โKungani? Ukuze abathuthukisi baseFlorida bakwazi ukugcwalisa izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi ukuze benze izinkundla zegalofu (ezisebenzisa umanyolo owanele nezibulala-zinambuzane ukuze zibe phakathi kwezinhlobo zentuthuko ezingcolisa kakhulu). Isinqumo sesayensi sika-Boler sokuthi izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi kwakungeyona imithombo yokungcola kodwa izihlungi zokungcola - isahlulelo esisekelwe ocwaningweni lweminyaka engama-25 - bekungeke kumise amabala egalofu anesabelomali esikhulu namanye amaphrojekthi ukuthi aqhubekele phambili, kodwa bekuzophoqa abathuthukisi ukuthi bahlanze konke ukungcola. okwenziwe ngamaphrojekthi abo. Ngokuphambene, ukuthola ukuthi izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi empeleni ziyimithombo yokungcolisa kunganciphisa umthwalo wokuhlanza (kanye nenani lentengo) konjiniyela.โ
(Amaxhaphozi angawodwa namaxhaphozi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ezilinganiselwe, โangakhipha amanani amancane e-nitrogen ne-phosphate,โ kodwa akukho okufana nalokho okuyothatha indawo yawo.)
Lezi,-ke, yizici ezimbili ezibalulekile zenqubomgomo yokuphathwa kwemvelo kaBush - - noma yini kubaxhasi bezinkampani nanoma yini ka-2004. Mayelana nodaba lokulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala, New Scientist i-athikili ibeka lolu daba ngale ndlela:
โUmbono wothando 'wogwadule' uphelelwa yisikhathi ngokushesha. U-Lee Hannah e-Conservation International e-Washington DC uthole ukuthi izinto ezenziwa abantu ziye zasusa indawo yokuhlala yemvelo ngaphezu kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zendawo ehlala iplanethi. Ingxenye enkulu yezwe elingaphazamiseki imane iyidwala, iqhwa nesihlabathi esivunguzayo, esesivele sigwenywe izilwane zasendle.โ
Umbhalo ongcono kakhulu engiwaziyo ngalesi sihloko incwadi kaDavid Quammen ewina umklomelo, Ingoma kaDodo. Iziqhingi, ngesimo sezinto, ziyizindawo ezishisayo zokushabalala. U-Quammen uchitha ingxenye enkulu yencwadi yakhe echaza ukuthi sikuthole kanjani lokho nokuthi kungani kufanele kube njalo. Ube esegxuma esuka eziqhingini eya ezweni elikhulu futhi abonise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa komhlaba kwabantu kuye kwawanquma kanjani amazwekazi ethu aba uchungechunge lweziqhingi zasehlane eziya ngokuya zodwa, okushiya izinhlobo zezilwane ezwenikazi zivuleleke ezinqubweni zokuqothulwa ezinjengeziqhingi. Ungathini ngombhali owenze i-biogeography yeziqhingi yaba umguquli wekhasi wangempela ( kimina okungenani)?
Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu zomhlaba - lapho kunokushisa neqhwa - izindaba zimbi, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa imibiko yakamuva yokuthi iRussia mancane amathuba okuthi isayine isivumelwano sesimo sezulu sase-Kyoto, esingenza leso sivumelwano sibe incwadi efile. Imibiko yokuncibilika kweqhwa lase-Arctic ne-Antarctic iphindaphindeka kuphela. Bheka, ngokwesibonelo, eka-David Fickling's 11/15 Guardian โUkuncipha kweqhwa olwandle lwase-Antarctic 'kudalula ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke'โ (โOsosayensi babona i-Antarctica njengesilinganiso esilinganisa isimo sezulu, esinezinkomba eziningi ezikhomba ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi enhlonhlweni ye-Antarctic liye lenyuka ngo-3C kule minyaka engu-50 edlule. , futhi amashalofu eqhwa ase-Antarctic aye ahlehla ngendlela ephawulekayo.โ)
Noma hlola uGeoffrey Lean, lo IndependentUmhleli wezemvelo, efingqa umbiko omusha kahulumeni waseJalimane (โUkuncibilika kweqhwa 'kuzokhukhumeza izihloko'," 12/7):
โIzinyathelo zokulwa nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke kuzodingeka zibe namandla okungenani izikhathi ezine kune-Kyoto Protocol ukuze kugwenywe ukuncibilika kwezingqimba zeqhwa ezitholakala ezindaweni ezimaphakathi neLondon kanye namadolobha amaningi amakhulu emhlabeni, kuphetha umbiko omusha osemthethweniรขโฌยฆ Lo mbiko, obhalwe ngosolwazi abaphambili baseJalimane abayisishiyagalombili, uthi 'izinguquko zezulu eziyingozi' zizoba 'okungenzeka kakhulu' uma izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lomhlaba livunyelwa ukuba lenyuke libe ngaphezu kuka-2 degrees centigrade ngaphezu kwalokho elaliyikho ngaphambi kokuqala kweNguquko Yezimboni.
โNgaphezu kwalelo zinga iqhwa eliseNtshonalanga ye-Antarctic kanye neqhwa laseGreenland laliyoqala ukuncibilika kancane kancane, ekugcineni likhuphule izinga lolwandle emhlabeni wonke ngamamitha angaba ngu-30, licwilise izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba namadolobha abalulekile emhlabeni wonke. ILondon, iNew York, iMiami, iBombay, iCalcutta, iSydney, iShanghai, iLagos neTokyo izoba phakathi kwalezo ezicwiliswe kakhulu yilokhu kukhuphuka.
โNgaphezu kwalolu phawu, ezinye izinguquko 'ezilimazayo' kanye 'ezingenakuhlehliswa' zingenzeka. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukumiswa kwe-Indian monsoon nokuphela kwe-Gulf Streamรขโฌยฆโ
Khonamanjalo, emahlathini emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo, isizinda sezinto eziphilayo ezinhlobonhlobo zeplanethi, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kwenzeka ngesivinini esingalindelekile esingalindelekile (โUkucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi emvula ase-Amazon kuyakhula ngesivinini, " New Scientist):
โImininingwane esanda kukhululwa yokuthwebula nge-satellite iye yembula ukweqa ngamaphesenti angu-40 ekugawulweni kwamahlathi emahlathini emvula ase-Amazon eBrazil. Ukweqa okukhulu ukusheshisa okubi kakhulu kokulahleka kwehlathi elishisayo kusukela ngo-1995 futhi kuhluke kakhulu emkhankasweni wokulondoloza indawo enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yamahlathi emvula aqhubekayo. Leli hlathi liqukethe izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziningi futhi linendima ebalulekile esimweni sezulu somhlaba.โ
Lokhu akunjalo ngamahlathi emvula ezindaweni ezifana neBorneo. Khonamanjalo, ukuze sibuyele kweyethu ingxenye yendida, abaphathi bakaBush, abangakaze babone isivumelwano noma isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe ababengazimisele ngokufaka ama-skids futhi bakhiphe umkhawulo weplanethi, benza umzamo oqinile wokuyeka. yempumelelo yezemvelo yeminyaka yamuva, umzamo wokuhoxiswa kwamakhemikhali adla i-ozone futhi kanjalo kuvalwe imbobo ye-ozone emkhathini. NjengoKathryn Schultz, I-Gristumhleli ophethe, uyabhala (โI-Lophole Esendlaleni Se-Ozone"):
โAwu, sic transit gloria mundi. Ngesonto eledlule, emhlanganweni obusendlunkulu yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yohlelo Lwezemvelo eNairobi, eKenya, i-United States yafuna ukukhululwa esimisweni se-Montreal Protocol sokuqeda ukusetshenziswa kwe-methyl bromide ngo-2005. I-methyl bromide iyisibulala-zinambuzane esinobuthi obujulile futhi ibhubhisa i-ozone ngezinga le-chlorine izikhathi ezingu-45, umuntu omubi owaziwa kangcono emdlalweni we-ozone-hole. (I-chlorine iyisithako esicashile kuma-chlorofluorocarbon, noma ama-CFC.) Ngokwalesi simiso, esaqala ukusebenza ngo-1987 futhi esiziqhenya ngabasayinileyo abangaphezu kuka-160, amazwe asethuthukile kumelwe anciphise ukusebenzisa kwawo i-methyl bromide ngamaphesenti angu-70 uma kuqhathaniswa namazinga ka-1991 kulo nyaka futhi ahlukanise phakathi kwawo. yaphuma ngokuphelele ngo-2005. Ngaphansi kokuphatha kwangaphambilini, i-US yahambisana nengxenye yokuqala yaleso sidingo - kodwa eNairobi, esikhundleni sokuhamba imayela lokugcina, abaphathi bakaBush bafuna imvume ukwandisa Ukusetshenziswa kwe-US kwe-methyl bromide kuya kumaphesenti angama-38.2 wamazinga ka-1991 ngo-2005 kanye namaphesenti angama-37 ngo-2006.
โIzindaba ezinhle ukuthi i-European Union kanye namazwe asathuthuka ngeke bayimele. Izindaba ezimbi ukuthi angilutholi nodaba lobufakazi bokuthi abaphathi bakaBush bayakugxeka lokho umhlaba wonke okumele ukwenzeรขโฌยฆโ
Ukuphanga iPlanethi Yomhlaba
Kulungile, kunzima kunoma ubani kithi ukubamba isikhathi sezinhlobo zezilwane kunesikhathi somuntu. Phela, uma iminyaka engaphansi kuka-13,000-plus-predator-less ye-pronghorn iwukucwayiza kokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ihambisana nawo wonke umlando wesintu kanye nenani elizwakalayo le-prehistory yethu futhi. Kuyiqiniso noma kungenzeka ukuthi asixhunyiwe ukuhlela iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi, okungenani besihlale sikwazi ukucabanga nokuhlelela abazukulu bethu. Pho kungani abaholi bethu abanokweqisa bekulungele kangaka ukusebenzisa umhlaba - ngempela ukuwuphanga - empilweni yabo?
Ingabe okunye kwalokhu kuwumphumela wobuKristu bobufandamentali kanye nomuzwa wabo wekusasa eliqhakazile, isikhathi sokuphela esicishe sibe phezu kwethu? Angazi. Noma ngabe iyiphi incazelo, ngiyithola ixaka. Umbono wabo uwukuphela kokubusa - kweplanethi ngokwezempi nangokwezomnotho, kanye nemvelo okufanele idliwe iphila. Ngaphawula ngolunye usuku ukuthi uGeorge noDick bacabanga ukusibuyisela enyangeni (lapho sizosungula khona isisekelo futhi - ngokwemvelo - izikhali zokuhlola) bese sidlulela ku-Mars - izindiza ezingezona zokutholwa, ngokungangabazeki, kodwa zokunqoba. Icebo elinjalo lingafanelana kahle nomqondo wami wokuthi ama-mullahs ethu enza sengathi angakwazi ukuphanga uMhlaba bese ethatha umhlalaphansi nabangane babo, abaxhasi bezinkampani, kanye nezingane baye eplanethini eseduze ukuze bajabulele impango.
Hleze ucabange ukuthi nginehaba, ngifaka ngezansi i-akhawunti eyodwa embi kakhulu engike ngayibona yokuhlasela kukaBush endaweni ezungezile โ โUbugebengu Obumelene Nemveloโ kaRobert F. Kennedy, Omncane, oshushisa abangcolisi beNational Resources Defense. Umkhandlu (www.nrdc.org). Kwavela at the njalo ezithakazelisayo www.alternet.org iwebhusayithi. Nakuba kukude futhi kubuhlungu ukufunda, ngomqondo othile akukude ngokwanele, uma kubhekwa okwenzekayo, futhi akufanele uphuthelwe.
U-Kennedy upenda isithombe senkohlakalo eyeqisayo - nakuba lokho kuyigama elingalungile ngempela. Lokhu kungaphezu kwenkohlakalo; iwuhlobo lokugcina lwe-fox-in-the-henhouse-ism eyedlula, ngiyakholwa, ngisho nalokho okwenzeka eNkathini Eqinile YaseMelika. U-Kennedy usinikeza umlando wangemuva wenkathi ka-Reagan, lapho lesi sifiso sokuphanga saqala sakhulisa ikhanda, sabe sesiqhubeka ngokoqobo ngosuku lokugcotshwa.
โUkuhlasela kwaqala ngoSuku Lokugcotshwa, lapho umphathi wezisebenzi zikaMongameli Bush kanye nalowo owayengumgqugquzeli wakwaGeneral Motors u-Andrew Card bethula ngokuthula ukumiswa kwayo yonke imithetho esanda kwamukelwa. Kusukela lapho, i-White House ibhalise zonke izinhlaka zikahulumeni ezengamele izinhlelo zezemvelo emzamweni ohlangene wokuxegisa imithetho eqondiswe ezimbonini zikawoyela, amalahle, ukugawulwa kwemithi, izimayini namakhemikhali kanye nabakhi bezimoto, abathuthukisi bezindlu, ibhizinisi lebhizinisi lezolimo nezinye izimboni.
โI-Bushโs Environmental Protection Agency imise umsebenzi ngezindinganiso zemvelo ezingamashumi ayisithupha nambili, uMnyango Wezolimo wombuso umise ukusebenza ngezindinganiso ezingamashumi amahlanu nesikhombisa, kanti i-Occupational Safety and Health Administration imise izindinganiso ezintsha ezingamashumi amabili nanye. I-EPA yaphothula imithetho emibili nje emikhulu - yomibili ngaphansi komyalelo wenkantolo futhi yomibili yachithwa ngesicelo sembonini - uma kuqhathaniswa neyamashumi amabili nantathu eyaqedwa ngabaphathi bakaClinton kanye neshumi nane ngabaphathi bakaBush Sr. eminyakeni yabo emibili yokuqala."
Abaphathi sebeguqule cishe zonke izikhundla ezihlobene nendawo kumuntu oxhumene nemboni ekhiphayo noma ecekela phansi noma intshisekelo yokunxenxa inkampani; othile, okungukuthi, ohlose ukususa noma ukususa noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuvikela imvelo, umthetho noma izimiso. Yilo kanye uhlobo lokuphanga esakubona e-Iraq - phansi kuze kufike ocingweni lwezintambo zethusi ezindongeni - kodwa ezingeni eliyinkimbinkimbi ngokungenakuqhathaniswa.
Ngifuna ukugcizelela kanye nokuvumelana lapho abaphathi bakaBush benabaphangi abasebenzi kulo lonke leli. Isimo somsebenzi sihluke kancane, ngokwesibonelo, e-Iraq egcwele abantu kunase-EPA noma uMnyango Wezangaphakathi. UJoshua Marshall, uLaura Rozen noColin Soloway basanda kubhala a โubani ubaniโ e-Baghdad Okwe Washington Monthly (12/03) ofundeka njengesandiso sesiqephu sikaKennedy. Bathi ngokwengxenye:
โ[Esikhundleni sochwepheshe abanolwazi,] abaklami bempi bakhetha ama-Republicans aphethe amakhadi-ama-operative, ama-flacks, ama-policy-wonks kanye nama-lobbyists-cishe yonke imisebenzi ebalulekile ezweni. Ezinye izibonelo zamatende zihlanganisa umeluleki omkhulu womqondisi womphakathi wase-US u-Paul Bremer kanye nomxhumanisi we-Capitol Hill, u-Tom Korologos, omunye wabameleli be-GOP abanamandla kakhulu e-Capitol Hill. Bese kuba nendoda ephethe ukwenza izinkampani zase-Iraq ezingaphansi kuka-200 zibe yimfihlo, u-Tom Foley, ongunxiwankulu kanye nomqoqi wezimali we-GOP ondiza kakhulu. UFoley wayengomunye wabanikeli bemisebenzi kaBob Dole abahamba phambili kwabayishumi, usihlalo wezezimali waseConnecticut kaBush 2000 kanye nekilasi likamongameli elifunda naye eHarvard Business School.
โUmeluleki omkhulu woMnyango Wezolimo uDan Amstutz, umakadebona kwezokuphatha uReagan osebenze njengomongameli weNorth American Export Grain Association kuze kube muva nje. Umqondisi Wenqubomgomo ye-Oxfam uKevin Watkins usanda kuhlekisa ngokuthi ngomlando wakhe wokuvula umnotho osathuthukayo ekuthengiseni amazwe aseMelika ezolimo ezishibhile, 'ukubeka uDan Amstutz ukuthi aphathe ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezolimo e-Iraq kufana nokubeka uSaddam Hussein esihlalweni sekhomishana yamalungelo abantu.'
Ifomula ilula ngempela: Yondla izinhlangano ezihlangene (โumfelandawonyeโ wangempela ezimpini zasekhaya nasemazweni angaphandle), qasha ama-flacks kanye nama-lobbyists, lungiselela ukhetho, aphange umhlaba manje. Ubani onendaba ukuthi kwenzekani ngakusasa? Yiqiniso, lolu uhlobo lobuphekula.
Lucian K. Truscott IV esiqeshini esicishe sigcwalise New York Times Ikhasi le-op-ed namuhla libike okulandelayo kusukela kulayini ophambili wokuqashwa kwe-Iraq (โIsigidi Samakhilomitha Ukusuka Endaweni Eluhlaza Kuya Emigqeni Engaphambili,โ 12/7):
โUColonel eBaghdad (ozohamba engenagama lapha ngezizathu ezisobala) wangitshela ngemuva nje kokufika ukuthi izikhulu eziphezulu zeButho zinomuzwa wokuthi wonke ama-oda abawatholayo alethwa kucatshangelwa ukhetho lwangoNovemba oluzayo, ngakho-ke akukho ukungabaza mayelana naseduze naphezulu mayelana. ubani ngempela osetshenziselwa ini lapha. Ukucasuka kwezikhundla ngobuholi bezakhamuzi e-Baghdad nase-Washington kuyabonakala. Esinye isikhulu sachaza amakamu amabili, amasosha kanye nezakhamuzi, ahlala esigodlweni sikamongameli esinezivikelo eziqinile, esinamahlamvu egolide ngaphakathi kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi iGreen Zone eBaghdad, โnjengombhangqwana ohlukanisile ongeke uphume endlini.โโ
Futhi uPaul Krugman waveza iphuzu elifanayo ngoDisemba 5 ohlwini olufanele olunesihloko esithi, โLooting the Future,โ ephetha ngokuthi: โKonke esikwaziyo kusikisela ukuthi abantu bakaMnu. egijima e-Iraq ngemuva kokuwa kweBaghdad. Futhi ngeke babe nolwazi lokuthi yini okufanele bayenze uma izinto zibhidlika.โ
Ukubuyiselwa kweplanethi
Nokho, ngokumelene nobukhulu benhlekelele, ake ngibeke ithemba elincane kakhulu. Ngihlala eNew York City. Yindawo ehlala izinyoni nezilwane. Amabhulokhi ayisishiyagalolunye kuphela ukusuka efulethini lami e-Riverside Park, indawo encane yepaki eduze nomfula i-Hudson eyakhiwe ngaphezu kwamathrekhi wesitimela amadala, i-turkey yesifazane izulazula, okwesibili kulo nyaka ukubonakala edolobheni, futhi ibhalwe edolobheni lakithi. iphepha. (Ukuthi ufike kanjani asazi. She's that rarest of zidalwa, refusing the Times inhlolokhono.) E-Central Park, lolo hlaka oluluhlaza oluyisimangaliso phakathi kwehlane lami lasedolobheni, ngosuku oluhle lwasentwasahlobo ungaphinda ubone Oonondwebu Abakhulu Abaluhlaza, Izindwandwe Ezimnyama Ezimnyama, Izindwandwe Eziluhlaza kanye nazo zombili izinhlobo zama-egret amhlophe, ngokungangabazeki ngoba i-Hudson eseduze ihlanziwe futhi i-fishin 'yinhle (noma okungenani ingcono kakhulu).
UJoseph Berger we Times usanda kubhala (โNgakho, Ubulindele Ijuba,โ 12/4):
โLe ndawo yayisenkabeni ye-bedlam yasedolobheni, ezungezwe isiminyaminya se-Triborough Bridge, izinti zentuthu yase-Con Edison, ama-warrens asabekayo ase-Rikers Island, ukuhlokoma kwezindiza zase-La Guardia kanye nezindawo ezintathu zokuhlanza indle. Nokho babezingele ogwini lolwandle eSouth Brother Island e-East River, kubukeka njengezazi zefilosofi ezindala ezibuzisisa umbuzo ophithizelayo, kwakukhona izindwandwe ezinkulu ezinhlanu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhakaรขโฌยฆ. [F]noma iminyaka eminingi manje, izindwandwe - kanye nama-egret, ama-ibulus nezinye izinyoni ezihuquzelayo - bezilokhu zizalela noma zilala e-South Brother Island nakwezinye iziqhingi ezingahlali muntu ezingu-13 eziphethwe uMnyango Wezamapaki weDolobha laseNew York noma i-National Park Service ngosizo oluvela iNew York City Audubon Society.
โIziqhingi eziningana aziyindawo okungelula ukuthi ingcwele, ibanga elincane ukusuka eGracie Mansion [lapho kuhlala khona umphathi-dolobha]รขโฌยฆ Nokho iqiniso lokuthi kunezinyoni ezinwabuzelayo ezindizayo eduze kwalezi zindawo kuyisilinganiso esizwakalayo sempilo ebuyiselwe yemigwaqo yamanzi yedolobha kanye nentuthuko. amaxhaphozi kasawoti lapho izinyoni zidla khonaรขโฌยฆโ
Ngokwengxenye, lokhu kungenxa, uBerger usitshela, eMnyangweni Wepaki wedolobha, okwathi emashumini amabili eminyaka edlule, wasungula โiqembu lemithombo yemveloโ ukuze lithole futhi libuyisele ipaki. Lokhu manje kusebenzisa โizazi zemvelo ezingu-30, izazi ze-hydrologist, abaklami bendawo nonjiniyela futhi kusebenzela amaphrojekthi abiza amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-90.โ Akawaphathi-ke nokho amaqembu ezakhamizi ezacindezela futhi zahlela ukukhuculula imifula.
Kwenye indawo edolobheni lami, ama-peregrine falcons, ukwethulwa kabusha komuntu, amajuba avela ku-skyscraper aeries; izinkozi ezinempandla ziphinde zenziwe ngokuhlolwa emaphethelweni edolobha; noklebe abanomsila obomvu, abafika ngamandla abo amaphiko, bandiza phezu kwamapaki. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, i-coyote, eyawela ibhuloho ngandlela thize - siyisiqhingi - yafinyelela eCentral Park lapho yayivaleleke khona. Futhi ngolunye usuku nje, ibhlokhi ukusuka emnyango wami umngane wabona inqwaba ye-raccoon iphuma emgqonyeni kadoti futhi yanyakaza ngomgwaqo, ibheke ngase-Broadway. Kuyisikhumbuzo sokuthi ngesinye isikhathi ungaphindela ekhaya futhi, leyo mvelo izobuya ngendlela ethile - ngaphandle kwalezo zidalwa nezitshalo ezingasekho unomphela.
Esinye sezimangaliso ezincane nje enyakatho yedolobha lami inyakatho-mpumalanga egaywe kabusha, ishiywe abalimi abaningi, ababegawule umhlaba wamahlathi ayo izizukulwane emuva. Futhi esifundeni esifanayo, amapulazi e-organic, aqondiswe kakhulu ekulinganisweni kwabantu, ezindaweni, ayaqhakaza kanye nezimakethe eziluhlaza ukuze athengise izitshalo zawo, isikhumbuzo sokuthi lonke igagasi elihlulekile leminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha emuva kokubuyela komhlaba alizange livele linyamalale. ngaphandle komkhondo.
Futhi esiqhingini esikude saseFiji, kuye kwatholakala i-warbler encane, โengasekhoโ. Lona โukukhanya kwethembaโ okuncane kangangokuthi ngingakwazi, ngokufanelekile, ukukunikeza indaba ephelele, njengoba kubikiwe eBritish Guardian, ngamagama angu-122 nje (โIsilwane โEsingasekhoโ esitholakala eFiji,โ 11/29):
โI-warbler enemilenze emide, inyoni elingana ne-robin okucatshangwa ukuthi ayisekho kusukela ngo-1894, iye yatholwa kabusha eFiji. Amapheya ayishumi nambili, amanye enabantwana, athwetshulwa abacwaningi abenza inhlolovo yezinyoni eziyivelakancane. I-Trichocichla rufa, eyayaziwa kuphela kubantu abane abaqoqwe phakathi kuka-1890 no-1894, yatholakala e-Wabu, indawo eyihlathi eqhelile eViti Levu, isiqhingi esikhulu kunazo zonke saseFiji. I-subspecies, i-Trichocichla rufa clunie, yatholwa ngo-1974 ngesikhathi kubonakala izinyoni ezimbili eVanua Levu, kodwa ayikatholakali futhi.
โโUkuthola kabusha kuwukukhanya kwethemba okuyivelakancane lapho ngokuvamile izinyoni zishabalala ezindaweni zazo ezingokwemvelo,โ kusho uGuy Dutson, weqembu lokulondoloza imvelo i-Birdlife International. 'Manje kufanele siqinisekise ukuthi le nyoni ayiphinde inyamalale.'โ
Yebo, iNyakatho-mpumalanga etshalwe kabusha ingase ingabonakali njengeyokuqala, futhi i-Hudson isengase ihlanzeke, futhi inani lezinyoni zaseNew York lingase lingabi "iMcCoy yangempela," kodwa nikeza imvelo ithuba - futhi unikeze izazi zemvelo ithuba - nokunye okuningi. ukubuyisela kusengenzeka phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwethu kanye nesabantwana bethu. Konke lokhu kuyisikhumbuzo sokuthi, nakuba kukuningi esingeke sikulawule, ziningi izinto okumele sizenze.
Njengoba umfundi angibhalele muva nje, abantu baseMelika abaningi bangase baphike ngokujulile mayelana namaqiniso emvelo esikhathi sethu, kodwa ngokushesha noma kamuva ukugcinwa kwemvelo kunganikeza isakhiwo esihle kakhulu sokuhlela elinye ikusasa. Lapho kufika ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke nezinye izinhlekelele zemvelo, ukulimala kwazo ngeke kugcine kubantu abampofu noma ezindaweni eziseningizimu yembulunga yonke. Wonke umuntu uzothintwa ngendlela ethile. Kulokhu, kholwa noma ungakholwa, kunepolitiki enethemba futhi umongameli wethu ophangayo, kuncane njengoba ehlose ukukwenza, kungenzeka ukuthi uyasiza ukuyidala.
[Le ndatshana yaqala ukuvela ngo I-Tomdispatch.com, ibhulogi yewebhu ye-Nation Institute, enikeza ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, izindaba, kanye nemibono evela ku-Tom Engelhardt, umhleli wesikhathi eside ekushicileleni kanye nombhali wencwadi. Ukuphela KweMasiko Okunqoba futhi Izinsuku Zokugcina Zokushicilela.]
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela