Ukubuyekezwa kwencwadi ka: Michael Staudenmaier. Iqiniso Nenguquko: Umlando Wenhlangano Yeqiniso Yezihambi, 1969-1986. Oakland: AK Press, 2012. Bibliography, index. 387 amakhasi. I-Paperback, $19.95.
UMichael Staudenmaier Iqiniso Nenguquko: Umlando Wenhlangano Yeqiniso Yezihambi, esanda kushicilelwa yi-radical AK Press, ingumlando obucayi obandakanya kakhulu welinye lamaqembu amavukela-mbuso athakazelisa kakhulu aphuma ekukhuleni okukhulu kweminyaka yawo-1960 kanye nawo-1970. Nakuba u-Staudenmaier encoma ngokucacile i-STO, iningi lamalungu ayewazi futhi amaningana ayengabangane bakhe, lokhu akuwona neze umsebenzi we-hagiographic. Umbhali wethula leli qembu ngawo wonke amaphutha alo, ukukhungatheka kwalo okuningi kanye nokwehluleka kwalo ekugcineni, ngaphandle kokukhohlwa nakancane ukuthi into ayincomayo ngaleli qembu kwakuwumzamo walo wokuthuthukisa ithiyori yezenhlalakahle kuyilapho lizimisele ngokujulile ekuhleleni nasekuzabalazweni. Akumangazi ukuthi le ncwadi ifundwa kabanzi ngamaqembu amaningi amasha angewona ohulumeni njenge Thuthukisa Umzabalazo futhi I-Black Orchid Collective eziye zavela emiphakathini yezenhlalo yeminyaka eyishumi edlule futhi zabonakala ngomsebenzi wazo wenhlangano ye-Occupy, ngoba namuhla zilwela ukusungula ithiyori nokwenza njengoba kwenza i-STO-kanye namanye amaqembu amaningi avela ohlwini olugcwele imibono yangakwesokunxele-ngawo-1970. Nakuba manje sekunenqwaba yezincwadi mayelana nemizamo yokwakha iqembu ngeminyaka yawo-1960 no-70s, eka-Staudenmaier iyona ethakazelisa kakhulu engake ngahlangana nayo.[1]
Mhlawumbe ngiyithanda kakhulu le ncwadi ngokwengxenye ngoba ngangihlala e-Chicago ngawo-1970 futhi ngazi amalungu ambalwa e-STO futhi ngiwathanda njalo. Ngangiyilungu le-International Socialists (IS) futhi amanye amalungu ethu asebenza embonini kagandaganda ye-International Harvester namanye amalungu e-STO futhi amaqembu ethu amabili ayevame ukusebenzisana, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ahluke, ezindabeni zomsebenzi kanye nomphakathi ezaziphakama lapho. Nakuba i-STO yayiyingxenye ye-New Communist Movement kanye ne-IS yayiphume esikweni lamaTrotskyist, amaqembu ethu atholana phezulu ezikhundleni zethu eziningi zezombusazwe kanye nasemsebenzini wethu. Asizange sabelane nje ngokwabasebenzi kanye nenhlangano yokuhlela umphakathi, kodwa futhi sazithola sineminyaka eminingi sibambe iqhaza emizamweni efanayo yobumbano lwamazwe ngamazwe noguquko lokuqala lwase-Iran ngo-1979 kanye nezinhlangano zenkululeko yezwe laseMelika Emaphakathi ngeminyaka yawo-1980, futhi sabelana ngezinto ezikhathazayo. izindaba zokulwela amalungelo abantu base-Afrika baseMelika kanye nobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle kanye nokulwela ukulingana nenkululeko yabesifazane. Njenge-STO, nathi ku-IS sibambene nezinkinga eziqubuka enhlanganweni yezepolitiki kusuka ebudlelwaneni obunothando bentsha, ngodaba lokukhulisa izingane nokunakekela izingane, nezinkinga zobuholi โobunzimaโ obekubonakala sengathi buthatha izinqumo ngaphandle kokubonisana ngokwanele amazinga. Ngicabanga ukuthi noma ubani owayesebenza ngakwesobunxele neminyaka yawo-1970 cishe kunoma yiliphi iqembu wayezokwazi ukuzibona ezingxenyeni zendaba ye-STO, nokuthi amaqembu amasha avela namuhla azothola inzuzo ngokuhlola kuka-Staudenmaier okucatshangelwayo komlando we-STO.
Ithiyori ye-STO
I-Sojourner Truth Organisation yasungulwa eChicago ngo-1969 kanti iChicago yahlala iyikomkhulu layo kuwo wonke umlando wayo, nakuba ngeminyaka yawo-1970 kanye nama-80s leli gama lalisetshenziswa futhi kunethiwekhi yezinhlangano emadolobheni amaningi aseMidwest esebenzisana nayo futhi eholwa kakhulu yi-STO eChicago. . Abasunguli abambalwa bokuqala, abasala bengabaholi bayo kuwo wonke umlando wayo, baphuma ezizindeni zeQembu LamaKhomanisi. UDon Hamerquist wayengumholi osemncane ovelele weQembu LamaKhomanisi abanye ababekholelwa ukuthi uzongena esikhundleni sikasihlalo walo osenesikhathi eside uGus Hall, kodwa ngemva kokuzama โukuhola ukuketula umbuso eqenjiniโ futhi wehluleka, wayeka. U-Noel Ignatin (kamuva owaziwa ngokuthi nguNoel Ignatiev) naye wayekade eyiKhomanisi, kodwa wayeshiye i-CP no-Ted Allen kanye no-Harry Haywood ukuze athole Ikomiti Lesikhashana Elihlelayo Lokusungula Kabusha Iqembu LamaKhomanisi likaMarxist-Leninist (i-POC). UCarol Travis wayeyindodakazi kaBud Travis, umholi weQembu LamaKhomanisi ekushaqweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwemboni yakwaGeneral Motors eFlint, eMichigan, ngabasebenzi bezimoto esitelekeni sango-1936-37. Abaningi babasunguli be-STO nabo babengamalungu e-Students for a Democratic Society (sds) futhi oyedwa wayekade eyilungu le-Black Panthers. Nakuba i-STO yakha ingxenye ye-New Communist Movement, eyakhiwe kakhulu izinhlangano zama-Maoist, kusukela ekuqaleni yathonywa u-CLR James owayephume esikweni lamaTrotskyist. Futhi-ke, u-Ken Lawrence wayesephumile ekuhlangenwe nakho kwe-Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), futhi waletha umbono we-syndicalist eqenjini. Nakuba isisekelo sayo sokuqala sasinowesifazane oyedwa wase-Afrika waseMelika kanye noyedwa waseLatina, bobabili basheshe balishiya iqembu futhi kuwo wonke umlando walo i-STO kwakuyinhlangano yonke yabamhlophe.
Amalungu abasunguli be-STO abefana ngayo isifiso sokwakha inhlangano abeqonda ukuthi iyinhlangano yamaLeninist esekelwe ekuhleleni okuzimele kwezindawo zokusebenza kanye nenkolelo yokuthi ukwenza lokho kuzomele baphonse inselelo ukucwasa kwabasebenzi abamhlophe. Umbono wokubaluleka kokuhlela abasebenzi wawusuka kuMarx noLenin, kodwa wawusuthathe umqondo omusha wokuphuthuma nokwenzeka ngenxa yesiteleka sikaMay-June eParis ngo-1968, โikwindla eshisayoโ yeziteleka zase-Paris. e-Italy ngo-1969, kanye negagasi elikhulu lesiteleka e-United States ngo-1970. Ngokungafani namanye amaqembu e-New Communist Movement, ama-International Socialists, โamaqembuโ amaMaoist, namanye amaqembu ayengene emsebenzini ukuze akhe isikhundla-kanye- ifayela noma amakhokhasi oguquko phakathi kwezinyunyana, i-STO yaphikisa ngokuthi kwakudingeka kwakhiwe โizinhlangano zabasebenzi ezizimeleโ ngokuphelele ezingeke zibe yingxenye yezinyunyana futhi ezingeke zingenele umbango wokulawula izakhiwo zezinyunyana namahhovisi. Ithiyori yezinhlangano zabasebenzi abazimele (noma imikhandlu yabasebenzi njengoba ibibizwa kanjalo ngezinye izikhathi), eyakhiwe ngokuyinhloko nguDon Hamerquist, ibingomunye wemibono emibili ehlukene yethiyori namasu eyathuthukiswa yi-STO.
Omunye umbono owathuthukiswa i-STO futhi waziwa ngokuthi โilungelo lesikhumba esimhlophe,โ inkolelo-mbono eyaphakanyiswa okokuqala nguNoel Ignatin kanye no-Ted Allen (okungelona ilungu le-STO) ephepheni elibizwa ngokuthi โThe White Blindspotโ ekuqaleni elalibhalelwe impikiswano kuma-sds ngo-1967. (Empeleni u-Allen wayesebenzise leli gama ngo-1965 esiqeshini sokukhumbula ukuhlasela kuka-John Brown e-Harper's Ferry; i-kernel yombono yavela ku-WEB DuBois. Black Reconstruction eMelika, 1860-1880.) Babethi, ukubusa kwabamhlophe kwakusekelwe kakhulu elungelweni lesikhumba esimhlophe, iqoqo lezinzuzo zangempela zezenhlalo nezezinto ezibonakalayo ezazitholwa yilabo ababebhekwa njengabamhlophe, kusukela ekuphathweni ngokukhethekileyo uhulumeni namaphoyisa kuya ekuqashweni nasekuxoshweni ekugcineni. Ilungelo lesikhumba esimhlophe lalibhekwa njengesithiyo esiyinhloko sobumbano phakathi kwezisebenzi ezimnyama nezimhlophe. I-STO yathi ngesikhathi sokulwa kwabasebenzi nezenhlalakahle, abamhlophe kuzodingeka balahle amalungelo abo esikhumba esimhlophe futhi babonise ukusekela imizabalazo yama-Afrika aseMelika namaLatinos, nokuthi ngokwenza lokho, ubumbano phakathi kwabasebenzi abamhlophe nabasebenzi bemibala buzokwenza kube nokwenzeka. umzabalazo wabasebenzi obumbene wokuketula ubunxiwankulu.
U-Hamerquist, owasiza ekuthuthukiseni lezi zinkolelo-mbono mayelana nokucwasa kwabasebenzi abamhlophe kanye nesimo senyunyana, waletha i-Marxist yase-Italy u-Antonio Gramsci owahumushwa kamuva nje. Izincwadi Zasejele wasebenzisa umqondo we-โhegemonyโ kunokuba nje ugunyazwe nguhulumeni ukuchaza ukubusa konxiwankulu. (Kamuva u-Gramsci waduma kakhulu phakathi kwabaholi be-New Left yentando yeningi yezenhlalakahle, abasebenzisa umqondo wakhe we-hegemony kanye "nempi yesikhundla" kunokuba "impi yokuhlela" ukuze bathethelele ithuba labo kuDemocratic Party. Futhi, kunjalo. , u-Gramsci waduma kakhulu ezifundweni lapho imibhalo yakhe yayisetshenziselwa izifundo zamasiko kunenguquko yezamasiko noma yezenhlalo.) U-Hamerquist waphikisa ngokuthi i-bourgeois hegemony yasetshenziswa phezu kwesigaba sabasebenzi ngohlaka lwezabasebenzi nangokucwasa abamhlophe. Wakha umqondo we "dual consciousness" (hhayi ukudidaniswa nokusebenzisa kukaWEB DuBois lelo gama), okusho ukuthi abasebenzi babejwayele ukuba nonxiwankulu kanye nokuqonda kwabasebenzi, futhi umsebenzi wabaguquli bekuwukubasiza ekuqiniseni ukwazi kwabo ngabasebenzi. (Esikweni lezombangazwe engiphuma kulo, asikaze sibe nombono onjalo wamaManichae wokuqonda kwabasebenzi, kodwa sasivame ukuqaphela ukuthi abantu abaningi banoma yisiphi isigaba โbanokuqonda okuxubileโโizingqondo zethu ezakhiwe izinsalela zezinkolelo nemiqondo evela umkhaya wethu, ukuqeqeshwa okungokwenkolo, imfundo yasesikoleni yohlelo lolimi, izwe lontanga eyeve eshumini nambili, ukuqhuma kwezikhangiso zezentengiselwano, nezazi zezombangazwe kukhanga ukushisekela izweโinselele iwukucabanga ngokucacile ngezweโi-Marxism iyasizaโukuze bakwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezihlakaniphile. ukuze uthole enye indlela yoguquko.)
Nakuba izinhlangano zabasebenzi abazimele kanye nelungelo lesikhumba esimhlophe kwakuyimibono emibili ebalulekile eyahlukanisa i-STO kwezinye izinhlangano ezishiywe, phakathi neminyaka yawo-1970 kuya kuma-1980, leli qembu laphinde lasungula ezinye izikhundla ezilehlukanisa nesimo esisha samaKhomanisi elaliphuma kuwo. woza. Ngawo-1970 u-Hamerquist no-Ignatin babhala imibhalo ebalulekile ephikisana ne-Stalinism: baphika u-Stalin, benqaba umbono wokuthi uKhrushchev noma abalandela esikhundleni sakhe babeguqule iSoviet Union, futhi bawuchitha umqondo wokuthi iShayina noma iCuba yayiyizifundazwe zezenhlalakahle, bethi zonke ziyizwe. usonxiwankulu. Akungabazeki ukuthi ithonya lika-CLR James belibalulekile ekubaholeleni kulesi siphetho. Baphinde balahla izinhlobo zenhlangano ye-Stalinist, bephikisana ngokuthi iningi lalokho abangakwesokunxele abakubiza ngokuthi i-Leninism empeleni kwakuyizakhiwo ezingenantando yeningi nezinqubo ezingabizwa kangcono ngokuthi i-Stalinism.
Ekugcineni, i-STO inomlando wayo wonke ukukhathazeka okunempilo mayelana nobudlelwano phakathi kwenhlangano yeqembu noma ukuthambekela kwezepolitiki okuzama ukwakha iqembu lamavukelambuso kanye nokunyakaza, ngokuvamile okuncane kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ukunyakaza okukhulu, lapho kusebenza khona. Kamuva ngawo-1970 nasekuqaleni kwawo-80, i-STO yayizoveza lo mbuzo phakathi kwalokho esikubiza ngokwesiko lami udaba โlweqembu nesigabaโ njengendaba โyokuzimela.โ Lo mbono wokuzibusa mhlawumbe yilokho u-Staudenmaier akwazisa kakhulu kwisipiliyoni se-STO, nakuba ezoba ngowokuqala ukuvuma, akukho lapho iqembu liphumelele khona ekuchazeni kahle inkolelo-mbono noma ngokuyisebenzisa ngokusebenza. Ukuzimela kwakungokwe-STO, njengoba kuye kwaba ngamanye amaqembu ngakwesobunxele, umqondo oshelelayo oveza umbono ophakeme wenkululeko yokucabanga nokwenza kweqembu lezenhlalo, kodwa ohlale exakeke emibuzweni yesakhiwo senhlangano, ubuholi, nohlelo.
Ukuhlela Indawo Yokusebenzela
I-Staudenmaier inikeza ukulandelana kwezikhathi okuwusizo kwemisebenzi ye-STO: kusukela ngo-1969-1975, ukuhlela indawo yokusebenza; kusukela ngo-1976-1980, ubumbano oluphikisana nama-imperialist; kusukela ngo-1980-1986, ukwakha ukuthambekela kanye nesenzo esiqondile. Ngesikhathi sokuqala sokuhlela indawo yokusebenza, i-STO yakhula yaba ngamalungu angamashumi amahlanu endaweni yaseChicago, iningi lalawo malungu ahlanganyela ekuhleleni amafekthri eChicago kanye nesikhashana ezimbonini zensimbi eGary, e-Indiana. Kulezo zindawo zokusebenza i-STO ivamise ukukhipha izincwadi zefekthri ezinamagama afana nalawa Talk Back futhi Phuma! kanye nephephandaba layo Isisebenzi Esivukelayo. I-STO, kanye nabameli abaningi eqenjini, nabo babambe iqhaza ekusizeni abasebenzi ezitshalweni lapho ingenawo amalungu. Nakuba i-STO ngezinye izikhathi yayihileleka emizabalazweni yobuqhawe nekhuthazayo, njengoba i-akhawunti ka-Staudenmaier ikwenza kucace, imisebenzi yeqembu yokuhlela imisebenzi yayingavamile ukuholela ekwakhekeni kwamaqembu azinzile ezindaweni zokusebenza. Ngokwengxenye lokhu kwakungenxa yokwenqaba kwe-STO ukungenela isikhundla sezinyunyanaโyize ngezinye izikhathi yayisekela buthule abafuna izinguquko ezinyunyaneni.
Nakuba amalungu amaningi e-STO ayesezindaweni zokusebenza ezihlangene, inyunyana yayingeyona inkundla yomzabalazo yeqembu futhi ngenxa yalokho ayikwazanga ukuguqula imizabalazo yayo yasemsebenzini ibe ukunqoba kwezikhungo okungase kuguqule isimo sezinyunyana. Le nkinga yabhebhetheka yiqiniso lokuthi ezindaweni eziningi zokusebenza ezinkulu eChicago, njengemboni yakwaStewart-Warner, i-STO yayingelinye lamaqembu amaningana aseleโkusuka kuQembu LamaKhomanisi kuya ku-New American Movement kusuka kuma-Maoists kuya eTrotskyistsโ abahleli embonini, ngokuvamile nezincwadi zabo zezindaba kanye nephephandaba. Ukwenqaba kwe-STO ukuvumela amalungu ayo ukuba angenele izikhundla kwaholela ekuhlukaneni kwenhlangano, njengoba abahleli bayo abambalwa abangcono kakhulu, njengabaholi bayo bekhokhasi yeLatino embonini ye-International Harvester, beyishiyile inhlangano. Akukho lapho i-STO yaphumelela khona ukwakha inhlangano yabasebenzi ezimele eyayiphakathi nendawo yethiyori yayo yezepolitiki.
Wonke amaqembu e-revolutionary socialist kwesokunxele ngawo-1970 ayezama ukwakha iqembu lamavukelambuso ngomsebenzi wawo ezindaweni zokusebenza zezimboni. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwe-STO kungase kuqhathaniswe nokwamanye amaqembu angakwesokunxele, ikakhulukazi ama-Maoists, angenele ukhetho njengabaphathi bezinyunyana, akha amakhokhasi ezinyunyana zendawo, futhi abamba iqhaza emikhankasweni yezinyunyana ebanzi, efana ne-Steelworkers Fight Back, ikhokhasi eyayisekela u-Ed Sadlowski. umkhankaso kamongameli we-United Steel Workers (USW) ngo-1977. Imikhankaso yenyunyana yendawo kanye kazwelonke yanikeza izishoshovu ithuba lokukhuluma hhayi kuphela ngezindaba zesitezi sezitolo, kodwa futhi ngezindaba ezinkulu ezibhekene nenyunyana, imboni kanye nomphakathi. Lapho abasebenzi bethola ukuthi umsebenzi wabo waphansi wesitolo unomthelela kunqubomgomo yezinyunyana kanye nobudlelwane nomqashi, bathola amandla, kanye nomuzwa omkhulu wamandla abo, futhi ngokuvamile bathuthukisa amaholo abo, izimo zokusebenza, kanye nezinzuzo. Okuphumelele kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlangano ezingakwesokunxele emsebenzini onjalo wezinyunyana kwakuyi-IS, eyayihilelekile ekuqaliseni ama-caucuses anjalo e-United Auto Workers, i-Communications Workers of America, kanye nokuhlanganyela kumakholi anjalo e-American Federation of Teachers kanye ne-USW. Okubaluleke kakhulu kulokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kwaba indima ye-IS ekusunguleni ama-Teamsters for a Democratic Union (TDU), ikhokhasi ehlala isikhathi eside enhlanganweni ye-Teamsters.[2] I-IS nayo iqalile Amanothi Abasebenzi, iphephandaba kanye nesikhungo semfundo sokuguqula izinyunyana ezinezivumelwano ezibanjwa kabili ngonyaka ezaziheha izishoshovu zezinyunyana eziyinkulungwane unyaka ngamunye. Ngenkathi i-IS iqala la maphrojekthi, awazange acatshangwe njengamaphrojekthi wezenhlalakahle futhi kusukela ekuqaleni kwakuyizinhlangano ezizimele (ezizimele) ezinobuholi bazo, inhlangano kanye nezinsiza, nezinhlelo. Ukuwohloka kwezinhlangano zomphakathi zama-1970s (phakathi kwama-Afrika aseMelika, amaLatinos, abesifazane nabafundi) kanye nokuphela kwenkathi yakamuva yempi yezemisebenzi kanye nokuwohloka komnotho ngo-1974-75 kanye no-1979-80, okuhambisana nokuphatha kwezwe ngaphansi kukaRonald. I-Reagan kanye ne-depoliticization yomphakathi, yenza umsebenzi wokuhlobanisa umsebenzi wezabasebenzi nemibono yezenhlalakahle kanye nokuhleleka kwaba inselele kubo bonke abangakwesokunxele, ngaphandle kwezimpendulo ezilula.
Kuyo yonke leyo minyaka emihlanu yokuqala yokuhlela abasebenzi, i-STO yayisebenzisana njalo nabasebenzi base-Afrika baseMelika nabaseLatino kanye nabashiya, kodwa inkolelo-mbono yayo yelungelo lesikhumba esimhlophe yabonakala ingenamsebenzi omncane ekwakheni ubumbano phakathi kwabasebenzi abamhlophe nabasebenzi bemibala, kuyilapho i-STO ingasoze yanquma ukuthi kufanele ibuthele abantu abanemibala enhlanganweni yayo, noma ibanxuse ukuthi bajoyine iqembu le-African American noma le-Latino socialist. Izincwadi ze-STO zazivame ukubekela abasebenzi abamhlophe inselelo yokuthi bayeke ilungelo labo lesikhumba esimhlophe futhi basekele izimfuno zabasebenzi base-Afrika baseMelika nabaseLatino, kodwa empeleni kwakungacaci ukuthi lokhu kuzosho ukuthini ngempela. Iningi lamanye amaqembu angakwesokunxele abuke ithiyori yelungelo lesikhumba esimhlophe ye-STO njengekhululekile futhi enokuziphatha kahle; noma ngabe ikuphi, ayizange ibonise isiqondiso sesenzo. Ngokusekelwe ku-akhawunti ka-Staudenmaier, izinhlangano nabaholi base-Afrika baseMelika kanye nabaholi baseLatino babonakala bexakwe inkolelo nokusebenza kwe-STO. Izisebenzi ezimbalwa zase-Afrika zaseMelika ezijoyine i-STO phakathi nalesi sikhathi zishiye ukwehlukana. Maphakathi nawo-1970, i-STO yehliswa yaba ngamalungu ayisithupha.
Umsebenzi we-Anti-Imperialist
Ngo-1976 i-STO yanquma ukuthi isimo sezomnotho nesezombangazwe โsasingesihle,โ siphakamisa ukuthi ukuhlela indawo yokusebenza kwakungeke kwenzeke isikhathi esithile. Ngakho-ke leli qembu kufanele liphendulele ukunaka kwalo kuthiyori, imfundo, kanye nokusebenza emikhankasweni emelene nama impiriyali. (Lokhu kufana kakhulu nomqondo โwokwehlaโ owasungulwa nguTony Cliff weSocialist Workers Party yaseGreat Britain ngo-1978 kwase kuba yi-International Socialist Organization yase-United States ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho.) Ngakho ngo-1977 u-Ken Lawrence wasungula impoqo ye-STO. "Dialectics Course" ngokufunda okuvela kuHegel, Marx, Lenin, Luxembourg, Gramsci, Luckacs, CLR James noMark Twain (yebo, lowo nguMark Twain ofanayo omcabangayo). Amalungu e-STO azothatha isonto lonke emsebenzini kanye nemisebenzi yezepolitiki ukuze aye ezweni kulezi zikhathi lapho wonke amalungu abambe iqhaza, okokuqala njengabafundi bese kuba ngabafundisi. I-"Dialectics Course" yasiza ukunikeza i-STO idumela njengelinye lamaqembu ahlakaniphe kakhulu nangokwethiyori ngakwesobunxele.
Umsebenzi omningi waleli qembu ngalesi sikhathi wawukweseka imizabalazo emelene nama impiriyali, ikakhulukazi umzabalazo wePuerto Rico wokuthola inkululeko. Ngenkathi i-STO iqale yasebenza nePuerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP) iqembu lamaMarxist-Leninist ePuerto Rico kanye ne-United States ehambisana kakhulu neCuba). Nokho, i-STO yagcina isiyingxenye ye-National Liberation Movement (MLN), iqoqo lamaqembu angakwesokunxele ayesekela i-Armed Forces of National Liberation (FALN), iqembu lasePuerto Rican elaqhumisa amabhomu angu-120 eChicago naseNew York phakathi kuka-1974 no-1983. XNUMX. Amalungu e-STO ayekholelwa ukuthi kufanele asekele umzabalazo wasePuerto Ricans wokulwa ne-imperialism, kuhlanganise nomzabalazo wezikhali.
Nakuba i-STO ngezinye izikhathi yayihluka ne-FALN namanye amaqembu asePuerto Rican, yayingeke yenze umehluko wayo wezombusazwe obala ngenxa yengcindezelo eyayibhekene nenhlangano ehlomile nezinye izinhlangano zasePuerto Rican. Ngenxa yalokho, izikhundla zezombusazwe ze-STO zalahleka ngokuphelele ekusekelweni kwayo okungenamibandela futhi ngokusobala okungagxeki kwe-MLN ne-FALN. Futhi, njengamanye amaqembu angakwesokunxele, i-STO yathatha isikhundla sokweseka uguquko lwase-Iran, okuhlanganisa nokusekela u-Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini owagcina elethe ubushiqela bamaSulumane. Ngokufanayo, i-STO yazithola isingumsekeli ongenamibandela futhi ongagxeki wezinhlangano zamavukelambuso eMelika Emaphakathi ngesikhathi sokuhlanganyela kwayo emaqenjini obumbano njengeKomidi Lokubumbana Nabantu Base-El Salvador (CISPES). Kuyo yonke le minyaka yalo msebenzi, u-Staudenmaier uyachaza, ilungu le-STO lasebenza ngokuxhamazela, ligijima lisuka kwenye inhlekelele liye kwenye, lisuka enhlanganweni lisiya kwenye, kwaze kwaba semijahweni ephithizelayo ukusuka kwesinye isimo esiphuthumayo kuya kwesinye abanye eqenjini banomuzwa wokuthi balahlekelwa umbono wabo. ubuwena nezinjongo.
Ukwakha Ukuthambekela kanye Nesenzo Esiqondile
Ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu yomsebenzi ezenzweni ezimelene nama impiriyali, i-STO yaphinde yashintsha indlela yayo, kulokhu yakha ukuthambekela kanye nokugcizelela esenzweni esiqondile. I-STO yayinokuhlangenwe nakho okucebile kokuhlela, futhi naphezu kokungakwazi ukukhomba ukunqoba okuningi okubalulekile, imibono yayo eyinhloko-izinhlangano zabasebenzi ezizimele kanye nelungelo lesikhumba esimhlophe-yayisithandeka ezinhlanganweni eziningana emadolobheni aseMidwest nakwamanye. izindawo zezwe, ikakhulukazi iDenver, Colorado, nePortland, Oregon, nakuba kube khona nomzamo wokuhlela eMississippi. Eholwa yi-STO, lawa maqoqo wendawo manje afaka amandla awo enhlanganweni emelene nempi eyayithuthuke ngokumelene nezimpi zikaRonald Reagan eMelika Ephakathi kanye nasembuthweni omusha wokulwa nenuzi oholwa yi-Clamshell Alliance. I-STO yakhangwa yile nhlangano ngenxa yokuzibophezela kwayo esenzweni esiqondile, nakuba ishaqiswe umoya wayo wokuthula nokuphikisa udlame, futhi ikhungathekiswe yisigaba esimaphakathi, ukwakheka kwabamhlophe kwezinhlangano.
Umzamo wokwakha ukuthambekela kwezwe wagcina uhlulekile ngenxa yezizathu eziningana. Kusukela yasungulwa ngo-1969 i-STO yayikhungethwe yilokho u-Staudenmaier akubiza ngokuthi โizigaba ezingakahleleki,โ okungukuthi, iqembu elincane labasunguli bokuqalaโuHamerquist, u-Ignatin, uTravis, noLawrence, kanye nabanye abambalwaโlabusa leli qembu noma cha. baba nezikhundla ezisemthethweni. Babevame ukuthuthukisa izikhundla, ukubhala imibhalo, ukugcina ukuxhumana nezinhlangano zendawo nezwe, futhi banqume inkambo yeqembu. I-STO yehlulekile kuwo wonke umlando wayo ukusungula izinhlaka nezinqubo zentando yeningi futhi lokho kokubili kubukela phansi ukusebenza kwayo futhi kwafakazela isithiyo ekusunguleni ukuthambekela kazwelonke. Kanti futhi, imiqondo yethiyori ewumongo ye-STOโizinhlangano zabasebenzi ezizimele kanye nelungelo lesikhumba esimhlopheโkwabonakala kungahlobene nomsebenzi weqembu ekulweni nempi nokulwa nezikhali zenuzi ngeminyaka yawo-1980, umsebenzi owawungahlangene kangako nendawo yokusebenza noma ukuzuza abasebenzi abamhlophe ekucwaseni kwabo. Ekugcineni, izibalo zabantu zaba yisici sangempela: amalungu amaningi aleli qembu ayeseguga, abambalwa kwakungabazali abanemithwalo yemfanelo yezingane zabo, kanti abanye, sebeyishiyile indawo yokusebenza yezimboni, babeqhubekela eminye imisebenzi. (Isibonelo, u-Ignatin, owazalwa ngo-1940, wahlanganisa iminyaka engu-45 ngo-1985, futhi walishiya leli qembu unyaka ngaphambi kokuba lishone.) Nakuba i-STO yayinesithakazelo ekwakheni ukuthambekela kwamanye amazwe ngawo-1980 kanye ne-STO. ukuzimela amaqembu e-Italy naseJalimane, ukuwohloka kwawo okuzinze e-United States kwenza lokhu kungenzeki.
Ngemuva kokuthi i-STO ibunile ngo-1986, abaholi bayo abambalwa baqhubeke nokuba nemisebenzi ethokozisayo kanye nobungcweti kwezinye izindawo. UCarole Travis, ehlukana nomlando wokuphikisa kwe-STO ukuthatha isikhundla senyunyana, waba umongameli we-United Auto Workers Local 719 embonini ye-GM Electromotive, esebenza amahlandla amathathu (iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye), futhi kamuva wasebenzela i-Service Employees International Union njengoMqondisi. woMkhandlu Wesifunda Sase-Illinois iminyaka eyishumi nantathu. Muva nje ubambe iqhaza enhlanganweni ye-Occupy eZuccotti Park nase-Oakland. UMichael Goldfield waba uprofesa womlando wezabasebenzi e-Wayne State University e-Detroit egxile ocwaningweni lwakhe ngokunyakaza kwabasebenzi kanye nabasebenzi, futhi ikakhulukazi ngokwehluleka kwezinyunyana zabasebenzi ukuhlela iNingizimu. UNoel Ignatin waba uprofesa eMassachusetts College of Art, owaziwa kakhulu ngencwadi yakhe Ukuthi Ama-Irish Abamhlophe Kanjani kanye nejenali yakhe Race Traitor. Abasindile be-Sojourner Truth Organisation kanye nabalandela esikhundleni baye bakubeka izinqolobane zedijithali enetheni, neqoqo eliphelele ngangokunokwenzeka lamajenali, amaphephandaba, namapheshana. Iningi lalabo ababengamalungu e-STO bagcina umbono wabo wezwe we-socialist oguquguqukayo futhi bayaqhubeka nokufaka isandla emizameni njengoba benzile kwezinye izimo iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu.
Izifundo Zesipiliyoni
I-Sojourner Truth Organisation imele iqembu elilodwa kuphela emaqenjini amaningi futhi yabandakanya kuphela amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabashisekeli okwathi phakathi neminyaka yawo-1960 no-1980 babamba iqhaza emizamweni yokwakha izinhlangano zoguquko. Amandla ezomnotho nezepolitiki aseMelika, ukucindezelwa kwamaphoyisa, kanye nobunzima bokwakha ithiyori yezombangazwe kanye nokwenza okufanele kwe-United States kwaholela ekutheni yonke leyo mizamo yehluleke. Ngo-1979-1981 iningi lamaqembu amaMaoist lawa; iSocialist Workers Party, okuyiqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke amaTrotskyist, ngemva komzamo omncane futhi wokungena embonini nezinyunyana, yashintsha yaba ihlelo lamaCastroite; i-International Socialists yahlukanisa izindlela ezintathu phakathi kuka-1978 no-1979, futhi iningi le-New American Movement layeka umsebenzi walo wokuguqula umbuso futhi lahlanganiswa neDemocratic Socialist Organising Committee (DSOC) ukwakha iDemocratic Socialist of America (DSA). I-STO yabhekana nesiphetho esivamile esehlela lokho esingakubiza ngokuthi iGeneration of 1968.
Ngemva kokuba umuntu eqede ukufunda incwadi ka-Staudenmaier amaphuzu amathathu agqama engqondweni yami. Okokuqala, i-STO ayizange iphumelele ukuthuthukisa izinhlaka nezinqubo zentando yeningi ezidingekayo enhlanganweni yezombusazwe ephumelelayo. Okwesibili, imibono emibili ewumongo ye-STOโilungelo lesikhumba esimhlophe kanye nezinhlangano zabasebenzi ezizimeleโayikaze ibe umhlahlandlela wokwenza. Abazange bachaze ngokunembile uhlobo lokunyakaza kwabasebenzi ezinyunyaneni zabasebenzi nobudlelwano babo obuthile nenhloko-dolobha, futhi abazange bathwebule ngokwanele ubunjalo bobandlululo lwaseMelika ngendlela yokuqondisa umsebenzi wezishoshovu. Okwesithathu, ukukhathazeka okunempilo kwe-STO mayelana nokuzimela kokunyakaza kwabantu abaningi, izinhlangano zabasebenzi, kanye nemizabalazo yabantu base-Afrika baseMelika kanye neLatinos akuzange kuvele njengethiyori ecacile yanoma yiluphi uhlobo. Nakuba yayihlala izibheka njenge-Leninist, i-STO ayizange iphumelele ukuchaza ubudlelwano phakathi kwenhlangano eguquguqukayo kanye nendlela okufanele ihlobane ngayo nokunyakaza esebenza kuyo.
Yini eyayisemuva kwelungelo le-STO lesikhumba esimhlophe kanye nemibono yezinyunyana zokuzithiba? Ngisola ukuthi imibono ye-STO yayisekelwe emizamweni yabo yokubhekana namandla kanye nobuthakathaka beQembu LamaKhomanisi okwakuphume kulo bona noma abazali babo. Inkolelo-mbono yelungelo lesikhumba esimhlophe yabonisa ukukhungatheka kwabo okukhulu ngokucwasa okusakazekile kwezisebenzi ezimhlopheโokwase kubonakale kucace eNingizimu naseNyakatho phakathi nenhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu kanye neMpi yaseVietnamโfuthi okwabonakala kungavamile. AmaKhomanisiโnaphezu komsebenzi omangalisayo ayewenzile (hhayi ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezinkulu ezidalwe ukuguquguquka kwenkathi ye-Stalinist, kodwa engcono kunawo wonke umuntu), naphezu kwabasebenzi bawo base-Afrika baseMelika baseMelika abavame ukukhalipha nesibindi, naphezu kokumhlophe kwabo okuphawulekayo futhi nesibindi. abalwa nokucwasa ngokwebalaโabakwazanga ukulijika leli cala ngendlela enkulu ezweni lonkeโukuhlela iNingizimu kube umsebenzi omkhulu ongakaqedwa njengoba uGoldfield evezeโnakuba benze umsebenzi oncomekayo ezindaweni ezehlukene eCIO. isikhathi. Inkinga yomjaho eMelika imbi kakhulu futhi ayinakunqandeka. Kwase kuthi-ke, iQembu LamaKhomanisi ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930 lase liboshelwe esu lokuzama ukubambisana noma ukungena embuthweni wezinyunyana, umgomo owawuphinde wahlanekezela eyakhe ipolitiki yobuStalin. Ngakho-ke abaholi be-STO abafana no-Hamerquist, u-Ignatin, no-Travis bazame ukucabanga indlela yabo yokuphuma kulezi zinkinga ngokwakha imibono ebucayi yokucwasa kwabamhlophe kanye nemvelo yokuphatha kwabasebenzi, okuyisikweletu sabo. Kodwa ekugcineni, leyo mibono emibili, lokhu kuzichaza ngokwayo, yehluleka ukusebenza njengesiqondiso esenzweni futhi yaba ibaluleke kakhulu emqondweni weqembu wobunjalo balo obuyingqayizivele, kangangokuthi inkolelo-mbono yakha isithiyo ekusebenzeni, okungukuthi, ekusebenzeni ngobuningi. , ukuqashwa, futhi ekugcineni nasekusindeni kweqembu.
amanothi
[1] Ezinye zihlanganisa: Max Elbaum, Revolution in the Air: Sixties Radicals baphendukela kuLenin, Mao kanye noChe (ENew York: Verso, 2002); A. Belden Field, I-Trotskyism ne-Maoism: Ithiyori kanye Nomkhuba eFrance nase-United States (ENew York: UPraeger, 1988); UFred Ho et al., Ifa Lenkululeko: Ipolitiki Namasiko e-Revolutionary Asian Pacific America (AK Cindezela, 2000); Milton Fisk, I-Socialism evela Ngezansi e-United States: Umsuka we-International Socialist Organization. Incwadi kaFisk empeleni ingumlando wama-International Socialists (IS) kuze kube sekusungulweni kwe-ISO. Kukhona futhi izikhumbuzo eziningi zezishoshovu zoguquko zenkathi ezitholakalayo manje.
[2] U-Dan La Botz, โAma-Timultuous Teamsters of the 1970s,โ ku-Aaron Brenner et al., ed., Isikhundla Nokuvukela Kwefayela: Impi Yezabasebenzi kanye Nokuvukela Okusuka Ngezansi phakathi neminyaka eyi-1970 (ENew York: Verso, 2010). Bheka futhi isihloko esithi Dan La Botz, Isikhundla Nokuvukela Kwefayela: Abadlali Beqembu leDemocratic Union (ENew York: Verso, 1990).
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