Umthombo: Ucwaningo Lomhlaba Wonke
Umhlaba ulahlekelwa ngokushesha amapulazi nabalimi ngokugxilwa komhlaba ezandleni zabaqageli bomhlaba abacebile nabanamandla kanye nezinkampani zamabhizinisi ezolimo. Abalimi abancane benziwa ubugebengu futhi baze banyamalale uma kukhulunywa ngomzabalazo womhlaba. Bahlale bevezwa ukuxoshwa okuhlelekile.
Ngo 2014, the Isikhungo sase-Oakland bathole ukuthi abatshalizimali bezikhungo, okuhlanganisa i-hedge funds, i-private equity kanye nezikhwama zempesheni, bamagange ukwenza imali emapulazini omhlaba njengesigaba sempahla esisha nesifiseleka kakhulu. Imbuyiselo yezimali iyona ebalulekile kulezi zinhlangano, hhayi ukuphepha kokudla.
Cabanga nge-Ukraine. Inhlangano iGrain ithole ukuthi ngo-2014 abalimi abancane bebesebenza ngo-16% womhlaba wezolimo kulelo zwe, kodwa bahlinzeka ngo-55% wezolimo, okuhlanganisa: 97% wamazambane, 97% woju, 88% wemifino, 83% wezithelo namajikijolo. kanye no-80% wobisi. Kuyacaca ukuthi Amapulazi amancane ase-Ukraine ayeletha imiphumela emangalisayo.
Kulandela ukuketulwa kukahulumeni wase-Ukraine ekuqaleni kuka-2014, kwavulwa indlela yokuthi abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe kanye namabhizinisi ezolimo aseNtshonalanga babambe ngokuqinile umkhakha wokudla kwezolimo. Izinguquko ezigunyazwe yimalimboleko exhaswe yi-EU eya e-Ukraine ngo-2014 zazihlanganisa nokwesulwa kwemithetho yezolimo okuhloswe ngayo ukuhlomulisa amabhizinisi ezolimo angaphandle. Ukushintshwa kwenqubomgomo yezemvelo kanye nenqubomgomo yomhlaba kwakuklanyelwe ukusiza ukuthathwa kwezinkampani zangaphandle komhlaba omkhulu.
UFrederic Mousseau, umqondisi wenqubomgomo e-Oakland Institute, ngaleso sikhathi wathi iBhange Lomhlaba kanye ne-IMF babehlose ukuvula izimakethe zangaphandle ezinkampanini zaseNtshonalanga nokuthi ezigxotsheni okusezingeni emhlabeni ukulawula umkhakha omkhulu wezolimo Ukraine sika, umthengisi wesithathu omkhulu wommbila emhlabeni futhi othumela ukolweni kwamanye amazwe ngobukhulu, uyingxenye ebalulekile enganakwa. Wengeze ngokuthi eminyakeni yamuva, izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe zithole amahektha angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-1.6 omhlaba wase-Ukraine.
Amabhizinisi ezolimo aseNtshonalanga afisa umkhakha wezolimo wase-Ukraine isikhathi eside, kudala ngaphambi kokuketulwa umbuso. Lelo zwe liqukethe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yawo wonke umhlaba olimekayo eYurophu. Indatshana ka Ukubuyekeza Oriental ngo-2015 waphawula ukuthi kusukela maphakathi neminyaka yama-90s abantu base-Ukraine-baseMelika bephethe i-US-Ukraine Business Council babe nesandla ekukhuthazeni ukulawulwa kwamanye amazwe kwezolimo zase-Ukraine.
NgoNovemba 2013, i-Ukrainian Agrarian Confederation yabhala isichibiyelo esingokomthetho esizozuzisa abakhiqizi bebhizinisi lezolimo emhlabeni wonke ngokuvumela ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwembewu eshintshwe izakhi zofuzo. Ngenkathi izitshalo ze-GMO zethulwa ngokusemthethweni emakethe yase-Ukraine ngo-2013, zatshalwa ku-70% wawo wonke amasimu kabhontshisi, u-10-20% wamasimu ommbila kanye nangaphezu kuka-10% wawo wonke amasimu kabhekilanga, ngokwezilinganiso ezihlukahlukene (noma u-3% ingqikithi yamapulazi ezwe).
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi isikhwama sokutshala imali iSiguler Guff & Co ithole ingxenye engama-50%. echwebeni lase-Ukraine lase-Illichivsk ngonyaka ka-2015, eligxile ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe kwezolimo.
NgoJuni 2020, i-IMF kuvunyelwe uhlelo lokubolekwa kwemali lwezinyanga eziyi-18 lwamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu ne-Ukraine. Ngokusho kwe I-Brettons Wood Project iwebhusayithi, uhulumeni uzibophezele ekususeni isimemezelo seminyaka engu-19 sokumiswa kokuthengiswa kwezindawo zokulima eziphethwe nguhulumeni ngemuva kwengcindezi eqhubekayo yezimali zamazwe ngamazwe. IBhange Lomhlaba lihlanganisiwe ezinye izinyathelo okuhlobene nokudayiswa komhlaba wezolimo womphakathi njengezimo zeNqubomgomo Yokuthuthukisa Engu-$350 wezigidi (i-COVID 'iphakheji yosizo') eya e-Ukraine kuvunyelwe ngasekupheleni kukaJuni. Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa 'isinyathelo sangaphambili' esidingekayo sokuvumela ukuthengiswa komhlaba wokulima nokusetshenziswa komhlaba njengesibambiso.
Ephendula, uFrederic Mousseau muva nje wathi:
"Inhloso ngokusobala ukuvuna izintshisekelo zabatshalizimali abazimele kanye namabhizinisi ezolimo aseNtshonalanga ... Akulungile futhi akulungile ukuthi izikhungo zezimali zaseNtshonalanga ziphoqe izwe elisesimweni esibi somnotho phakathi nobhubhane olungakaze lubonwe ukuthi lidayise umhlaba walo."
Kodwa ukuziphatha akuhlangene kangako nakho. Umbiko kaSepthemba 2020 kuwebhusayithi ye-grain.org 'Amaqaba esibayeni: ukulingana kwangasese kucwilisa amazinyo ezolimo' kukhombisa ukuthi akukho ukuziphatha lapho ukuphoqelelwa kwenzuzo ye-capitalism kuthinteka.
Izimali ezizimele zokulingana - iqoqo lemali ezisebenzisa izikhwama zempesheni, izikhwama zengcebo yamazwe, izikhwama zezezimali kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okuvela kohulumeni, amabhange, izinkampani zomshwalense kanye nabantu abanenani eliphakeme - zifakwa emkhakheni wezolimo emhlabeni wonke. Le mali isetshenziselwa ukuqasha noma ukuthenga amapulazi ashibhile futhi ahlanganiswe abe okusanhlamvu okusesitayeleni sase-US kanye nokukhathazeka kukabhontshisi wesoya. I-athikili ichaza ukuthi izindawo zokucasha zentela zasolwandle kanye ne-European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) ziqondise kanjani i-Ukraine.
Ngaphezu kohulumeni abahlukene baseNtshonalanga, i-Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, ephethe isikhwama sesisekelo, iphinde itshale imali emabhizinisini azimele, ithatha izikhundla emabhizinisini amapulazi nawokudla emhlabeni jikelele.
UGrain uphawula ukuthi lokhu kuyingxenye yenkambiso lapho umhlaba wezezimali - amabhange, izikhwama, izinkampani zomshwalense nokunye okunjalo - uthola ukulawula umnotho wangempela, okuhlanganisa amahlathi, izindawo ezihlala emanzini kanye nezindawo zabantu basemakhaya.
Ngaphandle kokusiphula imiphakathi nokubamba izinsiza ukuze kugxiliswe imodeli yezolimo yezimboni, egxile emazweni angaphandle, le nqubo 'yokuxhasa ngezimali' idlulisela amandla emagumbini okuhlala aqhelile ahlala abantu abangaxhumene nokulima futhi abangena kukho ukwenza imali. Lezi zimali zivamise ukutshala isikhathi seminyaka eyi-10-15, okuholela enzuzweni enhle kubatshalizimali kodwa zingashiya umkhondo wokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo nenhlalo yesikhathi eside futhi zisebenzise ukubukela phansi ukuntuleka kokudla kwendawo kanye nesifunda.
Lokhu kufakwa kwezimali kwezolimo kuqhubekisela phambili imodeli yokulima efeza izintshisekelo ze-agrochemical giants kanye nembewu, okuhlanganisa nenye yezinkampani ezinkulu emhlabeni, iCargill, ebambe iqhaza cishe kuzo zonke izici zebhizinisi lezolimo emhlabeni wonke.
Isaqhubeka njengenkampani ezimele, le nkampani eneminyaka engu-155 ubudala ihweba ngokuthenga nokusabalalisa impahla ehlukahlukene yezolimo, ifuya futhi ikhiqize ukudla kwezilwane kanye nezithako zokudla ezizosetshenziswa ekudleni okugayiwe kanye nasekusetshenzisweni kwezimboni. I-Cargill futhi inengalo enkulu yezinsizakalo zezezimali, elawula ubungozi bezezimali ezimakethe zezimpahla zenkampani. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-Black River Asset Management, isikhwama se-hedge esinezimpahla nezikweletu ezingaba ngamabhiliyoni ayi-10.
Isihloko sakamuva mayelana ne- Kuvulwe iwebhusayithi wamangalela uCargill kanye nabanikazi bayo bezigidigidi eziyi-14 ngokuzuza ngokusetshenziswa kwezingane, ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi emvula, ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokhokho, ukusabalala kokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane nokungcola, ukudla okungcolile, ukumelana nemithi elwa namagciwane kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwempilo nendawo yonke.
Njengokungathi lokhu akuhambisani ngokwanele, i-UN Food and Agriculture manje isisebenzisana ne-CropLife, inhlangano yezohwebo yomhlaba wonke emele izithakazelo zezinkampani ezikhiqiza futhi zikhuthaze izibulala-zinambuzane, kuhlanganise. izibulala-zinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu (HHPs).
Enkulumweni yezindaba yangoNovemba 19 ekhishwe yi-PAN (Pesticide Action Network) e-Asia Pacific, izinhlangano ezingaba ngu-350 emazweni angama-63 ezimele amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabalimi, abadobi, abasebenzi bezolimo neminye imiphakathi, kanye namalungelo abantu, ezenkolo, ezemvelo kanye izikhungo zobulungiswa kwezomnotho, zahambisa incwadi kuMqondisi-Jikelele we-FAO Qu Dongyu bemnxusa ukuthi ayeke izinhlelo ezisanda kumenyezelwa zokujulisa ukusebenzisana neCropLife International ngokungena e ubudlelwano obusemthethweni.
Ama-HHP abhekene nenqwaba yokulimala kwezempilo okulimazayo kubalimi, abasebenzi bezolimo kanye nemindeni yasemakhaya emhlabeni jikelele futhi la makhemikhali isibalo sabantu abathutha impova esinciphile futhi badala umonakalo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nemvelo entekenteke.
UMarcia Ishii, usosayensi omkhulu e-PAN eNyakatho Melika, uchaze imithelela engathi sína yokusebenzisana okuhlongozwayo:
“Ngeshwa, selokhu kwafika uMnu. Qu e-FAO, lesi sikhungo sibukeka sivula ithuba lokusebenzisana kakhulu nezinkampani ezibulala izinambuzane, okungenzeka ukuthi zizosebenzisa lobo budlelwano ukuze zenze i-bluewashing, zibe nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwenqubomgomo kanye nokuthuthukisa ukufinyelela ezimakethe zomhlaba.”
Waqhubeka wathi:
“Akumangazi ukuthi iPhini likaMqondisi-Jikelele we-FAO osanda kuqokwa, u-Beth Bechdol, eze ku-FAO nomlando wokusondelana. izibopho zezimali eya eCorteva (ngaphambili eyayiyiDow/DuPont).”
I-FAO eminyakeni yakamuva ikhombise ukuzibophezela ku-agroecology kodwa, ekuceleni i-FAO ezimele, uSusan Haffmans wase-PAN Germany, uyaphikisana:
“I-FAO akufanele ibeke engozini impumelelo yayo kwezemvelo noma ubuqotho bayo ngokusebenzisana ngokuqondile nalelo gatsha lemboni elinomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhiqiza izibulala-zinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu futhi imikhiqizo yayo enomthelela ekufakazeni ubuthi abantu nendawo yabo emhlabeni wonke.”
NgoJulayi 2019 Ithimba le-UN FAO Lezinga Eliphezulu Lochwepheshe liphetha ngokuthi i-agroecology inikeza ukuvikeleka kokudla okuthuthukisiwe kakhulu kanye nesondlo, ubulili, izinzuzo zemvelo kanye nesivuno uma kuqhathaniswa nezolimo zezimboni.
Izimiso zezolimo nemvelo zimelela ukugudluka kumbono wezimboni osebenzisa amakhemikhali anciphisa isivuno, okuholela phakathi kwezinye izinto izingcindezi ezinkulu empilweni yabantu, inhlabathi kanye nemithombo yamanzi. I-Agroecology isekelwe ohlelweni oludidiyelwe lwezinhlelo eziphansi zokufakwayo kokudla nezolimo olubeka phambili ukuphepha kokudla kwendawo, ukukhiqizwa kwekhalori yasendaweni, amaphethini okutshala kanye nokukhiqizwa okuhlukahlukene kokudla okunomsoco ngehektare ngalinye, ukuzinza kwetafula lamanzi, ukumelana nesimo sezulu, isakhiwo esihle senhlabathi kanye nekhono lokubhekana nazo. nezinambuzane ezikhulayo kanye nezingcindezi zezifo.
Uhlelo olunjalo lusekelwe umqondo wokuzimela kokudla, osekelwe ekuzineliseni okuphelele, ilungelo lokuthola ukudla okufanele ngokwesiko kanye nobunikazi bendawo kanye nokuphatha izinsiza ezivamile, njengomhlaba, amanzi, inhlabathi kanye nembewu.
Nokho, le modeli iyinselelo eqondile ezintshisakalweni zamalungu e-CropLife. Ngokugcizelelwa kokwenziwa kwasendaweni kanye nokokufaka epulazini, i-agroecology ayidingi ukuncika kumakhemikhali obunikazi, izimbewu ezidliwe yizimbewu nolwazi noma uchungechunge olude lokuhlinzekwa komhlaba wonke.
Ngokufuna ukwakha ubambiswano olusemthethweni ne-FAO, i-CropLife ihlose ukuqhubekisela phambili izintshisekelo zayo ngenkathi iphazamisa ukuzibophezela kwe-FAO ku-agroecology. Lokhu kucace kakhulu ezikhathini zamuva nje lapho iNxusa laseMelika ku-FAO uKip Tom ehlasele i-agroecology - futhi njengamalungu e-CropLife - uqhubekisela phambili le nganekwane (esanda kukhishwa. nguDkt Jonathan Latham encwadini entsha ethi 'Rethinking Food and Agriculture')yenhlekelele ezayo uma singayamukeli i-paradigm yamakhemikhali nezimboni.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuhlanganisa abalimi baseNdiya abasanda kungena emigwaqweni bephikisana nomthetho ozovulela umkhakha wezolimo emazweni angaphandle, ukuthengwa komhlaba e-Ukraine noma umzabalazo wamalungelo omhlaba kanye nobukhosi bembewu (njll) kwenye indawo, kuyacaca ukuthi i-cabal encane. Izikhondlakhondla zebhizinisi lezolimo emhlabeni wonke ezingenanembeza zishayela futhi ziyazuza ekungeneni kwezimali okungalawuleki, ukufuduka kwabalimi, ukuthathwa komhlaba nezinqumo ezenziwa emazingeni omhlaba kazwelonke kusetshenziswa i-IMF, iBhange Lomhlaba kanye ne-WTO.
Iwebhu onxiwankulu bomhlaba abaluhlanganisayo emzamweni wokufuna inzuzo entsha, ukubamba izimakethe ezintsha kanye nokulawula izinsiza ezivamile (commonwealth) ibhidliza izimpilo zabalimi, imvelo kanye nempilo ngaphansi kwesimangalo esingamanga 'sokondla umhlaba'.
Labo balimi abasinda kumaqhinga okwenza inzuzo okuphucwa umhlaba kanye ne-imperialism kumele bafakwe ohlelweni lokulima ngenkontileka olushiwo izikhondlakhondla zezokudla kwezolimo emhlabeni wonke eziboshelwe ohlelweni lokudla oluxhaphazayo olusekelwe ekuthembeleni ezimakethe nasekulawuleni izinkampani. Umbuso obeka inzuzo ngaphambi kokuphepha kokudla okuhlukahlukene, ukudla okunempilo kanye nemvelo.
Colin Todhunter ubamba iqhaza njalo kuGlobal Research.
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