Lolu Suku Lwabasebenzi lwango-2018 luphawula omunye futhi unyaka wokwehla kwamazinga okuphila kubasebenzi baseMelika. Uma umuntu engase akholwe abezindaba bese ecindezela, amaholo akhuphukayo ayasiphikisa leso sitatimende. I-Wall St. Journal, Agasti 1, 2018 yacupha 'Izisebenzi Zase-US Thola Ukunyuswa Kwemiholo Okukhulu Kakhulu Cishe Eminyakeni Eyishumi'.
Kodwa nakhu ukuthi kungani lokho kuzungeza kwabezindaba kuwukuhlanekezela okungeyikho kweqiniso.
Isabelo Semali Esehlayo Sabasebenzi
Uma amaholo ayenyuka, kungani isabelo sabasebenzi sesamba semali engenayo yezwe siye saqhubeka nokwehla cishe iminyaka engu-20, kuhlanganise nalo nyaka odlule? Cishe u-64% wesamba semali engenayo yezwe ngo-2000, yehle kancane kancane yafinyelela cishe ku-56% wemali engenayo yezwe yanamuhla elinganiselwa ku-$16 trillion. Lokho kwehla akubanga nje umphumela wokuwohloka okukhulu komnotho ngo-2008-09; ingxenye yakhona yenzeka phakathi kuka-2000 no-2008. Ngakho-ke kuwumkhuba wesikhathi eside wezwe, osekelwe ku-21 yanamuhla.st Uhlelo lwe-capitalist lwekhulu leminyaka lwase-US hhayi into yakamuva.
Ukwehla kwesabelo seholo ngo-8% Kwabasebenzi kungase kungabonakali kangako ngokwemibandela elula. Kodwa u-8% wama- $16 trillion ashoda nje ku-$1.5 trillion ngonyaka. Ngamanye amazwi, abasebenzi bafinyelele ku-$ 1.5 trillion ngo-2017-18; ukube isabelo sabo besihlala ku-64% bebezoba ne- $ 1.5 trillion ngaphezulu emaphaketheni abo namuhla kunalokho abanayo empeleni. Leyo thriliyoni engu-$1.5 yokwehla kwesabelo sabasebenzi imele ukulahlekelwa, okungenani, kuka-$8,000 ngonyaka noma ngaphezulu ngesisebenzi ngasinye. Kodwa i-$ 1.5 nayo iwukubukelwa phansi.
'Isabelo Sabasebenzi' njengoba kuchazwe uhulumeni (Umnyango Wezabasebenzi. kanye neHhovisi Lesabelomali likaKhongolose) lihlanganisa amaholo abaphathi nezikhulu eziphezulu, amabhonasi okuphela konyaka abamabhange, izinkokhelo eziyisamba kubaphathi, nezinye izinhlobo zeholo elingaholi. Iholo langempela lomholoโokungukuthi, isisebenzi esingaphethe, esingagadileโiyingxenye yale ncazelo esemthethweni eyandisiwe Yesabelo Sezisebenzi. Kodwa uma izikhulu, izimenenja kanye nezinhlobo zamabhange kanye nezigaba zemiholo zeSabelo Sabasebenzi zikhuphuka ngokusheshaโlokho abanazoโngokwengqikithi kusho ukuthi amaholo eqiniso ehle ngisho nangaphezu kuka-$1.5 trillion. Khipha isabelo sabaphathi nabaphathi seSabelo Sabasebenzi semali engenayo yezwe, futhi okulahlekile ngonyaka ngomsebenzi ngamunye kungenzeka kudlule u-$10,000.
Kodwa akugcini lapho. Ngisho noma kucutshungulwa amaholo angempela alabo okungebona abaphathi, izisebenzi ezingezona ezokuqondisa (cishe ama-82% engqikithi yabasebenzi), ukuzuza kwamaholo kuye kwahlanekezelwa kakhulu kumaphesenti ayishumi aphezulu emindeni esele yesigaba sabasebenziโokungukuthi ochwepheshe ubuchwepheshe, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kanye nezezimali, labo abaneziqu zasekolishi ezithuthukile, njll. Ngokulinganisa izinzuzo zamaholo zamaphesenti ayi-10 aphezulu esigaba sabasebenzi nabanye, izinzuzo zamaholo ze-10% zivala ukuntengantenga kwamaholo abanye. Ukuntengantenga kwamaholo kwangempela kanye nokwehla kwabahola amaholo 'abaphansi' ngo-10% kukhulu kakhulu. Lokho kulinganiselwa ezigidini eziyi-90 kubasebenzi abayizigidi eziyi-133. Ngamanye amazwi, amaholo ezigidi ezingu-162 alahlekelwe ngisho nangaphezu kwesigidigidi esingu-$133 sokwehla Kwesabelo Sezabasebenzi, uma singabandakanyi izinzuzo zamaholo zizonke ze-1.5% ephezulu yesigaba sabasebenzi. Lokho kusho ukuthi abayizigidi eziyi-10 balahlekelwe ngisho nangaphezulu kuka-$133 ngonyaka isisebenzi ngasinye.
Iholo Lamaviki Onke v. Amaholo
Ngakho-ke amaholo okuyiwona ezigidi eziyi-133 abe mubi kakhulu kunalokho okusikiselwa ukwehla Kwesabelo Sezisebenziโfuthi ngisho nangemva kokulungiselwa abaphathi-abaphathi kanye nesigaba esiphezulu esingu-10% (ochwepheshe, abafunde kakhulu, njll.) besigaba sabasebenzi. Amaholo angaphansi kakhulu kunedatha Yokwabelana Kwabasebenzi.
Futhi amaholo awafani 'nemiholo yamasonto onke yabasebenzi', abezindaba abavame ukubhekisela kuyo njengamaholo ukuze beqise izinzuzo zamaholo. Imithombo esemthethweni kahulumeni ikhombisa ukuthi imali etholwa masonto onke inyuke ngo-2.7%. Kepha umholo wamasonto onke uyashintshashintsha futhi ukhuphuka kakhulu ngomjikelezo webhizinisi, okhombisa amahora asetshenziwe kanye nemisebenzi yesibili. Futhi ukukhuphuka komjikelezo webhizinisi kusukela ngo-2001 kube kufushane futhi akujulile. Noma kunjalo, abezindaba kanye nabezindaba ngokuvamile, futhi ngamabomu, baphambanisa amaholo neholo lamasonto onke (noma iholo lomuntu siqu lasendlini) ukuze kwenze kubonakale sengathi izinzuzo zesigaba sabasebenzi baseMelika zinkulu kunalokho eziyikho ngempela. Idatha yoMnyango Wezabasebenzi wase-US kusukela maphakathi nonyaka ilinganiselwa kuzinzuzo zamaholo ku-2.5% ezinyangeni eziyi-17 ezandulele kuya kuJulayi 2018, ngokusho kwe-Wall St. Journal, futhi ngenxa yalokho ingaphansi kwesibalo esingu-2.7% semali etholwa masonto onke.
Amaholo: Izinombolo Zangempela
Ngisho noma kucutshungulwa kahle amaholo abasebenzi abangabaphathi nabangaqondisi, izibalo zikahulumeni ezisemthethweni zisahlanekezela isithombe esiyiqiniso mayelana namaholo. Lokhu kubheka ngokweqile kungenxa yezizathu ezinhlanu:
- 1) ukubika amaholo abasebenzi abaqashwe ngokugcwele kuphela;
- 2) ukubika amaholo okuzisholo esikhundleni samaholo angempela;
- 3) ukungazinaki izicelo zezinkokhelo zamaholo esikhathini esizayo ngenxa yokukhuphuka kwesikweletu sasekhaya sesisebenzi esikhathini samanje kanye nezinkokhelo zenzuzo zesikhathi esizayo;
- 4) ngokungacabangi ukwehla 'kumaholo ahlehlisiwe' amelelwa empeshenini kanye nokwehla kwezinkokhelo zemihlomulo yomhlalaphansi;
- 5) ukunganaki ukwehla 'kumaholo omphakathi' amelelwa ezinkokhelweni zangempela zezinzuzo zokuvikeleka komphakathi;
1) Nakuba umbiko wedatha kahulumeni osemthethweni wokuthi amaholo manje akhuphuka ngenani lonyaka lika-2.5%, lokho leso sibalo esihluleka ukukusho ukuthi u-2.5% owabasebenzi abasebenza ngokugcwele kuphela. Ngakho-ke ishiya ngaphandle ukwenyuswa kwamaholo okuphansi, uma kukhona, kubasebenzi bamanje abayizigidi ezingama-40-50 abangaqashiwe ngokugcwele futhi abaqashwe kulokho ngezinye izikhathi okubizwa ngokuthi 'umsebenzi onzima' noma 'oyingozi'.
Izinzuzo zabo zamaholo aphansi zizokwehlisa u-2.5% wabo bonke abasebenzi abahola iholo libe ngaphansi kuka-2.5%. Ukulungiswa okufanayo kufanele kwenziwe kubasebenzi abayizigidi eziyisi-8 noma abaqashwe ngokugcwele abangaqashiwe futhi โamaholoโ abo, okuyizinzuzo zokungasebenzi kanye nezitembu zokudla, awakhuphuki noma awancishiswa. Engeza izigidi ezengeziwe zabasebenzi abangenazo izincwadi, futhi kusasele izigidi ezengeziwe zentsha kanye nabanye abasebenza emnothweni 'ongaphansi komhlaba' (manje olinganiselwa ku-12% we-GDP yase-US)โomunye wabo olinganiselwa ngokunembile ngezibalo zamaholo kahulumeniโkanye namaholo. izinzuzo zisancipha futhi zisuka ku-2.5%. Lapho kwenziwa izinguquko ukuze kufakwe lezi zigaba zokugcina zabahola amaholo, futhi kucatshangelwa amaholo abasebenzi abancikene, kuyisilinganiso salo mbhali sokuthi ingqikithi yeqiniso iyanda. ngokulinganisa amaholo onyaka odlule awekho ngaphezu kuka-1.7% kuya ku-2.0% jikelele futhi asondele ku-1% ezigidini eziyi-133 kanye 'phansi' ngama-90% wabasebenzi abaholayo.
Ukufingqa kuze kube manje, lapho kungabalwa amaholo abaphathi nabaphathi, kukhululwe i-10% ephezulu yabasebenzi abaholayo, kwenezela kwabangasebenzi kancane, kanye nokulungiswa kwabasebenzi abangenazo izincwadi nabasebenzi bomnotho ongaphansi komhlabaโumphumela ophelele ngisho nangokwezinga elithile. amaholo angaphansi kakhulu kuno-2.5%.
Izinzuzo zamaholo ezijwayelekile zezigidi eziyi-133 ngakho-ke azikho ngaphezu kuka-1.5%; okusho ukuthi, noma ngaphansi kwephesenti elilodwa kune-2.5% esemthethweni.
2) Izibalo ze-2.5% zamaholo ezisemthethweni ezibikwe uhulumeni yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi iholo, hhayi iholo langempela. Umholo wangempelaโnoma lokho izisebenzi okufanele zikusebenzise ngempelaโiholo elivamile elilungiselelwa izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali. Pho belingakanani izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali? Futhi inembe kangakanani?
Kunezinkomba zamanani ezehlukene okungahle kulungiswe kuzo izinzuzo zamaholo: inkomba yentengo yomthengi (CPI), inkomba yezindleko zokusetshenziswa komuntu siqu (PCE), inkomba ye-GDP deflator, nezinye. Kodwa-ke, okuvame ukubikwa ngabezindaba yi-CPI. I-CPI maphakathi nonyaka inyuke ngokusemthethweni ngo-2.9% kunonyaka odlule. Ngakho-ke uma umuntu efaka isicelo se-CPI ekuzuzeni iholo elisemthethweni lehora elingu-2.5%, kuyosho ukuthi amaholo angempela abasebenzi ehle ngo-0.4% onyakeni odlule. (Noma yehle ngo--1.4% uma kucatshangelwa ukulungiswa okungenhla kweholo eliqanjiwe).
Kodwa kokubili i--0.4% kanye ne--1.4% nayo ibukelwa phansi. Nasi isizathu: I-CPI ilulaza ngamabomu izinga langempela lokwehla kwamandla emali. (Futhi izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali liphezulu, liyancipha iholo langempela). Okokuqala, yenza kube bushelelezi ukwehla kwamandla emali unyaka nonyaka ngokwesilinganiso samazinga e-inflation yonyaka ngalokho okubizwa ngokuthi 'i-chained indexing'. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-CPI ayibheki wonke amanani, kodwa 'kubhasikidi' wokuthengwa kwezimpahla namasevisi okungenzeka yimizi. Ibe isinikeza 'izisindo' ezintweni ezikulo bhasikidi. Emizini yesigaba sabasebenzi, izisindo kufanele zibe nkulu ezezindlu, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, imfundo, umshwalense nezinye izinto eziyisisekelo kodwa akunjalo. Ngakho-ke izisindo aziwubonisi umthelela wangempela wokwehla kwamandla emali ekunciphiseni amaholo angempela. Kukhona enye inkinga. UMnyango Wezabasebenzi uthatha ngokungafanele ukwenyuka kwekhwalithi yempahla ethile noma isevisi kubhasikidi yehlisa intengo yalowo mkhiqizo. Intengo yomkhiqizo ku-CPI ivamise ukuba ngaphansi kakhulu kunaleyo ekhokhelwa umuzi empeleni emakethe. Isibonelo, umfundi angase akhokhe u-$800 wekhompuyutha ephathekayo ukuze aphinde asetshenziswe esikoleni, kodwa uMnyango Wezabasebenzi ubika lokho ku-CPI njengo-$500 kuphela njengoba uthatha ikhwalithi yaleyo khompuyutha ephathekayo inkulu kunekhompyutha ephathekayo engu-$800 eminyakeni emithathu edlule. Kodwa lokhu kuwukuhlanekezelwa kwenani langempela elikhokhwa emakethe umndeni wesigaba sabasebenzi. Ukwehla kwamandla emali kulinganiselwa kancane. Enye inkinga ku-CPI ukuchema kukahulumeni ekubukeni phansi izintengo zokuthengwa kwezimpahla ze-inthanethi ezithengwa yimindeni.
Lokhu kucatshangelwa okungenangqondo okubhakwe ku-CPI kusebenza ukunciphisa izinga langempela lokwehla kwamandla emali kwe-CPI. Futhi uma i-CPI ibukelwa phansi, inzuzo yangempela yomholo ilinganiselwa ngaphezu kwalokho eyikho ngempela. Ngakho-ke izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali langempela ngokungangabazeki lingaphezu kwama-2.9% asemthethweni futhi amaholo angempela ngenxa yalokho aphansi ngisho nangokwengeziwe kunabikwa ngokusemthethweni.
Nakuba osomnotho abavamile bephikisana ngokuthi amakhaya awazi ngempela ukuthi kungakanani ukwehla kwamandla emali okwenyukayo ngempela, iqiniso liwukuthi bazi kangcono kakhulu kunosomnotho abathembele ekulinganisweni okunephutha, okungafanele kukahulumeni kwezibalo zokwehla kwamandla emali kwabathengi. Buza noma yisiphi isisebenzi sesigaba sabasebenzi esimaphakathi ukuthi izindleko zasendlini bezilokhu zenyuka ngo-2.9% kuphela ngonyaka odluleโlapho izindleko zerenti zikhuphuka ngokushesha (ngokuvamile ngamadijithi amabili), amaphrimiyamu omshwalense wezempilo kanye nezindleko ezidonswa udokotela esibhedlela kanye nezindleko ze-copay zikhuphuka ngo-20% - U-50%, umshwalense wezimoto, izindleko zikaphethiloli zikhuphuke kakhulu ngonyaka odlule, izindleko zemfundo nezinsiza kanye nezokuthutha, njll. Futhi ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule, izintengo ziqale ukukhuphuka ngobubanzi obukhulu, njengoba inani elikhulu lezintengo zezimpahla ukuhanjwa ngamabhizinisi ase-US elindele izimpi zikaTrump eziqala ukuluma.
Njengoba ukwehla kwamandla emali e-CPI okusemthethweni ku-2.9% kanye namaholo asemthethweni angama-2.5%, ukulungiswa kwamaholo kwangempela kukahulumeni kungu-0.4%. Kodwa uma i-CPI yangempela ibingaba ngu-3.5%, futhi amaholo ajwayelekile asathathwa ku-2.5% esemthethweni, khona-ke inzuzo yangempela yomholo ingaba ngu-1.5% kuphela.
Kodwa lowo mholo wangempela ongu-1.5% namanje awubambi iqhaza ekulungisweni kweholo elishiwo ku-1) ngenhlaโokungukuthi, ukungafaki amaholo abaphathi abakhulu njengamaholo, okuhlanganisa amaholo ezisebenzi zesikhashana kanye nesikhashana, okuhlanganisa namaholo alahlekile ezisebenzi. abangasebenzi, kanye nokulungiswa kwabasebenzi abangabhalisiwe nabangaphansi komhlaba, njll. Lezo zinguquko zehlise iholo elijwayelekile lisuka ku-2.5% laya ku-1.5%.
Uma lokhu kulungiswa okuncishisiwe kwenziwa emholweni osemthethweni ongu-2.5% (ulehliselwa ku-1.5%), kuhlanganiswe nokulungiswa okukhuphukayo kwesilinganiso sokwehla kwamandla emali kwe-CPI siye ku-3.5% (kusuka ku-2.9%), yimiphi imiphumela ukwehla kwamaholo kwangempela ngo -2.0 % kulabo abahola amaholo abayizigidi eziyi-133 kubasebenzi.
Abezindaba kanye nabezindaba bahlale bebika ukuthi amaholo angempela amile kulo nyaka odlule. Izinzuzo zamaholo ezivamile zicishe zilingane nezinga lokwehla kwamandla emali. Kodwa ngokulinganisa kahle amaholo ajwayelekile (kanye nezinguquko) nokulinganisa ngokufanelekile izinga elithile le-CPI elithe ukuba phezulu, amaholo angempela abelokhu engantengantengi kodwa aqhubekile nokwehlaโokungenani ezigidini eziyi-133.
Kodwa 'indaba yamaholo' ayikapheleli, ngisho nalapho kuchazwa kahle futhi kulungiswa amaholo ajwayelekile, ukwehla kwamandla emali, kanye namaholo angempela. Abezindaba noma uhulumeni abacabangi ekubaleni kwabo izinguquko zamaholo kumaholo ahlehlisiwe noma amaholo omphakathi noma umthelela wenzuzo nesikweletu emiholweni yesikhathi esizayo.
3) Amaholo Azayo amele isigaba esingakaze sicatshangelwe izibalo zikahulumeni ezisemthethweni. Yini 'inkokhelo yesikhathi esizayo'? Zimelela amaholo ajwayelekile kanye nangempela ahlehliselwe phansi ukuze abonise izindleko zesikweletu, kanjalo nezinkokhelo zenzalo esikweletini, esitholwe manje kodwa ngenxa yomthelela wamaholo esikhathini esizayo njengoba kubuyiselwa inzalo esikweletini. Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi imindeni yabasebenzi base-US iya ngokuya ingena ezikweletini kusukela ngo-2000, njengoba ithatha isikweletu ukuze ikwazi ukuxhasa ngezimali ukusetshenziswa kwemizi njengoba amaholo ayo angempela kanye nemali engenayo iye yancipha noma yehla. Isikweletu, kanye nesikweletu, kube yindlela eyinhloko abaye bazama ngayo ukugcina izinga labo lokuphila kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule. (Ngaphambi kwalokho bekwengeza amahora engeziwe okusebenza emalini etholwa umndeni ngokuthi abantu abashade nabo baqale ukusebenza. Kodwa lokhu kwehle ngo-1999). Ukwengeza umsebenzi wesibili nowesithathu kube enye indlela yokwengeza imali yeholo ekhaya, njengoba amaholo omsebenzi wokuqala ekhaya ehlile.
Kodwa inzalo esikweletini iyisicelo samaholo okumele akhokhwe esikhathini esizayo. Isebenzisa iholo lesikhathi esizayo esikhathini samanje. Futhi imali yase-US ijabule kakhulu ukuxhasa ngezimali ukusetshenziswa kwemizi ngokwandisa izikweletu nezikweletu ezindlini esikhundleni sokukhokha amaholo engeziwe. Enye indlela ukwehla kwamaholo 'okuye kwalungiswa' ngayo ukuhlinzeka ngempahla eshibhile evela kwamanye amazwe njengezimpahla zokugqoka, izinto zasendlini, ngisho nezigaba ezithile zokudla. Kodwa izinto ezishibhile ezivela kwamanye amazwe ziza ngenani lemisebenzi yokukhiqiza ekhokha kakhulu elahlekile. Ngakho-ke ukushoda kwezinzuzo zamaholo ngokwengxenye kuxazululwa yimpahla eshibhile evela kwamanye amazwe kanye nokwenyuka okukhulu kwezikweletu ezitholakalayo ezindlini. Izikweletu zasendlini zase-US manje zisezingeni elingokomlando, zingaphezu kuka-2007. Izikweletu ezingaphezu kuka-$13 trillion, okuhlanganisa no-$1.5 trillion esikweletini sabafundi, amakhadi okuthenga ngesikweletu angaphezu kuka-$1. Izinkokhelo ezijwayelekile zezikweletu zekhadi lesikweletu lasekhaya zizodwa zilinganiselwa emalini engekho ngaphansi kuka-$1.2 ngonyaka. Izindleko zezikweletu, ngaphezu kwalokho, zikhuphuka ngokushesha njengoba ibhange eliphakathi lase-US liqhubeka nokukhuphula amanani alo.
Isikweletu-inzalo yobudlelwano bokushintsha amaholo sekuwumjikelezo ononya, ngaphezu kwalokho. Abaqashi banikela kancane ekukhuphuleni amaholo futhi amakhaya aphendukela ezikweletini eziningi bese efuna ukwenyuselwa amaholo. Lo mjikelezo ubonakala uwohloka kwezinye izindawo, nokho, njengoba othisha, abasebenzi abasebenza ngaphansi kwamaholo, nabanye befuna ukukhushulelwa amaholo. Kodwa inkinga yakhe iyonke izoqhubeka, njengoba indlela yokuzuza amaholo ngezikhathi ezinhle zezomnothoโokungukuthi Izinyunyanaโzincipha kakhulu futhi zingasayidlali indima yazo yomlando. Ekwazi lokhu, futhi engcwaba imikhaya ngokunikezwa kwamakhadi okuthenga ngesikweleti nezinye izikweletu, amabhizinisi enqaba ukukhushulelwa amaholo ngaphandle kwasezindaweni ezingazodwa.
4) no-5): Enye indawo okufanele ibhekwe 'njengemholo' kodwa hhayi izinhlaka zikahulumeni ezibika ngoshintsho lwamaholo izimpesheni kanye nezinzuzo zezenhlalakahle. Nalezi zisebenza 'amaholo'. Izimpesheni ziyizinkokhelo zamaholo ezihlehlisiwe. Abasebenzi bayeka ukukhushulwa kwamaholo kwangempela ukuze abaqashi banikeze iminikelo, esikhundleni samaholo angempela, ezinhlelweni zabo zempesheni. Uma sebethatha umhlalaphansi, babe sebeholelwa le 'mali ehlehlisiwe' ezinhlelweni zabo zempesheni.
Kodwa izinhlelo zempesheni zangempela, ezibizwa nge-defined benefit pension, ziye zacekelwa phansi kancane kancane-ngosizo lukahulumeni ophethwe yizo zombili izinhlangano zama-Republican kanye ne-Democrat-ngabaqashi kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980. Ukucekelwa phansi kukhule ngesivinini kusukela ngo-2001 futhi kusaqhubeka ezigabeni zakhona zokugcina. Izimpesheni zemihlomulo echaziwe zishintshiwe kancane kancane kwafakwa izinhlelo ezizimele, i-'401k' kanye ne-'IRA'โukwehlisa izindleko zomqashi nezikweletu ngendlela emangazayo. Abashintshi bezinhlelo ezingu-401k babonise inhlekelele futhi abanele ngokwanele ukuhlinzeka 'amaholo ahlehlisiwe' kwabathatha umhlalaphansi. Abasebenzi phakathi neminyaka emi-10 Umhlalaphansi ngokwesilinganiso awunawo ama- $ 50k kuma-401k ongawathatha umhlalaphansi. Ibhalansi emaphakathi engu-401k yayo yonke imizi ingaphansi kuka-$18k. Akumangazi, ingxenye eshesha kakhulu yokukhula kwabasebenzi base-US abasebenzi abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-67 okufanele baphinde bangene emsebenzini ukuze baphile. Futhi amazinga okugcwalisa ukuqothuka kwabathatha umhlalaphansi asemazingeni amarekhodi futhi akhuphuka ngokushesha. Ngaphambi kuka-2000, amaphesenti angu-2.1 kuphela eqembu leminyaka yobudala engaphezu kwama-65 afaka isicelo sokuqothuka; namuhla izinga liyi-12.2%, okuwukwanda okuphindwe kahlanu njengoba inani labo labantu likhuphuke ngo-2.3% kuphela. Isikweletu sasekhaya samaphakathi sabathatha umhlalaphansi manje sesingu-$101,000.
Isikweletu esiningi esikhuphukayo sabathathe umhlalaphansi kungenxa yokuwa 'kweholo' okuyizinkokhelo zempesheni zanyanga zonke, njengoba izinhlelo zemihlomulo echaziwe ziye zacekelwa phansi abaqashi nohulumeni ngokuhlanganyela futhi esikhundleni sakhe kwafakwa izimpesheni ezizimele ezingu-401k. Ukuqothuka, ukukhuphuka komsebenzi oncikene nesikhathi esithile kwasebethathe umhlalaphansi, kanye nokwenyuka kwezinga lobumpofu lezakhamizi eziphezulu kube yimiphumela. Akukho kulokhu kwehla kwamaholo okuhlehlisiwe okubalwe ngakho ezibalweni zeholo ezijwayelekile yizikhungo zikahulumeni wase-US, nokho.
Ukwehla okufanayo kwamaholo omndeni osempeshenini kuhlotshaniswa nezinkokhelo zenyanga nenyanga zezibonelelo zikahulumeniโokungukuthi lokho okungase kubizwe ngokuthi 'iholo lezenhlalakahle' elifana neholo elihlehlisiwe lempesheni yangasese. 'Ixhaswa' umqashi (kanye nesisebenzi) izinkokhelo zentela yeholo lomqashi esikhwameni se-social security trust okukhokhwa kuso izinzuzo zemali zanyanga zonke lapho usuthathe umhlalaphansi. Futhi kuhlehlisiwe, njengezinkokhelo zezinzuzo zempesheni ezizimele, iholo lezenhlalakahle limelela iminikelo yentela ekhokhelwa umqashi ekuvikelekeni komphakathi eyenziwa esikhundleni samaholo aqondile angase akhokhelwe abasebenzi uma ingekho intela yokuhola. Intela yokukhokha imele izimali ezibanjwa ngabasebenzi emalini abangayitholi ngenye indlela futhi esikhundleni salokho ziqondiswe kabusha esikhwameni se-social security trust. Kokubili amaholo omqashi nabasebenzi ayahlehliswa futhi afakwe esikhwameni se-trust, ukuze akhokhwe ngokuzayo ngamaholo ngendlela yezinkokhelo zenzuzo yezenhlalakahle. Ngakho-ke izinzuzo zokuvikeleka komphakathi ziwuhlobo 'lweholo lomphakathi'. Futhi ngezinga lapho izinzuzo zokuvikeleka komphakathi zincishiswa khona, iholo lomphakathi (elihlehlisiwe) liyancishiswa. Ukwehliswa kwamaholo kuqaliswe nguhulumeni enyusa iminyaka yokuthatha umhlalaphansi iye kuma-67 lapho umuntu engathola khona izinzuzo zomhlalaphansi. Ukumisa okwesikhashana noma ukwehluleka ukumisa izindleko zokulungiswa kokuphila ezinkokhelweni zanyanga zonke. Ukuncishiselwa ezinzuzweni ze-SSDI, okungukuthi umshwalense wokukhubazeka wokuphepha komphakathiโkonke kumelela ukuncishiswa kwamaholo omphakathi. Ukukhuphuka kwemali edonswayo yonyaka kanye nama-copays e-Medicare kungenye indlela yokuncishiswa kwamaholo omphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uTrump uhlela ukunciphisa i-Medicare kusabelomali sakhe sakamuva kumelele okunye ukuncishiswa kwamaholo omphakathi okulindile.
Njengamaholo ahlehlisiwe empesheni yenzuzo echaziwe, ukuncishiswa kweholo lezenhlalakahle ngendlela yezinkokhelo zezenhlalakahle nakho kumelela izigaba zamaholo ezifanele ezithinta abasebenzi asebethathe umhlalaphansi abayizigidi ezingu-50 izikhungo zikahulumeni wase-US ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokulinganisa izinguquko zamaholo ezingabandakanyi ekubaleni kwazo izinguquko zamaholo.
Amazwana Afingqiwe
Ngokuphambene 'ne-spin' yemithombo yezindaba, izinkulumo ezingamanga zabezindaba zezamabhizinisi, kanye nezinhlaka zikahulumeni wase-US' 'statistical legerdemain', amaholo angempela eningi labasebenzi base-US-okungukuthi izigidi ezingu-133-azisondeli ngisho nokukhuphuka e-US ngaphansi kukaTrump. Futhi abazange ngaphansi kuka-Obama, uBush, noma uClinton. Kusukela ngo-1980 kanye nokufika kokuhlelwa kabusha konxiwankulu be-neoliberal kwe-US kanye nomnotho womhlaba, isici esibalulekile sezinqubomgomo ze-neoliberal kube ukucindezela amaholo-kubo bonke kodwa cishe u-10% i-US Capital eyithatha njengebalulekile ekwandiseni kwayo okuqhubekayo futhi, kunjalo, amaholo abaphathi nabaphathi. Bonke abanye abasebenzi base-US baye bathola ukuntengantenga kwamaholo futhi behla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ijubane liye lashesha noma lehlile ngezikhathi ezihlukene, kodwa indlela yesikhathi eside yokwehla nokuma ayibanga njalo.
Lapho uguquko lwamaholo lungagcini ekucabangeleni kuphela abasebenzi abaqashwe ngokugcwele, abasebenza ngokugcwele noma abakhishwe ngokwesilinganiso, lapho kucatshangelwa izigaba zabasebenzi ezingabandakanyi ngokufanelekile, lapho amaholo elungiswa ukuze kuncishiswe amanani entengo eqiniso, lapho kubalwa khona inzalo nemiphumela yezikweletu, nalapho 'kuhlehliswa' futhi izinkokhelo zamaholo 'zomphakathi' zibalwa zibe isamba samaholo ngokujwayelekile-kuyindaba emangazayo ukuthi amaholo ase-US abelokhu ehla isikhathi eside futhi lokho kwehla kuyaqhubeka ngo-2018 naphezu kwe-spin yabezindaba-kahulumeni yokuthi amaholo ayenyuka eMelika.
UDkt Rasmus ungumbhali wencwadi esanda kushicilelwa, 'Amabhange Amaphakathi Ekupheleni Kwezintambo Zabo: Inqubomgomo Yezezimali kanye Nokucindezeleka Okuzayo', I-Clarity Press, Agasti 2017, kanye nezayo 'Isishayo Se-Neoliberalism: Inqubomgomo Yezomnotho kusukela ku-Reagan kuya ku-Trump', Clarity Press, 2019. Ubhalisa ku jackrasmus.com futhi isibambo sakhe se-twitter sithi @drjackrasmus.
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1 Amazwana
Ukwazisa kwezindlu ezithengiswayo akuhlukaniswa njengokukhuphuka kwamandla emali. Abaphathi baka-Obama bavule amasango ezikhukhula zokutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe kuma-REIT. Lolu shintsho lwangcwatshwa eMthethweni Ohlanganisiwe Wezabelomali wezi-2016 futhi seluqhube izintengo zezindlu ezithengiswayo zaba emazingeni angalawuleki emindeni esebenzayo. Ngisola ukuthi lokhu kwenzelwa ukusiza amabhange ukuthi ethule izindlu ezidaliwe enkingeni ye-sub-prime mortgage. Iphesenti lemali engenayo eya ezindlini alikaze libe phezulu.