Abantu baseKurd babhekene nenselele engakaze ibonwe. Ngaphesheya kwezilwandle ezisenyakatho ye-Syria nase-Iraq, amaKurds akulesi sifunda avaleleke emzabalazweni wokuphelelwa ithemba nobuqhawe namabutho abulala abantu okuthiwa yi-Islamic State (IS). Ukulwa kuyaqhubeka kusukela e-Aleppo nase-Kobane e-Syria kuya e-Mosul nase-Kirkuk e-Iraq - futhi wonke amaphuzu phakathi. (“Ingaphambili” likhulu: isibonelo, ibanga eliqondile ukusuka e-Aleppo ukuya eKirkuk lingaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-650.)
Igcwele imali ethathwe emabhange aseMosul futhi ihlome ngezikhali ezinzima ezihlinzekwe yi-US ezishiywe amasosha ase-Iraq, i-IS (eyayiyi-ISIL - i-Islamic State of Iraq kanye neLevant) manje isinamandla amakhulu ezempi. AmaKurds ahlome kancane manje abhekene nomphikisi obulalayo futhi ozimisele ohlome ngezithwala zezikhali, amathangi, izibhamu, izinsimbi ezinzima neziqhumane zamarokhethi.
Njengoba uxhaso lwezezimali luvela kuhulumeni wase-Iraqi lungasatholakali, uHulumeni Wesifunda SaseKurdistan (KRG) uze waba nenkinga yokuthola izinhlamvu ezanele nokukhokhai-peshmerga abalwi (abasafanele bondle imindeni yabo).
Abahluliwe kakhulu ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe I yamandla amakhulu, amaKurds ayisizwe esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni esingenaso isimo sawo. Bahlukaniswe phakathi kweTurkey, iSyria, i-Iraq ne-Iran nge-diaspora enkulu eYurophu (ikakhulukazi iJalimane). Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, bonke abantu baseKurdish bangenelwa kule ngxabano.
U-Kobane umelana nokuhlaselwa kwe-IS
ESyria amaKurds ikakhulukazi ahlala enyakatho yezwe. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule ibutho laseSyria liye lahoxa kakhulu endaweni futhi ngonyaka odlule amaKurds amemezela isifunda esizimele esibizwa ngokuthi iRojava (West Kurdistan).
Ibutho elibizwa ngePeoples Defence Units (YPG) selisunguliwe. Njengoba kunamasosha angaphezu kuka-45,000, axhumene kakhulu futhi asekelwa umphakathi, aqondiswe izigwegwe futhi aholwa kahle, kubonakale kungamandla asebenza kahle kakhulu. Kubandakanya i-Women's Protection Units (YPJ).
Iqembu lezepolitiki laseSyria elihamba phambili lamaKurdish (yize kungelona lodwa) yiDemocratic Union Party (PYD), eholwa nguSaleh Muslim kanye no-Asiyah Abdullah. Inokuxhumana okuqinile ne-Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) eseTurkey ka-Abdullah Öcalan (okwamanje oboshwe udilikajele eTurkey).
Sekuyiminyaka emibili indawo yamaKurd ihlaselwa amasosha e-IS, manje isiqiniswe ngezikhali zayo ezibanjiwe zase-US. Indawo ekhanyayo yempi idolobha laseKobane (igama lesi-Arabhu: Ayn Al-Arab), eliqinile ngokumelene nomngcele waseTurkey, amakhilomitha angu-135 enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Aleppo. Idolobhana kanye nezigodi ezizungezile ezibalelwa ku-100 zingaphansi kokuhlaselwa ngabahlaseli be-IS abangu-5000. Isibalo sabantu abajwayelekile bakulesi sifunda sibalelwa ku-200,000 kodwa namuhla sibambe cishe i-500,000 ngenxa yokugcwala kwababaleki.
I-Kobane ibalulekile ku-IS ngoba ifuna ukwazi ukuhamba ngokukhululeka phakathi kwezindawo ezilawulayo, ikakhulukazi i-Raqqa esempumalanga ne-Aleppo entshonalanga. Okwamanje i-IS kufanele yenze umgudu omkhulu. Futhi, uma i-Kobane iwa, i-IS izosebenza ngokumelene namanye amadolobha amaKurdish.
I-YPG-YPJ kuze kube manje isibambe amaqembu ezigebengu e-IS futhi yabhekana nawo amagalelo anzima kakhulu (ithi ibulale cishe amajihadi angama-700 ngoJulayi kuphela). Kodwa amaKurdish fighters amaningi nawo awile.
AmaKurds aseTurkey ahlangana eKobane
U-Abdullah Öcalan ukhiphe isimemo sokuthi amaKurds yonke indawo ahlangane ukuze avikele iRojava.
Kusukela ngoJulayi 9 izinkulungwane zamaKurds eTurkey athutheleka emngceleni eduze kwaseKobane futhi asungula amakamu amatende amane, kuhlanganise nelinye elibhekene ngqo nedolobha elivinjezelwe. Basebenzisa ama-megaphone ukumemeza bekhuthaza abantu bakubo. Enye inhloso yamakamu bekuwukumisa ama-IS alimele angena eTurkey ezokwelashwa. Amaphoyisa namasosha aseTurkey ahlasele amakamu ngamanzi ngenganono yamanzi nesisi esikhalisa unyembezi kodwa ajikijelwa.
Ephendula ocingweni lokugqugquzela u-Öcalan, maphakathi noJulayi okungenani izilwi ezingama-800 zangena eKobane zisuka eTurkey zizojoyina umzamo wokuvikela we-YPG. Iningi lalivela eTurkey kodwa amaKurds avela e-Europe nawo asebuyile ukuzosiza ukuvikela “inguquko yaseRojava”.
Imibhikisho yokweseka i-Rojava ne-Kobane ibanjwe eJalimane nakwamanye amazwe ase-Europe ezinyangeni ezimbili ezedlule.
Umzabalazo weRojava uthuthuka ngokujulile
Nakuba kuyindawo yempi, umzabalazo eRojava uthuthuka ngokujulile.
Akukho lapho kubonakala khona lokhu ngaphandle kwemizamo eyenzayo yokuthuthukisa abesifazane. Basebenza ngobuningi embuthweni wezempi - kokubili kumayunithi axubile e-YPG kanye ne-YPJ, i-Women's Defence Units - futhi banikeze ingxenye yabo yabafel' ukholo kuleso sizathu.
Ummeli wamalungelo abantu waseBrithani uMargaret Owen ubike ngemuva kokuvakashela eRojava ngoFebhuwari:
… konke engakufunda mayelana nabaphathi be-PYD kungihlabe umxhwele. Kukhona iqembu labesifazane bonke, i-Star Union, nazo zonke ezinye izikhungo, hhayi nje i-PYD, kodwa zonke izinhlangano, ezombusazwe, ezemfundo, ezokwelapha, ezempi, amaphoyisa, izinsizakalo zezenhlalakahle nezezezimali, ziholwa njalo yizihlalo ezimbili ezihlangene, indoda eyodwa nowesifazane oyedwa: indlela enhle kakhulu yokuqinisekisa ukulingana ngokobulili kuyo yonke imikhakha yomphakathi, kusukela kwabaphezulu kuya emazingeni aphansi.
Kuwo wonke amadolobha namadolobhana kuneNdlu Yabesifazane, lapho abesifazane namantombazane bengathola khona izeluleko, ukwelulekwa, ukuvikeleka, nendawo yokuhlala, lapho bebhekene nezinhlobo eziningi zodlame olusekelwe ebulilini, ukubulawa kokuhlonipha, ukucindezeleka kwangemva kokuhlukumezeka, kanye nomzimba nengqondo. Izinkinga zempilo. Udlame lwasekhaya lusabalele, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwama-IDP, futhi abesifazane abaningi baye baba izisulu zodlame locansi. Wonke umuntu engahlangana naye waba nokuhlangenwe nakho kokufa okubuhlungu kobudlelwane obuseduze, emajele, enkundleni yempi, nangokuthunjwa nokuhlukunyezwa.
Izindlu Zabesifazane, Izikhungo Zezemfundo Zabesifazane, “Imindeni Yabafel’ ukholo”, izinhlangano Zomama Wokuthula bonke basebenzisana ukubhekana nalolu dlame olukhona futhi basekele ababaleki ngaphandle kosizo oluvela ngaphandle futhi ngokuzithandela ngokuphelele.. [1]
I-PYD inabagxeki bayo. Esinye isikhalo ukuthi sekuvimbe amanye amaqembu amaKurd ukuthi asungule awawo amasosha. Igcizelele ukuthi bajoyine i-YPG-YPJ. Ikakhulukazi, kuthiwa i-PYD ivimbele abalandeli bomholi we-KRG uMassoud Barzani's Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) ekusunguleni izikhali e-Rojava. Lesi simo sibonakala sifanelekile ngokuphelele. Umzabalazo onzima uyaqhubeka futhi ubumbano lwamabutho alwayo kanye nobumbano lomyalo kubaluleke kakhulu.
Ngokuqondene nerekhodi eliphelele le-PYD, umlobi wephephandaba uDavid Romano ukubeke ngale ndlela esiqeshini semibono sikaJulayi 24:
Ake sibheke irekhodi eliphathekayo le-PYD kusukela yathatha izintambo zokulawula izingxenye ezinkulu enyakatho yeSyria futhi yamemezela ukuzimela ezigodini zaseKobane, eCizre nase-Afrin. Babambe ukhetho lomasipala. Banikeza isiphephelo ku-Arab, Turkmen, Christian kanye nabanye ababaleki abavela kulo lonke elaseSyria. Abazange bafake amaKurds kuphela, kodwa nama-Arabhu, amaTurkmen kanye namaKrestu ekuphathweni okuzimele kwawo womathathu ama-canton. Bavikela bonke kubo bobabili i-ISIS kanye nombuso wakwa-Assad. Bahlomisa abesifazane, babahlomisa futhi babeka abesifazane ezikhundleni zobuholi kuwo wonke omasipala abalawulwa yi-PYD. Abenzanga ukubulawa kwabantu, futhi basaqhubeka nokugcizelela ukuthi bafuna ubudlelwano obuhle kuphela neTurkey kanye namaKurds ase-Iraqi. Konke lokhu bakwenza ngesikhathi behlukaniswe, bebulawa indlala yezomnotho futhi becindezelwa impi macala onke. [2]
Ukungenelela ukuze kusindiswe iShengal
Ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti amasosha e-IS athatha idolobha laseShengal (Sinjar) entshonalanga ye-Iraq. Ngokujwayelekile okuhlala abantu abangaba ngu-30,000, lesi yisikhungo esingokomlando somphakathi wamaYezidi okhuluma isiKurdish, owenza inkolo yakudala eyandulela ubuKristu nobuSulumane. INGABE ibheka u-Yezidis “njengabakhulekeli bakadeveli” okufanele babulawe. I-IS yayifuna ukulawula indawo ukuze ikwazi ukuhlinzeka kalula ngamabutho abo eSyria.
Idolobhana lalivikelwe yi-peshmerga ye-KDP ka-Barzani. Amabutho e-IS ahlasele futhi ngesikhathi esithile i-peshmerga yahoxa edolobheni. Izizathu zalokhu azikacaci kahle kodwa ukuwa kokuzivikela kwashiya abantu bedalulwa ngokuphelele. Kwabe sekuba nofuduko olukhulu njengoba amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu abethukile ephuma edolobheni eyophephela eNtabeni ewugwadule enamatshe iShengal enyakatho. Amakhulu asebebulewe ukoma, indlala kanye nokuchayeka. I-IS ibulale amakhulukhulu amaYezidis futhi yathumba inqwaba yabesifazane.
Umholi we-PYD uSaleh Muslim ukugxeke kakhulu ukuhoxiswa kwe-KDP peshmerga eShengal:
I-peshmerga yashiya abantu lapho bodwa futhi yabaleka. Ngalolo suku impendulo enjalo yayilindelekile ku-YPG futhi benza [obekulindeleke kubo] … abantu basho abakubonile. I-peshmerga yabashiya bodwa. Akukho ukungqubuzana phakathi kwe-peshmerga ne-ISIS esifundeni. Bahoxa ngaphandle kokulwa. Impela kumele kube nephutha noma kungenzeka ukuthi umyalelo ongalungile wanikezwa. Uma kungenjalo angicabangi ukuthi i-peshmerga ngabe ibalekele ukulwa. [3]
I-YPG kade yaxwayisa i-KDP ukuthi idolobha alivikelekile ngokwanele. Ngokungenelela okumangazayo ibutho elikhulu le-YPG-YPJ lingene e-Iraq ngo-Agasti 3 linqamula umngcele e-Til Kocher (Al Yarubiyya), cishe amakhilomitha angu-100 ukusuka e-Shengal. Kuqale kwadingeka ukuthi isuse umngcele wamaqembu ezigebengu e-IS. Ngesikhathi esifanayo yadudula ibheke eNtabeni iShengal futhi yasiza ekuphelezeleni inani elikhulu lababaleki endaweni ephephile eRojava naseKurdistan.
I-peshmerga selokhu yahlangana kabusha futhi ibutho elikhulu selithunyelwe ukuthi lithathe kabusha idolobha. I-PKK iphinde yathumela amasosha e-Shengal esuka ezinkambeni zayo e-Kurdistan - i-HPG (Peoples Defence Forces) kanye ne-YJA STAR (Amasosha Okuvikela Abesifazane). Abanye ababaleki be-Yezidi abangama-700 bajoyine i-YPG futhi babamba iqhaza emzamweni wokuphinda babambe iShengal.
Ekuqaleni ishaya indiva i-YPG-YPJ ne-HPG-YJA STAR, i-peshmerga selokhu yaphoqeleka ukuba yenze imisebenzi ehlangene ngokumelene nababulali be-IS. Isithunzi negunya lika-Barzani kanye ne-KDP kubukeka sengathi kungcoliswe kabi. (U-Barzani umemezele ukuthi abaphathi bezempi abahoxile bazophenywa.) Kusukela ngo-Agasti 10, i-Shengal isazophinde ithathwe ngokuphelele.
Umdlalo waseTurkey okhohlisayo futhi ophikisanayo
I-Turkey ibilokhu isekela kakhulu i-IS. Inani elikhulu lama-Islamist angaphandle afuna ukujoyina i-IS adlule ngokukhululeka eTurkey. Amasosha e-IS alimele awelele eTurkey ukuyothola ukwelashwa.
Kepha uNdunankulu waseTurkey u-Recep Tayyip Erdogan naye ufuna ukwesekwa kwamaKurd ngebhidi lakhe lika-August 2014 likamongameli. AmaKurds cishe akha ama-20% abantu. U-Erdogan wenze izivumelwano eziningi kumaKurds, ikakhulukazi ekusebenziseni ulimi lwabo, kodwa kusekude ukuhamba.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iTurkey inobudlelwane obuseduze noHulumeni Wesifunda saseKurdistan. Amafemu aseTurkey angaba ngu-1300 asebenzayo kule ndawo; unyaka ngamunye iTurkey ithumela izimpahla eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane zamaRandi eKurdistan futhi ithatha ingxenye enkulu kawoyela wayo.
Ubuholi be-PKK bucele iTurkey ukuthi imemezele esidlangalaleni lapho imi khona maqondana ne-IS.
Izinkinga eKurdistan
Izithiyo zakamuva ze-peshmerga zikhanyise i-KRG. I-PYD ne-PKK yizinhlangano ezigxile kwi-socialist. I-KRG iphethwe amaqembu amabili alwela ubuzwe, i-KDP kaMassoud Barzani kanye ne-Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) eholwa nguJalal Talabani.
Imali eningi yokutshalwa kwezimali iye yangena eKurdistan esikhathini esidlule, iningi layo lizokwakha izinxanxathela zezitolo zikanokusho. Inkohlakalo isabalele futhi igebe phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu liyakhula.
I-peshmerga ayilona ibutho lesizwe langempela kodwa ihlukaniswe kakhulu phakathi kwe-KDP ne-PUK. I-KDP inobutha ne-PYD. I-KDP izamile ukusungula indawo ehlomile e-Rojava kodwa ivinjwe i-PYD.
Ukwengeza kulokhu kungezwani, ngoMbasa i-KRG yamba umsele ongamakhilomitha angama-26 ubude, ukujula kwamamitha amabili namamitha amathathu ububanzi ngasemngceleni wayo nenyakatho yeSyria. I-PYD kanye ne-PKK bayigxeka njengephrojekthi yokuhlukanisa izindawo zamaKurdish eSyria. I-KRG ithi ihlose ukumisa amaphekula. Akuzange kube khona ukubonisana ngaphambili. AmaKurds ezinhlangothini zombili zomsele abhikishe.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zinkinga, i-KRG ishoda ngemali njengoba uhulumeni wase-Iraq emaphakathi uyekile ukukhokha uxhaso olujwayelekile lwesifunda. Izikhali ze-peshmerga zindala futhi azifani nemishini esindayo yase-US etholwe yi-IS.
I-PYD ibilokhu ibiza ubumbano lomzabalazo wamaKurd isikhathi eside. Lapho ibhekene nezingqinamba zakamuva, i-KRG iphoqeleke ukuthi ibone ukuthi amaKurds abhekene nenkinga kazwelonke yokuqala ngqa. Kubonakala sengathi uhlobo oluthile lwangaphambili oluvamile lwe-YPG-YPJ, HPG-YJA STAR, peshmerga kanye namaKurds ase-Iranian adingisiwe luyasungulwa.
Usizo lwase-US luza nezingozi
AmaKurds azidinga kakhulu izikhali ezingcono nezisindayo ukulwa nosongo lwe-IS. Ezinye izimpahla zase-US sezifikile eKurdistan. I-US yenze ukuhlasela kwezindiza okulinganiselwe ngokumelene namabutho e-IS asongela inhloko-dolobha ye-KRG yase-Erbil.
AmaKurds analo lonke ilungelo lokwamukela usizo kunoma ubani ozolunikeza. Kodwa i-US ayiyena umngane wamaKurds. Isikhathi esedlule sigcwele ukukhaphela kwayo amathemba esizwe samaKurd.
Isibonelo, iWashington iqhubekile nokubhekana noSaddam Hussein ngemuva kokuhlasela kwegesi okunyantisayo ngoMashi 1988 edolobheni laseKurdish iHalabja, elabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-5000. Ngo-1991, ngemuva kokunqotshwa kwe-Iraq empini yokuqala yaseGulf, i-US yakhuthaza abantu base-Iraq ukuthi bavukele uSaddam Hussein kodwa kwathi lapho bekwenza kwahlehla badedela amaRepublican Guard ombuso ukuthi aqede ukuhlubuka. Ukuvukela kwamaKurd enyakatho kwabhidlika. Futhi eTurkey iWashington isekele ukucindezelwa okude kweTurkey kwabantu bakhona abangamaKurd kanye nempi yayo ne-PKK.
I-US ingase inyuse ukunikezwa kwezikhali ezinzima zesimanje ku-KRG peshmerga kodwa kunzima ukuyibona isiza amabutho e-YPG-YPJ aqine kakhulu alwa eSyria.
Abantu baseKurdish babhekene nekusasa eliyinselele kakhulu. Badinga ubumbano kuwo wonke amandla aqhubekayo.
'Ngabona ubuntu bami nobufazi bami'
Ngaphambi kokuvukela umbuso ngangingekho mina. Ngangingaziboni ngikhona. Ngangishadile. Ngangingeke ngihlukanise. Nginezingane ezimbili. Ngangingenamalungelo noma umthetho. Ngaphambi kwenguquko yayingekho into ebizwa ngokuthi amalungelo abantu besifazane. Ngangishade nomyeni wami iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Wayengaqondi lutho ngami, nami naye, futhi akekho phakathi kwethu owayeqonda lutho ngokuphila. Sasiqhelelene kakhulu. Angikwazanga ukuhlukana naye. Ngangingenakho ukuzethemba noma izimo ezibonakalayo. Umndeni wami wawungafuni ukungibheka. Umbuso wawungangiboni. Bengilokhu ngiqhubeka ngenxa yezingane zami...
Ngahlangana nabanye besifazane abavela ezinhlanganweni zabesifazane. Babebonakala benamandla kakhulu. Ngabalalela. Ngabe sengihlanganyela emsebenzini othinta abesifazane, futhi ngathola ukwazi ubuwena, izwe lami namasiko ami engangintshontshiwe. Impilo yami yashintsha ngaleso sikhathi. Ngathola amandla ngenxa yalo mshikashika. Ngathatha izingane zami ngahlukana nomyeni wami. Manje ngihlala ngokwehlukana. Impi, umzabalazo ... le mibono manje isibusa kokubili ekhaya nangaphakathi kithi, nasemazweni ethu. Ngabuqaphela ubuntu bami nobufazi bami.
- Ingxoxo no-Axin, ilungu lekomidi labesifazane laseCizîre Canton eRojava, February 2014. (Bheka http://en.firatajans.com/news/women/the-women-of-rojava-have-broken-their-chains-part-i.htm .)
amanothi
[1] http://www.organizedrage.com/2014/02/women-are-in-front-line-of-struggle-in.html
[2] http://rudaw.net/english/opinion/240720141
[3] http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2014/8/syriakurd1306.htm
[Iqoqo lezindatshana nezinkulumo zikaDave Holmes zingatholakala kokuthi http://www.dave-holmes.blogspot.com.au/.]
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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