Funda Imemo Eyimfihlo
Magna, Utah - The I-Salt Lake Tribune iyabika ukuthi i-Kennecott Utah Copper Corp. iye yafihla, kusukela ngo-1988, amandla enhlekelele ebangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba eMagna, e-Utah. Ukuvinjwa kwezinsimbi kutholakala enyakatho yeMagna futhi kugcina amathani alinganiselwa ku-1 bhiliyoni emfucumfucu yasezimayini. Ngo-1993, inkampani yenza โukuhlola ubungoziโ ukuze inqume ukuthi ukuqukatha okuphelele kokuvalelwa kuzobiza kakhulu kunezindleko zomthetho ezihlobene nomonakalo wempahla nokufa kwezakhamizi.
I-Tribune ishicilele a Imemo eyimfihlo yango-1997, eyabhalwa uRay D. Gardner, owayenguMphathi Omkhulu Wezomthetho e-Kennecott, egxeka indlela inkampani esingatha ngayo inhlekelele engase ibe khona.: โIzinqumo zabaphathi bangaphambili zokudelela nokufihla iseluleko sezomthetho, ukushiya isaziso somphakathi, ukuzama ukusungula isivimbeli sokuhlala ngokucashile, ukusebenzisana noNjiniyela Wombuso ukugodla izifundo ze-KL emphakathini, nokukhawulela ukusatshalaliswa koCwaningo Lokuncishiswa, ngokuhlanganyela kanye nomuntu ngamunye, kubonakale kuyitulo lokufihla usongo olukhulu ekuphepheni komphakathi.โ
G. Frank Joklik wayengumongameli kanye ne-CEO ka-Kennecott kusukela ngo-1980 kuya ku-1993. U-Joklik, manje ongumeluleki ngezezimayini, njengamanje usebhodini labaqondisi be-Prime Meridian Resources (PMR), inkampani yezimayini efuna ukwakha amadiphozithi amaminerali ensimbi ambalwa eNhlonhlweni Engenhla. Ngaphambi kweMidlalo Yama-Olympic yango-2002, ihlazo lokugwazisa laphoqa u-Joklik ukuthi ashiye phansi i-Salt Lake Organising Committee, eyayinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuzama ukuvikela imidlalo yedolobha lase-Salt Lake. I-PMR inokunye ukuxhumana kwe-Kennecott - tumongameli wenkampani uMichael Senn, wayeyisazi sokuma komhlaba saseKennecott kusukela ngo-1980 kuya ku-1996 futhi wayeyiMenenja Yesifunda/Isazi sokuma komhlaba esiyinhloko lapho uKennecott ethola idiphozithi yoKhozi, ngo-1995.
Ichibi le-tailings, elavulwa ngo-1906, liye laba nokwehluleka okubili kwangaphambilini (ngo-1941 no-1964) okubikwa ukuthi akuzange kubangele ukulahlekelwa kwempilo noma umonakalo omkhulu wempahla futhi akuzange kubangwe umsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba. Imemo ka-1997 iphawula ukuthi imibiko yesayensi yagunyazwa ekuvinjweni kwe-tailings ngo-1957, 1966, 1974 kanye no-1983. Le mibiko iphawule ikhono lokuvinjwa kwezinsalela ukwehluleka ngenxa yomsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba. Le ndawo ingaphakathi kwe-Intermountain Seismic Belt kanye nokuzamazama komhlaba endaweni, ngo-1962, kuka-M 5.2 ku-Richter Scale.
Ngokusho kwe-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), ngo-2006, i-Utah Copper Mine ne-Power Plant yase-Kennecott kwakuyisikhungo sesibili esiphezulu esingcolisa ukungcola esizweni esinamaphawundi ayizigidi ezingu-102.5 wokungcola. Imayini yenkampani iGreen's Creek Mine, e-Alaska (esanda kuthengiselwa i-Hecla Mining Corp.), ikleliswe endaweni yesi-7, ngamaphawundi ayizigidi ezingama-44.5 wokungcola.
Ngo-1988, u-Joklik wagunyaza ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kwe-geotechnical kwedamu lensila evela enkampanini yobunjiniyela yaseCanada, i-Klohn-Leonoff Consultants Ltd. (KL), yase-British Columbia, e-Canada. Umbiko we-KL ubonise ukuthi ukuzamazama komhlaba kungase kubangele ukuthi idamu liqhume, likhukhule ingxenye yedolobha laseMagna, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwemiphefumulo kanye nokulimala kwempahla. Ngokombhalo kaGardner ka-1997, lo mbiko waphawula ingozi engase ibe khona โezindaweni ezihlala abantu, ezindaweni zezimboni, kujantshi omkhulu wesitimela nasemigwaqweni emikhulu yomphakathi.โ Isazi semboni, u-H. Bolton Seed, sahlola futhi saqinisekisa lokho okutholwe, sithi โingozi yaminyaka yonke yokwehluleka kwediphozithi yensalela [inkulu ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyikhulu] kunamadamu avamile.โ
U-Joklik uphendule umbiko ngokuzama ngokungaphumeleli ukufihla imiphumela esebenzisa ilungelo lokuvikela umkhiqizo womsebenzi wommeli futhi wasungula ithimba elihlola izindlela zokuzinzisa Ikhona leMagna kanye nezinye izingxenye zokuvalelwa kwe-tailings. โUcwaningo Lokuncishiswa,โ olwagunyazwa kwa-KL, ngo-1989, lwancoma ukuthi ukuphela kwesixazululo kwakuwukwakha i-berm yangaphandle ezungeze yonke indawo yokubopha izinsalela. Ephendula, uKennecott waqala ukususa amanzi eKhoneni laseMagna kodwa washiya โizinto ezibalulekile zohlelo lokuthuthukisa isimo sokuzamazama komhlabaโ ngo-1993 ngenxa yezindleko zomnotho ezihlobene nokuthuthwa kwamamayela angu-2.75 we-State Route 201, iMagna Copper Golf Course, nazo zonke izinsiza ze-Kennecott kanye nezinkampani zangaphandle. indawo, kanye nokuhlela kabusha kanye nokulungisa izinsiza zamanzi zenqubo yenkampani.
Imemo kaGardner yango-1997 iphakamisa ukuthi โisinqumo sokushiya i-berm, buffer kanye ne-dike izingxenye zokuthuthukiswa kokuzamazama komhlaba asibhalwanga kahle futhi sibonakala sigqugquzelwa ezomnotho, ngaphandle kokukhathalela kwangempela ukuphepha komphakathi.โ
UJoklik noPhilip J. Bernhisel (Iphini Likamongameli Wezezimali Nomthetho likaKennecott) nabo bacele ukubuyekezwa kwezomthetho kowayenguMeluleki Jikelele wangaphambili, u-Earl Tingey, owagunyaza uphenyo oluvela kuBob Connery, waseHolland noHart LLP, eDenver. Nokho, ngokwememo ka-Gardner, u-Joklik ulawule ukubuyekezwa kuka-Connery futhi wakhawula indima ka-Tingey ekudluliseleni ulwazi kusuka ku-Connery kuya ku-Joklik. UConnery uncome ukuthi uKennecott adalule usongo kubahlali. U-Connery uxoshiwe futhi waziswa ukuthi u-Joklik "akasithandi" iseluleko sakhe futhi athumele noma yimiphi imibhalo efanele ku-Kennecott futhi alahle wonke amakhophi. UConnery wasishaya indiva iseluleko.
UJoklik uthole umbono wesibili wezomthetho, ovela kuParsons, Behle and Latimer (PB&L), waseSalt Lake City, owancoma ukuthi u-Kennecott adalule usongo emphakathini futhi enze ukuboshwa kwensalela kuphephe ngokususa i-State Route 201 nokudala indawo yesivikelo ezungeze ukuboshwa. Umeluleki weluleka u-Kennecott ukuthi ukuboshwa โkuyingozi ngokungenangqondoโ nokuthi inkampani ingase ibhekane namacala okujezisa nawobugebengu uma inkampani ingawuxwayisi umphakathi. Umeluleki Jikelele ka-Kennecott uyalele i-PB&L ukuthi u-Joklik "uzonqamula ukumelwa kwe-PB&L uma umbono wabo unikezwe yena, futhi wayala i-PB&L ukuthi ichithe umbono."
Ngemuva kwemisebenzi yayo yokuqeda amanzi, uKennecott wagunyaza olunye ucwaningo โlokuhlola izingozi zokuzamazama komhlabaโ oluvela kuWoodward noClyde, ngo-1993, ukuze kubhekwe ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukwephulwa kwe-tailings eKhoneni laseMagna lokuvalelwa. Ukuhlola kukaWoodward noClyde kubonise ingozi enkulu nakakhulu kunocwaningo lwe-KL.
Imemo ka-Gardner ka-1997 iphawula ukuthi โamathuba okuzinzisa Ikhona leMagna kuphela ngomzamo wokuqeda amanzi kubonakala kuwumzamo wangemva kwesinqumo sokuhlinzeka ngesizathu esisekelayo, ngokuhlonza indlela esebenzayo yokuvikela emiphumeleni engase ibe yingozi yokwehluleka kokuzamazama komhlaba. Ngeshwa, inketho yokunciphisa amanzi iyaqhubeka nokungenabufakazi. โ
Izikhulu zikaKennecott zahlangana noNjiniyela Wesifunda sase-Utah ukuze baxoxe ngokuhlolwa kwe-KL kwasekuqaleni. Ngokusho kwamaminithi alungiswe yinkampani, Unjiniyela Wombuso ugunyaze ukuthuthukiswa okugcwele kokuzamazama komhlaba kuka-Kennecott futhi wavumelana nokutholwe yi-KL. Kodwa-ke, ngokwememo ka-Gardner yango-1997, โAmaminithi aphinde akhombise ukuthi izifundo ze-KL zabelwana noNjiniyela Wombuso, kodwa azigcinwanga amarekhodi e-ejensi ngenxa yokukhathazeka โukuthi zizowela esizindeni somphakathi.โ Unjiniyela Wombuso unikeze iziqinisekiso ezingakahleleki zokuthi โwayengenanhlosoโฆyokuphumela obala ngolwazi.โ Umphathi wephrojekthi weluleka ngokuthi Unjiniyela Wombuso akakawagcini amakhophi anoma yimiphi imibiko ye-geotechnical esetshenziswa egameni lika-Kennecott.โ
Esikhundleni sokuphishekela ukuthuthukiswa okugcwele kokuzamazama komhlaba kokuvinjelwa kwezinsalela, uJoklik ugunyaze uMnyango Wezomhlaba wakwaKennecott ukuthi uthenge ngasese izindlu ezingama-200 eGreen Meadow Estates. Izikhulu zomnyango azizange zitshelwe ngezizathu eziqondile zokuthenga. Kusukela ngo-1991 kuya ku-1992, umnyango wathenga izindlu ezingama-39, ngokusebenzisa i-ejenti engakahlonzwa, eyaqashwa ngemuva kwalokho. Abaqashi abasha abakaze baziswe ngobungozi obuhambisana nokunqamuka kokuvalelwa kwezinsimbi. Ngo-1995, u-Kennecott waqala ukulandela izinketho zokuthengisa izakhiwo, ngaphandle kokunikeza ukudalula kubathengi mayelana nezingozi ze-tailings.
Ngokushaqisayo, ngo-1992, inkampani engumzali ka-Kennecott, i-Rio Tinto, yenza โukuhlola ubungoziโ ukuze kutholwe isibopho senkampani esingaba khona uma kwenzeka kubhidlika idamu eliyinhlekelele. Inkampani icele uMnyango Wezomhlaba ukuthi uhlanganise โinani elilinganiselwe labantu abahilelekileโฆisilinganiso sokusabalala kweminyaka yobudala (evamile, abasha, asebekhulile) [sic]โฆinani elilinganiselwe lezingane nabantu abadala abakhona esikoleni ngasinyeโฆinani elilinganiselwa ekulahlekelweni impilo yezinkantolo zase-Utah, ngokuhlukahluka ngeminyaka. โ
Imemo kaGardner yango-1997 iphetha ngokuthi โUkuntuleka kwesaziso somphakathi kuyadida ikakhulukazi. Ngokuphambene neseluleko esingaguquki sezinkampani ezimbili zabameli ezihlonishwa kakhulu, abaphathi baka-Kennecott abazange banikeze isexwayiso esidingekayo ngoba uMnu. Joklik wayekholelwa ukuthi kwakuzobangela โukwethuka namasudiโโฆU-Kennecott unomsebenzi ongokomthetho nowokuziphatha wokudalula ubungozi futhi weluleke abantu okungenzeka bathinteke. yomzamo wokunciphisa wenkampaniโฆ.Inkampani inqume ukuthi ukuphila komuntu kwakungazifanele izindleko zokuqedela ukuthuthukiswa kokuzamazama komhlaba ngendlela engase ikhiphe umkhawulo wokuphepha owamukelekayo.โ
Naphezu kokulungiswa kuka-Kennecott, eminyakeni engu-20 edlule, iMagna Corner yokuboshwa isahluleka ukuhlangabezana nezinga eliphansi lokuphepha lase-Utah lokuzamazama komhlaba okubi kakhulu okungu-M 7.2 ku-Richter Scale. U-Kennecott uthi ukuthuthukiswa kokugcina kuzoqedwa eminyakeni eyishumi.
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