Enye yemibono emibi kakhulu yezomnotho eye yaphoqelelwa emazweni ampofu, kanye nabafundi bezomnotho, yaziwa njengenzuzo yokuqhathanisa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izwe ngalinye kufanele ligxile kulokho elingakwenza, likukhulise noma lenze 'ngcono kakhulu'(1) futhi lokhu kuzosiza wonke umuntu. Uma izwe linesimo sezulu esikahle kufanele ligxile ekutshaleni izitshalo ezidinga leso simo sezulu. Uma ineholo elincane, kufanele igxile emisebenzini enzima, njengokuthunga izingubo. Lo mbono uyinkulumo-ze. Kunamaphutha amathathu amakhulu ngayo.
Okokuqala, inzuzo enkulu amazwe amaningi ampofu anayo abasebenzi abashibhile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isibalo esikhulu sabantu emazweni ampofu asinakukhetha ngaphandle kokwenza imisebenzi elula kakhulu, ephindaphindayo njengokwenza izingubo ezithengiswa ngaphandle. Bagcina sebeqhudelana bodwa ukuze bathole umsebenzi oshibhile. Izinkampani zingadlala ngazo zodwa futhi zibakhokhele lutho. (Lokhu kuxoxwe ngakho ngokuqhubekayo kokuthunyelwe kamuva kuma-sweatshops).
Iphutha lesibili liwukuthi amazwe amaningi ampofu aye akhuthazwa ukuba agxile ekutshaleni isilimo esisodwa ukuze athengiselwe amazwe angaphandle, njengekhofi noma ukotini, abese ethola ukuthi amanani ehla kakhulu.(2) Amanye amazwe ampofu kakhulu e-Afrika athola ingxenye enkulu yokuthekelisa kwawo kwamanye amazwe. imali etholwa ngokudayisa ukotini, kodwa njengoba amanani kakotini ehlala ephansi, abanayo imali eyanele ukuze baphile.(3) ITanzania neMozambique zazithembele ekuthumeleni amantongomane kashew kwamanye amazwe, kodwa intengo yehla ngonyaka ka-2000. Umbiko weBhange Lomhlaba waqaphela. lezi zinkinga ngo-2005 lapho iphawula ukuthi:
โisu lokuthuthukisa elisekelwe ekuthunyelweni kwempahla yezolimo kwamanye amazwe lingase libe mpofuโ.(4)
Ukugxila ekutshaleni izitshalo ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kuholela ekwehleni kokulinywa kokudla okuzosetshenziswa ekhaya. Manje umhlaba ukhiqiza ukudla okwengeziwe kunanini ngaphambili, kalula okwanele ukondla wonke umuntu, kodwa ukungondleki kusasakazeke yonke indawo. I-Indonesia yake yakwazi ukuzimela ngerayisi kodwa manje isitshala uwoyela wesundu onenzuzo eyengeziwe ukuze athunyelwe kwamanye amazwe futhi ukungondleki kuye kwanda.(5)
Ukwehla kwamanani kwenzeka nangezimpahla ezingalinywa. I-Chile yayithembele ekuthengisweni kwekhopha, kodwa intengo yehla ngo-1996. I-Venezuela ithembele ekuthengisweni kukawoyela kwamanye amazwe ngakho uma intengo yehla imali engenayo yehla kakhulu. Amanani entengo kawoyela, insimbi, ithusi nezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa aphahlazeka ngo-2015.(6) Kube nokuwa kwentengo cishe kuyo yonke imikhiqizo edayiswayo ngezikhathi ezahlukene. Lokhu kwehla kwentengo akuholeli nje emalini ephansi. Ziholela ekungondlekeni, indlala nokufa.
Okwesithathu, futhi mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu, iphutha ukuthi inzuzo yokuqhathanisa isekelwe kulokho izwe ngalinye elikwazi ukukwenza manje. Ithiyori ayibunaki ubufakazi bokuthi ngezindlela ezifanele zokufundisa, zokuqeqesha, ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokuhlela isikhathi eside, amazwe angathuthukisa amandla okwenza imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu esikhathini esizayo. Omunye wababhali abahamba phambili ngalesi sihloko, isazi sezomnotho saseCambridge uHa-Joon Chang, ubhale:
"Uma befuna ukushiya ubumpofu ngemuva, kufanele badele imakethe futhi benze izinto ezinzima kakhulu ezibalethela imali ephezulu." (7)
Uma amazwe ampofu efuna ukuba izizwe ezithuthukile, ngokwencazelo kufanele atshale kubuchwepheshe obuthuthuke kakhulu. Kufanele bathuthukise izimboni ezintsha (lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi yi-industrialisation) futhi bazivikele kusenesikhathi.
I-Coffee Trade - Isibonelo esisobala sokuxhashazwa
Ikhofi lingenye yezinto ezibalulekile ezithunyelwa emazweni amaningi asathuthuka. Konke ukuhlaziya okunemininingwane yochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwekhofi kubonisa ukuthi abalimi bathola inani elincane kuphela, kodwa wonke umuntu osochungechungeni, abacubungula, abasabalalisi, abathumeli, izinkampani zokuthutha, osozimali, abomshwalense kanye nabathengisi (ikakhulukazi izitolo ezinkulu. kanye nezitolo zekhofi) zenza inzuzo enkulu. Izinkampani ezinkulu zekhofi zenza inzuzo enkulu kakhulu ngokucubungula nokupakisha ikhofi. Lokhu kwaziwa njengokuthi 'ukwengeza inani'. Abalimi bekhofi bamane bathengise ubhontshisi wekhofi ongahluziwe.
Inhlangano yomkhankaso, i-Oxfam, ithole ukuthi kusukela ngo-1990-2000 inani eliphelele lokuthengiswa kwekhofi emhlabeni wonke lenyuka lisuka ku-$30 billion laya ku-$60 billion kodwa imali etholwa amazwe atshala ubhontshisi wekhofi ehle esuka ku-$10 billion kuya ku-$6 billion. Abalimi bathola ingxenye encane kuphela yaleyo mali. Iphethini efanayo iqhubekile. Ngo-2019, isidingo sekhofi sasisikhulu kunangaphambili, kodwa izintengo ezikhokhelwa abalimi beziphansi kakhulu iminyaka engu-13. (8) Ekhofini elibiza amadola ambalwa ezitolo, umlimi uthola isenti elingu-1 kuphela.(9) Uma abalimi bethola ngokuphindwe kashumi, izimpilo zabo zingashintshwa, kodwa abathengi emazweni acebile bebengeke bawubone umehluko. Kubalimi abaningi, izindleko zokutshala ikhofi zivame ukuba nkulu kunemali abangayithola. Inkinga yaba yimbi kakhulu ngesinye isikhathi kangangokuthi abalimi base-Ethiopia bayeka ukutshala ikhofi kunalokho baphendukela ekutshaleni izidakamizwa.(10)
Kwakunenhlangano yamazwe akhiqiza ikhofi eyayisebenza ndawonye ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abalimi bathola ukuziphilisa ngokufanele. Ngeshwa, ababolekisi bamazwe ngamazwe njengeBhange Lomhlaba basize iVietnam ukuthi iqale ukutshala ikhofi ngeminyaka yawo-1990. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi laliningi kakhulu ikhofi elikhiqizwayo. Ikhofi eleqile lalingadingeki, ngakho kwaba nzima ukuqhubeka ukhokhela wonke umuntu iholo elikahle lekhofi okungekho muntu owayelithenga. Lokhu kuholele ekuweni kwalo soseshini ngo-2001(11) kanti abalimi bebelokhu behola izinga lobubha kusukela lapho.
Uhwebo lwekhofi lugqamisa udaba lwamazwe ngamanye azama ukunquma ukuthi ahweba kanjani emhlabeni owodwa omkhulu oxhumene. Kuthatha iminyaka emithathu ukuthi izitshalo zekhofi zikhiqize isivuno sazo sokuqala. Ngaleso sikhathi, amanye amazwe kungenzeka ukuthi aseqalile ukutshala ikhofi, ngakho-ke amanani angase ashintshe. Ukube besizama ngokweqiniso ukukhipha abantu abampofu ebuphofini, besingeke sibakhuthaze ukuthi balime ikhofi elengeziwe. Ukushiya intuthuko emibonweni yezimakethe zomhlaba mancane amathuba okuthi kunikeze imali engenayo engashintshi, futhi ekhulayo, kubantu abaningi abampofu.
Ukube ikhofi belidayiswa ngendlela efanayo neyewayini laseFrance, abalimi bekhofi bebezokwazi ukucubungula nokupakisha ikhofi ngokwabo futhi benze inzuzo enkulu kakhulu. Nokho, imithetho yezohwebo yamazwe acebile, ikakhulukazi iYurophu, ijezisa ngamabomu amazwe ampofu uma ezama ukwengeza ukubaluleka kwawo.(12) Abaholi abavela ezizweni ezithuthukile bagcina ngamabomu uhlelo lokuhwebelana lamazwe ngamazwe ngendlela yokuthi inzuzo eningi igcine iphelele emaphaketheni. ezinkampanini zabo.
I-FairTrade - Ingcono, Kodwa Hhayi Isixazululo
I-Fairtrade iwuhlelo lokuhweba okufanele luqinisekise ukuthi abakhiqizi emazweni ampofu bathola isivumelwano esifanelekile. Lokhu kusho intengo efanelekile yezimpahla zabo, kanye nezinkontileka zesikhathi eside ukuze kuhlinzekwe isibambiso.(13) Izimpikiswano zezomnotho mayelana nobuhle nobubi be-Fairtrade ziyinkimbinkimbi ngokumangalisayo, kodwa isimiso esivamile sokuthi akufanele sixhaphaze abasebenzi emazweni ampofu. abantu abaningi abangavumelana nayo. Izinkampani ze-Fairtrade ziqinisekisa imali engenayo ephakeme kubalimi nezimo zokusebenza ezingcono.
Nokho, i-fairtrade iyisixazululo esiyingxenye kuphela yezinkinga zamazwe ampofu. Imali ekhokhwa abalimi isencane. Ezweni elinobulungiswa bangempela, ngeke kwenzeke ngezinkampani ukuxhaphaza abasebenzi. Wonke umuntu obambe iqhaza ochungechungeni lokuhlinzeka ngempahla ethengiswa kunoma yisiphi isizwe esithuthukile kufanele aqashwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele. Uma la mazwe ezobalekela ubumpofu, kufanele sibe nesimiso sokuhweba esiqinisekisa abantu abampofu iholo elihle lezinto eziyisisekelo njengekhofi nezingubo. Uma befuna ukuba yizizwe ezithuthukile, kusazodingeka benze izimboni.
Ukuhweba Okungalungile Kakhulu
Umqondo we-fairtrade ugqamisa inani lezimpahla emazweni asethuthukile ezithengiswa ngokungafanele. Ezimpahleni eziningi, othile osochungechungeni lokunikezela uphathwe kabi endaweni ethile emhlabeni. Uma isisebenzi sezingubo ebesithunga izingubo zakho besingasebenzi endaweni yokujuluka, isisebenzi sasepulazini esakha ukotini cishe besikhokhelwa imadlana. Uma abasebenzi bezobuchwepheshe e-China manje sebekhokhelwa kangcono kunangaphambili, abantu abahlakaza ikhompuyutha yakho e-India ekupheleni kwempilo yayo yokusebenza basadliswa ushevu, futhi abasebenzi basezimayini abakhipha izinto zokusetshenziswa basengozini yokudutshulwa uma benza inyunyana. Imodeli yebhizinisi ehamba phambili ukuhweba okungalungile kakhulu.
Sibonile emibhalweni yaphambilini ukuthi esinye sezizathu ezenza i-US iketule ohulumeni bangaphandle wukubeka abaholi abazophatha izwe labo besebenzisa imigomo yezomnotho ehlomulisa i-US. Siphinde sabona ukuthi uhlelo lwezomnotho luyakhwabanisela ukuze abacebile bakwazi ukukhipha ingcebo kuwo wonke umuntu. Lapho amazwe acebile ethenga izimpahla emazweni ampofu, akhokha imali encane kakhulu kunaleyo ayifanele. Abantu basemazweni ampofu bamane nje abakhokhelwa imali eningi ngendlela okufanele bakhokhelwe ngayo ngokuthunyelwa kwabo kwamanye amazwe.(14) Iholo emazweni ampofu liye lagcinwa liphansi ngokuzenzela izizukulwane ngezizukulwane.
I-Global Minimum Wage
Abanye abantu nezinhlangano manje baphishekela iholo elincane emhlabeni wonke, ukuzama ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umsebenzi angathola iholo elifanelekile ngomsebenzi wakhe. Lokhu kunamandla okuguqula ngokushesha izinga lokuphila labaningi babantu abampofu kakhulu emhlabeni.(15) Lapho iholo elincane lisethulwa emazweni acebile, abantu abaningi abacebile nabanamandla benqaba.(16) Amasosha acabanga ukuthi aseqalile ukwenza inkulumo-ze ukuze asidukise. mayelana nenani eliphansi lomholo lomhlaba wonke, kodwa nakuba kunezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi mayelana nokuthi sinquma kanjani inani elifanele nokuthi siliphoqelela kanjani, azikho ngempela izimpikiswano ezinhle eziphikisana nombono.
Ukuqhubeka Kobukoloniyali
Abahlaziyi basemazweni acebile sekungamakhulu eminyaka bazi ukuthi indlela engcono kakhulu yokuphumelela kwezohwebo iwukuba izwe lithenge kwamanye amazwe izinto ezingavuthiwe, ngokuvamile ezishibhile, futhi zithumele izimpahla ezikhiqiziwe, ngokuvamile ezibiza kakhulu futhi ezinenzuzo eyengeziwe. Okwamanje sikhuthaza amazwe ampofu ukuthi enze okuphambene. Izinqubomgomo ezituswayo zifana nezinqubomgomo ezazisetshenziswa imibuso yamakholoni ngesikhathi sobukoloni.(17) Amafayela ayegcinwa eyimfihlo ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa manje aseyehlisiwe, abonisa ukuthi inhloso kwakuwukugcina amazwe ampofu empofu. Amazwe anothile ayatusa lezi zinqubomgomo ngoba zenza abantu abacebile bacebe kakhudlwana. Ngokukhuthaza amazwe ampofu ukuthi agxile ezimbonini eziyisisekelo, siqinisekisa ukuthi ngeke abe nezimboni futhi azohlala empofu.
Ukufunda Okwengeziwe
Ha-Joon Chang, Ukukhahlela Iladi, 2002
Izinsizakusebenza ze-Intanethi
Jason Hickel, 'Ungawumisa Kanjani Umshini Wokungalingani Womhlaba, The Guardian, 18 May 2017, at
UFernando Morales-de la Cruz, 'Izindleko zangempela zekhofi lakho lasekuseni azinakwa osopolitiki baseYurophu', The Guardian, 16 April 2015, at
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/apr/16/cost-coffee-ignored-europe-politcians
UMarc James Francis, 'Black Gold', idokhumentari, 2007
Okubhekwayo
1) USteve Keen, '1,000,000 osomnotho bangaba nephutha: amaphutha okuhweba mahhala', 30 Sep 2011, at
Izazi zezomnotho eziyi-1,000,000 zingaba nephutha: amanga okuhweba mahhala
2) 'Izintengo zikakotini zehle ngeminyaka eyishumi ekungaqinisekini nge-coronavirus', themds, 24 March 2020, at
https://www.themds.com/markets/cotton-prices-hit-ten-year-low-on-uncertainty-over-coronavirus.html
3) uPietra Rivoli, Ukuhamba kwesikibha ku-Global Economy, 2005
4) U-David Sogge, 'Okuthile laphaya: Ubuthakathaka bezwe njengezaba zombuso', ku-Achin Vanaik, Selling US Wars, 2007, p.262
5) Mervyn Piesse, 'Ukuphepha Kokudla e-Indonesia: Ukuthembela Okuqhubekayo Ezimakethe Zangaphandle', FutureDirections International, 1 March 2016, at
6) U-Katie Allen, amazwe ampofu kakhulu emhlabeni anyakaziswa ukwehla kwempahla kanye nedola eliqinile', Guardian, 10 April 2016, at
7) Ha-Joon Chang, AmaSamariya Amabi: Inganekwane yokuhweba ngokukhululekile kanye nomlando oyimfihlo wonxiwankulu, p.195, 2007, ku
https://analepsis.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/ha-joon-chang-bad-samaritans.pdf
8) U-Katy Askew, 'I-siuation ayiqhubeki: Ingabe i-coffee boom ishiya abakhiqizi ngemuva?', 17 Oct 2018, at
9) U-Aaron Maasho no-Nigel Hunt, 'Ukwehla kwentengo yekhofi kushiya abalimi behola ngaphansi kwesenti indebe', 14 Jan 2019,
https://www.reuters.com/article/coffee-farmers-idUSL8N1YJ4D2
Imininingwane yomlando enemininingwane eminingi ku-Oxfam, 'Mugged: Poverty in Your Coffee Cup', 2002, ngo-
https://www.oxfamamerica.org/explore/research-publications/mugged-poverty-in-your-coffee-cup/
10) Afrol (2003) 'Abalimi base-Ethiopia bashintsha ikhofi ngezidakamizwa', Dec 8, 2003, at
http://www.afrol.com/articles/10674
11) 'I-Coffee Cartel Shuts Up Shop', e http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1608356.stm
12) 'I-Brexit: Masiguqule ukuhweba kube kuhle', i-Fairtrade Foundation ne-Traidcraft,
Ukubuka konke okungokomlando e-UNFAO, 'Izingozi Zokuncika Ekuthengisweni Kwempahla', ku- www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5419e/y5419e04.htm
13) https://www.fairtrade.org.uk/what-is-fairtrade/what-fairtrade-does/
14) Jason Hickel, 'Ungawumisa Kanjani Umshini Wokungalingani Kwembulunga yonke, The Guardian, 18 May 2017, at
15) UMichael Galant, 'Isikhathi sesifikile seholo eliphansi lomhlaba wonke', Inequality.org, 17 June 2019, ngo-
https://inequality.org/research/ilo-global-minimum-wage/
16) Paul Constant, 'Indlela yokuphendula ezingxabano ezi-5 ezikhathele kakhulu, ezikhohlisayo ngokumelene neholo elincane', Business Insider, 20 Feb 2021, at
https://www.businessinsider.com/debunking-common-arguments-against-15-minimum-wage-2021-2?r=US&IR=T
17) Uhlu lukaFriedrich, 'I-National System of Political Economy', 1841, ngo-XNUMX.
https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/lloyd-the-national-system-of-political-economy
U-Ingrid Harvold Kvangraven, 'iminyaka engama-200 ye-Ricardian Trade Theory: Iseyinto Kanjani Le', Ukuthuthukisa Ezomnotho, 23 April 2017, at
Umshayeli Wenduku ungumfundi wesikhashana onentshisekelo enkulu ekususeni inkulumo-ze yanamuhla yase-US neyaseBrithani, futhi echaza impi, ubushokobezi, ezomnotho nobumpofu, ngaphandle kombhedo emithonjeni yezindaba evamile. Lesi sihloko saqala ukuthunyelwa ku-medium.com/elephantsintheroom
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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