Inkinga ye-Yasukuni yaseJapane ayinakuhlukaniswa nokuthi ubuzwe buwumbono ovelele wenkathi yethu. Lokhu kucace kakhulu emethulweni abezindaba, izikhumbuzo, iminyuziyamu kanye nokwazi okudumile phakathi nangemuva kwezimpi nezinye izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe. [*] Lokhu akulona iqiniso e-Japan kuphela kodwa nase-South Korea, e-China nase-US, phakathi kwezinye eziningi. Futhi ngokuqinisekile ubuzwe - obugqugquzelwe futhi buqiniswe isibindi kulo lonke elase-Asia ngemva kokuphela kwenkathi yokungqubuzana kwe-US-Soviet, ukukhuphuka kweChina njengombuso wesifunda nowomhlaba, kanye nezenzo ezinonya zase-US ezihlobene "nempi yobushokobezi" - ehlanganisa isithiyo esinamandla kakhulu ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezihlukanisa izizwe futhi zibhebhethekise izinkanuko e-Asia Pacific nangale kwayo. Kulo lonke ikhulu lamashumi amabili, ubuzwe buye baba inceku yempi kuyo yonke indawo: impi iye yanikeza ugqozi olunamandla kubuzwe; ubuzwe buye baholela ngokuphindaphindiwe izizwe empini; futhi inkumbulo yempi ibalulekile ekusunguleni nasekugqugquzeleni amafa omlando obuzwe. Lesi sihloko sicubungula i-Yasukuni Shrine kanye nenkumbulo yempi yaseJapane nokumelela ubuhlobo nobuzwe besimanje kanye nemiphumela yako ngekusasa le-East Asia.
Izinkinga eziyizingxabano eziqhubeka nokuzungeza impi, inkumbulo, nokumeleleka ziyisisekelo sokubumba umcabango wobuzwe, ikusasa le-Japan, isifunda sase-Asia-Pacific, kanye nobudlelwano be-US-Japan. Kungani izindaba ezifana nendima ye-Yasukuni Shrine zivela ngokuphindaphindiwe emashumini ayisithupha eminyaka ngemva kokunqotshwa kweJapane njengoba isizukulwane esabhekana nempi sidlula endaweni yesehlakalo? Lokhu kubonakala kungenangqondo kakhulu ngesikhathi lapho umnotho kanye namasiko aseShayina, eJapan naseKorea kuxhumene ngokujulile.
"Inkinga ye-Yasukuni" iphakathi kwesethi eyinkimbinkimbi yezinkinga eziphathelene nezimpi zaseJapane e-Asia Pacific, umbusi, inkolo, kanye nobunikazi. Izinkinga ze-Yasukuni zixhumene kakhulu ne-China-Japan, Korea-Japan kanye nobudlelwano be-US-Japan. Ukunaka i-Yasukuni kuveza izici ezihlukile zobuzwe baseJapane ngenkathi kusivumela ukuthi sihlole inqwaba yezindikimba zokuqhathanisa ubuzwe.
Kubalulekile ukusho ngokucacile zisuka nje isizathu sokwenza lokhu kuhlaziya: wukufuna izindlela ezingase zibe nomthelela ekuzwisiseni phakathi kwezizwe nabantu base-Asia Pacific, okuhlanganisa i-Japan, i-China, i-Korea ne-United States.
Ngizogcizelela amaphuzu amathathu mayelana "Nenkinga Yasukuni" kanye nobuzwe besimanje obubonakala bungekho engxoxweni enkulu eJapane, e-Asia nakwamanye amazwe. Esokuqala isidingo sokudlula umbono wama-Japanese kuphela ngokubeka izinkinga ngaphakathi kohlaka lobudlelwano be-Japan ne-US obuphethe ipolitiki yase-Japan ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha. Owesibili ubeka ubuzwe bempi ngokujwayelekile kanye "nobuzwe be-Yasukuni" ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kombono obanzi wokuncintisana kobuzwe e-Asia Pacific, kuhlanganise nobuzwe baseShayina, baseKorea nase-US. I-deconstructs yesithathu "amaJapane," ukuqaphela imifantu ejulile phakathi kwabantu baseJapane ngokuphathelene noYasukuni, ubuzwe, umbusi ogama lakhe iJapane lilwa, kanye nezinkumbulo zobukoloni kanye nempi. Ngayinye yalezi zidinga ukwephulwa ngokuqonda kwe-monolithic yezinkinga. Ngayinye inemithelela yokudlulela ngale kwengxabano yamanje yezombusazwe kanye nokuzindla ngezindlela ezingase zibe nomthelela ekwehliseni ukungezwani e-Asia Pacific.
I-Yasukuni Jinja kokubili iyinkinga futhi ayiyona inkinga "yaseJapane". Njengethempeli lobuShinto elinezixhumanisi ezihlala njalo zomlando nombusi - elasungulwa ngo-1869 "ukuze kukhunjulwe futhi kuhlonishwe impumelelo yalabo abanikezela ukuphila kwabo okuyigugu ngenxa yezwe labo" - kanye nobudlelwane obujulile nazo zonke izimpi zaseJapane kusukela enkathini ye-Meiji enqamula e-Asia. Impi yasePacific, ivusa isiko laseJapan elixhumanisa ubuShinto, umbusi kanye nempi. [1] Nokho ukukubona nje njengesiJapane ukudebesela uhla lwezici ezibonisa ubuzwe besimanje. Lo mbono ushaya indiva amandla abalulekile esifunda nawomhlaba, ikakhulukazi indima ye-United States, ekubumbeni ezombusazwe kanye nemibono kusukela ekuphathweni kwamaJapane kuze kube namuhla.
Ama-neonationalists aseJapane aphikelela kumlingiswa waseJapane we-Yasukuni, ngaleyo ndlela azame ukuyibeka ngaphandle kwengxoxo yabantu bamazwe angomakhelwane nakwamanye amazwe, kanye nokufuna ukuqeda inkulumo-mpikiswano ngaphakathi kwe-Japan. Kodwa akubona bodwa ekucindezelekeni kwabo ngobuJapane. Lapho bebiza ezombangazwe zokuziqhenya, ukudelela kwabo Icala laseTokyo kanye nokunye ukuhlolwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kwamacala empi yaseJapane, kanye nokugcizelela kwabo ukuthi inkathi yokuxolisa kuzisulu zonya lwempi yaseJapane kufanele iphele, abashisekeli bezwe banamuhla baseJapane babelana ngokuthile nabathile abathuthukayo baseJapane futhi. ama-pacifists. Ukuthi ngincoma ukuvakasha kwalowo owayenguNdunankulu u-Koizumi Junichiro e-Yasukuni nokuvikela ukuba semthethweni kwemibukiso yasemnyuziyamu ye-Y?sh?kan, eqhakambisa imisebenzi yamasosha ase-Japan eMpini yase-Asia Pacific kanye nokudumisa i-Japan ngokukhulula i-Asia European ubukoloni, noma ukubagxeka njengomzamo ongekho emthethweni wokuguqula izinqumo zomlando kanye nokushaya ngempama komakhelwane baseJapan, bobabili abashisekeli bobuzwe kanye nabathuthukayo bavame ukwethula u-Yasukuni njengento ehlukile yaseJapane.
Yasukuni, iSikhumbuzo kanye nobudlelwano be-US-Japan
I-Yasukuni, yiqiniso, ingumJapane quintessentially ekuxubeni kwayo kweShinto kanye ne-emperor lore, izakhiwo zayo kanye nemikhuba eyenza impi yezempi ifile njengoba Kami (onkulunkulu), nombono wayo wobuzwe ngobukoloni nempi, umbusi, nemiphefumulo egcinwe lapho.
Njengoba umhleli we-Yomiuri Shimbun u-Watanabe Tsuneo ephawula kancane mayelana nemibukiso yasemnyuziyamu yase-Y?sh?kan emagcekeni e-shrine, "Leso sikhungo sincoma impi futhi izingane ezidlula kuleso sikhumbuzo ziyaphuma zithi, 'I-Japan empeleni yanqoba impi yokugcina.' [2] Ngokunembayo, imibukiso, egxile ekuzinikeleni kwebutho lezempi kumbusi nesizwe, iphakamisa impi yaseJapan ibe yinhle kakhulu nangokomoya, yamukela umsebenzi wombuso futhi ihlanganisa abashayeli bezindiza be-kamikaze abathunyelwe ukuzodela umbusi nesizwe.
Kuyo yonke iminyaka yempi (1931-45), ngempela kusukela enkathini ye-Meiji phambili, i-Yasukuni Shrine yayiyisizinda salokho uTakahashi Tetsuya akubize ngokuthi "i-alchemy engokomzwelo" yokuguqula usizi lwemindeni eshonelwe ibe injabulo yokushisekela izwe lokugcinwa kwabafileyo bempi. njengonkulunkulu abanesigxivizo sokuqashelwa ngokusemthethweni umhlatshelo womuntu siqu nodumo lombusi.
Kuyi-alchemy evalwe ezinkokhelweni zikahulumeni waseJapan emindenini yamasosha ashonile ukuthi iminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha iye yakha isibopho phakathi kweqembu elibusayo i-Liberal Democratic Party kanye nesifunda esinamandla, ngenkathi iqinisekisa ngokusobala izinhloso zobukholoni kanye nempi amasosha amaningi aseJapan kanye nezakhamizi. wafa. [3]
Olunye uhlobo lwe-alchemy luhambisana ne-alchemy yokuphakanyiswa. Lokhu kuyi-alchemy ye-amnesia. . . ukukhohlwa izenzo zonya nobugebengu bempi, ukukhohlwa ukuphathwa kwamasosha aduduza abesifazane, izisebenzi eziphoqelelwe, zalabo abahlaselwe imihlaba, amakhaya adilizwa kanye nemindeni ehlatshiwe egameni lombusi nombuso. Ngenkathi i wezempi abafile babebhalwe ukuthi Kami endaweni engcwele yaseYasukuni futhi imindeni yabo yathola impesheni kahulumeni, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu abafa futhi abaningi abalimele balibaleka: akukho ndawo engcwele noma umbuso owawukhumbula umhlatshelo wabo noma wanakekela izidingo zemindeni yabo. Uma ubuzwe buhlobene kakhulu nesiko elisunguliwe, njengoba uBenedict Anderson ephikise ngokuphoqeleka, kuyafana icindezelwe or ukhohlwe amasiko.
Zonke izizwe ziphakamisa ngokomfanekiso umhlatshelo wabafile bempi yezempi - abafile bazo - isivumelwano sokuqinisekisa ukuthobela kwamasosha kanye nezakhamuzi ukulwa nokufela izinjongo ezimenyezelwe umbuso. [4] Uma i-symbol ye-Yasukuni ihlukile emininingwaneni yayo, iwukubonakaliswa okukodwa okunjalo kwesenzakalo somhlaba wonke sobuzwe bempi obuxhaswe nguhulumeni obusekela impi yezempi efile. Ngokugunyazwa kwamasosha aseJapane ayizigidi ezingu-2.46, a senbotsusha, okungukuthi, bonke abafa begqoke umfaniswano kusukela eMeiji ngeMpi YePacific (izigidi ezingu-2.1 eMpini YasePacific), u-Yasukuni waqinisa isikhundla sakhe njengophawu oluphakathi oluxhumanisa umbusi, impi, impi kanye nombuso. Ukuhlaziya kuka-John Breen okuzwelayo kwemikhuba ye-apotheosis kanye nokubuyisana kwethempeli kugcizelela kahle ukuhlangana kwamandla kanye nemibono enikeza indawo engcwele indawo yayo ekhethekile eJapane yangaleso sikhathi. [5]
I-Okinawa, Japan, United States kanye ne-War Dead
I-Okinawa inikeza elinye iphuzu elibalulekile lapho kufanele kuhlolwe khona ukwenzeka kwe-Yasukuni, futhi hhayi kuphela ngenxa yokuthi iMpi yase-Okinawa, umkhankaso omkhulu kuphela owalwelwa enhlabathini yaseJapane, wawuyindleko enkulu kunazo zonke eMpini yase-Asia-Pacific mayelana nokuphila kwamaJapane, i-Okinawan kanye neMelika. Impi iphinde yadlala indima ebalulekile ekusunguleni ubudlelwano bangemva kwempi yase-US-Japan-Okinawa kanye nezimpi zenkumbulo eziqhubekayo nanamuhla.
Izikhundla ezihlukene zama-Okinawans namaJapane zacaca ngokusobala phakathi neMpi, lapho amabutho aseJapane ephoqelela abantu abaningi base-Okinawa abafuna indawo yokukhosela ekuhlaselweni kweMelika ukuba bazibulale ngobuningi.shudan jiketsu) kunokuba uzinikele. [6] Umehluko wokubuka kwe-Japanese-Okinawan uzophinde ulolonge isikhumbuzo nezinqubo zenkumbulo ezilandelayo ngendlela yezingxabano mayelana nezikhumbuzo, amamnyuziyamu, amafilimu, ama-manga, nezincazelo zezincwadi zokufunda.
Ngokufa okulinganiselwa ku-250,000 izwe laseJapan, okuhlanganisa ne-150,000 Okinawans (ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezine yabantu abavamile) kanye namabutho aseJapane angu-100,000, kanye namasosha angu-12,000 ase-US, le mpi yashintsha izindawo ezimaphakathi neziseningizimu yesiqhingi esikhulu zaba ihlane. Ngisho noma impi isaqhubeka, amabutho ase-US athatha izindawo ezinkulu enkabeni ye-Okinawa futhi aqala ukwakha izinkundla zezindiza, imigwaqo kanye nezisekelo. Ngempela, kusukela ngo-1947, njengoba uTakemae Eiji ephawula, “indawo engaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yezindawo ezilinywayo zase-Okinawa zazingaphansi kwemigwaqo nemigwaqo yezindiza noma ngemva kocingo oluhlabayo.” [7] Lapho iziphathimandla zase-US zihlalisa kabusha izakhamuzi zalezi zindawo eningizimu, izifiki zahlangana namathambo abafile bempi ehlakazekile phansi. [8]
Ngokushesha ngemva kokuhlaliswa kabusha, imikhankaso ehlelwe umphakathi yokuqoqa amathambo (yini sh?sh?) zazilwelwa ukuze inkundla yempi yangaphambili iphile futhi kuxoxiswane nemimoya yabafileyo. Amathambo ayegezwa abese eshiswa noma abekwe emabhokisini amathambo asanda kwakhiwa asakazeke kulo lonke elaseNingizimu ye-Okinawa. Izinsalela zabantu abangu-135,000 zaqoqwa phakathi kuka-1946 no-1955. Ecaleni elidume kakhulu, izakhamuzi ezingu-4,300 zaseMawashi Village ezahlaliswa kabusha eMiwa Village, zaqoqa ngokucophelela izinsalela zabantu abangu-35,000 zazifaka ebhokisini lamathambo eKonpaku-no-t. ?, okwaba, futhi okusasele namuhla, indawo enkulu yesikhumbuzo sendawo seMpi, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke ukulahlekelwa kwabantu base-Okinawan izakhamuzi kanye namasosha.
Kodwa-ke, i-Konpaku akuyona indawo yesikhumbuzo ka-Okinawa kuphela. NgoJulayi 1957, Isigaba Sosizo Sikahulumeni Weziqhingi ZaseRyukyu sasungula ibhokisana lezidumbu eliseShikina, sadlulisa izinsalela zezimpi zisuka emithonjeni emincane yamathambo nezinsalela zamaJapane ezibonakala ngomkhumbi ziye ezweni. Inkonzo yesikhumbuzo yokuqala kaShikina yenziwa ngoJanuwari 25, 1958. Iziphathimandla zase-US, ngokungabaza okujulile, zavumela abameleli abathathu baseYasukuni Shrine, amalungu amabili e-Diet, kanye nommeleli weHhovisi likaNdunankulu ukuba abe khona. Kwakukhona nabameleli be-Okinawa Bereaved Families Federation, okuthi, njengenhlangano kazwelonke, bacele ubudlelwano obuseduze phakathi kwempi yase-Okinawan efile kanye ne-Yasukuni Shrine, kanye noxhaso lukahulumeni waseJapane, nokuvakasha okusemthethweni e-Yasukuni. [9] Ngamafuphi, imizamo yase-US yokuhlukanisa i-Ryukyus e-Japan yaphazanyiswa ngokuxhumana phakathi kwe-Okinawan nemikhuba yesikhumbuzo yase-Japan ehlanganisa abafile base-Okinawan ne-Japan, futhi ikakhulukazi ne-Yasukuni Shrine.
Uma i-Konpaku yayiwukudalwa kwezakhamuzi zase-Okinawan, i-Shikina ngokuyinhloko yayiwumkhiqizo we-GRI (okungukuthi, ukuphathwa kwe-US kweziQhingi zase-Ryukyu) ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela e-Tokyo. Kodwa ngeke sivele siphethe ngokuthi u-Konpaku uhlanganise imizwa yase-Okinawan kuyilapho u-Shikina ewukubonakaliswa kwe-Tokyo kanye/noma i-US. Zombili lezi zindawo zihloniphe amasosha kanye nabashonile, amaJapan kanye ne-Okinawan, nakuba sizophawula, ngokugcizelela okuhluke kakhulu.
Ngemuva kokusungulwa kwesizinda sesikhumbuzo seShikina, uhulumeni waseJapan wanyakaza ngamandla ukuhlanganisa izimangalo zawo zendawo e-Okinawa, namanje eyikoloni lamasosha ase-US, t.
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