Ukuvakasha ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari eTokyo kwePhini likaMongameli wase-Indonesia u-Muhammad Jusuf Kalla kwakugcwele izimanga, njengoba nje la mazwe amabili ememezela lokho ayekulindele ukuthi kuzosayinwa Isivumelwano Sokuhweba Ngokukhululekile (i-FTA) ngaphambi kokuphela kuka-2006.
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule kube negagasi leZivumelwano Zokuhweba Ngokukhululekile ezixhumanisa, ngokulandelana, i-US nabalingani bezohwebo kulo lonke elase-Pacific, nase-Japan kanye nabalingani bezohwebo esifundeni sase-Asia-Pacific. Amazwe ahlukene ngokwephrofayili yezomnotho njenge-Australia, iThailand kanye ne-Indonesia njengamanje alwela ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni ne-Japan, ngokwengxenye eqhutshwa umqondo wemakethe yamahhala efanekiselwa yiNhlangano Yezohwebo Yomhlaba, njengoba kunjalo nangomnotho we-neo-liberal. Kodwa kubuye kube nomuzwa wokuklolodelana ukuthi bangashiywa omakhelwane babo.
Izingxoxo nge-FTA yase-Japan-Indonesia zingalandelelwa emuva ekuvakasheni kukaMongameli wase-Indonesia u-Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono e-Tokyo ngoJuni 2005. Kodwa ngokulandelana okusemthethweni, uMongameli wase-Indonesia osanda kukhethwa osekela i-US waqala waphakamisa udaba lweSivumelwano Sokubambisana Kwezomnotho. (EPA) noNdunankulu u-Koizumi Junichiro eMhlanganweni Wengqungquthela ye-APEC kaNovemba 2004. Ngemva kwesivumelwano ngoDisemba 2004 phakathi kongqongqoshe bezohwebo abafanele balezi zizwe ezimbili kwethulwa Iqembu Elihlanganyelwe Lokufunda le-Japan-Indonesia EPA. Izingxoxo zokuqala zaqala mhla zingama-31 kuMasingana wezi-2005, umhlangano wokuqala kwemithathu yokuhlola, ukuxoxisana nongqongqoshe abafanele kanye nabamele imikhakha yezemfundo nezizimele kulawa mazwe amabili.
Ngaleso sikhathi kwakunomqondo ogqamile e-Jakarta wokuthi iSingapore, iPhilippines, iThailand neMalaysia zazihambe ngokushesha kune-Indonesia ekuphishekeleni ama-FTA ne-Japan, nakuba kwakuyi-Singapore kuphela - njengoba kwakungase kulindeleke uma kubhekwa iphrofayili yayo yezomnotho - empeleni eyayisayine isivumelwano.
E-Tokyo, ngoJuni 2005, uMongameli wase-Indonesia kanye noNdunankulu wase-Japan ngokuhlanganyela bamemezela ukuqala kwezingxoxo โngeSivumelwano Sokubambisana Kwezomnotho sase-Japan-Indonesiaโ (JIEPA).
Amaqiniso athile ayagqama: okungukuthi, i-Japan inguzakwethu omkhulu wezohwebo wase-Indonesia kukho kokubili ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe (amaphesenti angu-19.06) kanye nokungenisa (amaphesenti angu-13.07) ngo-2004.
I-Japan futhi ingumnikezeli omkhulu kunayo yonke ye-Official Development Assistance (ODA) eya e-Indonesia, uhlelo olubuyela emuva ekuhlinzekweni kwezinxephezelo zempi ezaqala ngo-1958.
I-Indonesia ingumphakeli obalulekile wamandla e-Japan nakuba kufanele futhi kuqondwe ukuthi i-Indonesia, njengamanje engumhwebi ophelele kawoyela kwamanye amazwe, isalokhu ingumphakeli oqhubekayo we-LNG kwezinye izizwe. E-Tokyo, u-Kalla wakwenza kwacaca ukuthi ukuncintisana phakathi kwamakhasimende aphesheya kwezinqolobane zegesi ezisele zase-Indonesia (i-Natuna eSouth China Sea kanye nendawo ye-Bird's Head yasePapua ziyathembisa) kakade kushubile nokuthi i-Japan kufanele idlale amakhadi ayo ngokufanele.
Ezingxoxweni, i-Indonesia izwakalise intshisekelo eqinile ekwehlisweni kweJapan kokubili amanani entengo kanye nezithiyo ezingezona zentela zokuhweba ngezimpahla.
I-Indonesia iphinde yakwamukela ukutshalwa kwezimali okwandisiwe kwama-Japan, kuyilapho i-Japan ifuna ukuthuthukiswa kokufinyelela emakethe ngokususa amanani entengo aphezulu ngokweqile ezimpahleni zezimboni ezihlanganisa izimoto, insimbi, izindwangu, izinto zikagesi, njll. Ngokuvumelana nalokho, i-Indonesia yafuna ukufinyelela okuthuthukisiwe kokuthunyelwa kwayo kwezimpahla zepulasitiki e-Japan. , amakhemikhali emvelo kanye, ngaphezu kokuphikisa kwama-Japan, izicathulo nemikhiqizo yesikhumba (ethathwa ngokuthi โibucayi ngokomlandoโ yi-Japan). Bheka I-Japan Focus.
Ngokusobala, iphrofayili yezomnotho yase-Indonesia ishintshile emashumini eminyaka edlule isuka emnothweni wezolimo kanye nezinsizakusebenza ukuya endaweni yokuthekelisa yezimpahla zokukhiqiza ezingeza inani elisuselwa kunzuzo eqhathaniswayo. Ngaphansi kweminyaka ende yombuso wobushiqela waseSuharto iJapan yayingathembela ezinhlotsheni zokuphanga kwezomnotho kwezinsiza - njengoba kushiwo uKalla - uhlaka lwezindleko zabasebenzi oluqhudelanayo, kanye nabasebenzi abathobekile. Ukuqonda okuphelele bekukhona ukuze kungahlanganisi usizo nezinguquko zezombusazwe, intando yeningi noma amalungelo abantu.
Isimo esikhona sishintshile. Ukusimama komnotho wase-Indonesia enkingeni yomnotho yase-Asia ecekela phansi iye yaba buthaka, ukuncipha kwezinsiza kubonakala futhi, ngemuva kwenhlangano yezinguquko, eyaholela ekukhishweni kobushiqela baseSuharto futhi yabusa kwezempi, ngisho noMongameli okhethiwe ubhekene nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. abavoti. Ukudlondlobala kweChina kanye nokuncintisana kwayo neJapan ngobuholi bezomnotho eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia kubukwe ngeso elibukhali eJakarta.
U-Kalla, usihlalo we-Golkar, iqembu lezombusazwe elikhulu kunawo wonke e-Indonesia, akafikanga e-Tokyo njengomceli wenethiwekhi yesitayela esidala esinobungane ephawula inkathi ye-Suharto, kodwa ephethe amaqiniso athile aluhlaza. Kodwa ekupheleni kolayini omude wabangase bahlomule ekuhwebeni okukhululekile ne-Japan, u-Kalla wakwazi futhi ukubona ijubane lomnenke lapho ama-FTA esifunda ayehamba khona, ikakhulukazi ekuvuleni umkhakha wezolimo wase-Japan owawunemingcele edume kabi.
Ukukhathazeka kukaKalla okubikiwe kokuthi iJapan ihlakaze imali ebolekiwe e-Indonesia eningi kakhulu akusho lutho. I-Indonesia futhi iyiklayenti elikhulu leBhange Lokuthuthukiswa Kwezwe lase-Asia elibuswa kakhulu ngamaJapan. Ngemuva kwenhlekelele yezomnotho yase-Asia, imali ebolekiwe yaseJapan eya e-Indonesia yengeze kuYen 7.7 trillion, ingxenye yayo esele okwamanje.
Mhla zingama-26 kuMbasa wezi-2001, iJapan, okuyizwe elikhulu kunawo wonke e-Indonesia ebelikweletwa eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule, lephula isiko ngokukhansela i-Yen 35.9 billion yemalimboleko, icaphuna ukwehluleka kwabaphathi baka-Abdulrahman Wahid ukuhlangabezana nemibandela yosizo. Ngokwenza kanjalo, iJapan yalandela isinqumo esenziwe ngasekuqaleni konyaka yiBhange Lomhlaba lokukhansela imali ebolekiwe eyizigidi ezingama-US$300, kanye nesinqumo se-IMF sikaZibandlela wezi-2000 sokubambezela ukuqhubeka kohlelo lwayo lwama-US$5 billion e-Indonesia. Izikhulu ezibalulekile zase-Indonesia, zifuna ukuhlehliswa kabusha kwezimali mboleko, zisabele ngokudumala ngalesi sici โse-blackmail.โ
Ngokungangabazeki iJapan nayo yamangaza iJakarta ngokuwela esivumelwaneni esisha saseWashington mayelana nokubolekwa imali. Isisulu esikhulu senkinga yemalimboleko ka-2001 kwakunguMongameli Wahid, owabekwa icala ngo-Agasti walowo nyaka, ngokusobala ngenxa yamahlazo akhe. UWahid, owayaziwa ngokudwengula umugqa wokugxambukela kwamasosha kwezombusazwe, esikhundleni sakhe kwangena iphini likamongameli uMegawati Sukarnoputri, umshisekeli wesizwe osekelwe ezempi futhi ongenayo imenenja yezomnotho. Inani lokungakhokhi imali ebolekiweyo akulona ulwazi lomphakathi, kodwa kukholakala ukuthi likhulu.[1]
Okungashiwongo esihlokweni se-Indonesia Post umhlangano obikiwe e-Tokyo phakathi kuka-Kalla noNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle wase-Japan u-Aso Taro ngamalungelo abantu, okungacatshangwa hhayi kuphela ngesikhathi se-Suharto kodwa cishe okungakaze kwenzeke emlandweni wobudlelwano phakathi kwamazwe amabili (bona i-Japan Focus no. 501 http://japanfocus.org/article.asp?id=501). Kubikwa ukuthi u-Aso utshele uKalla (owavuma), ukuthi โuma izwe selifinyelele izinga elithile lentuthuko yezomnotho, izindaba ezinjengenkululeko yokwaziswa nokuvikela amalungelo abantu ziba semqoka.โ[2]
Izikhathi zishintshile impela kusukela umbuso wobushiqela waseSuharto wawusenga imali ebolekiwe evela eJapan ukuze ubuyisele inqola eyi-virtual blanche kuzinkontileka zezomnotho nokuxhashazwa kwezinsiza. Kwakubonakala kungqubuzana, kodwa ingabe iJapane ngo-2006 yayidlala ikhadi lamalungelo abantu e-Jakarta njengoba nje iphini likamongameli wase-Indonesia lalibonisa isibhamu esingenasici saseJavane esivela emlonyeni wenkulumo yomphakathi ngefa lezomnotho laseJapane ezweni eligcwele leziqhingi ezishisayo?
amanothi
[1] Isizinda samahlazo ezezimali kanye nokubolekwa kwemali kwamazwe ngamazwe okuxoxwe ngakho ku-Geoffrey C. Gunn, โJapan, Post-crisis Indonesia, kanye Neqhaza LaseJapane Ekuthuthukisweni kwe-East Timor,โ ku-Rolando B. Tolentino et.al. I-Transglobal Economies and Cultures: I-Contemporary Japan kanye ne-Southeast Asia, The University of the Philippines Press, Manila, 2004, pp.35.
[2] "I-Japan, i-Indonesia Iyavuma Ukubamba Izinkulumo Ngamalungelo Abantu." (AP, Januwari 23 2006).
Isithasiselo:
Uma Ivela EJapan, Ibize Ngemali Ebolekiwe, Hhayi Usizo: IPhini likaMongameli uJusuf Kalla
NguMuninggar Sri Saraswati, The Jakarta Post, Tokyo, January 2006
I-Japan isikhiphe imali ebolekiwe โyokwesekaโ eminingi kakhulu e-Indonesia ngamanani i-Indonesia ebingenakuwakhokhela, kusho iPhini likaMongameli uJusuf Kalla etshela iqembu labantu base-Indonesia eTokyo ngesikhathi ehambele izwe izinsuku ezine.
Ngendlela engathandeki, kwesinye isikhathi ehlekisayo yokuhlangana nabantu base-Indonesia abahlala e-Tokyo ngoLwesibili kusihlwa, u-Kalla uthathe isikhathi ukuze athathe izithombe ezimbalwa kubabungazi bakhe base-Japan. U-Kalla utshele iqembu ngomhlangano wakhe wangaphambilini nosomabhizinisi baseJapan, lapho aphendule khona imibuzo mayelana nobudlelwano bezohwebo base-Indonesia neChina, kanye nesinqumo se-Indonesia sokubeka phambili ukunikezwa kwe-LNG ngezidingo zasekhaya esikhathini esizayo. Ngaphandle kokunganaki ubudlelwano be-Indonesian-Japanese, uKalla uthe, imizamo ye-Indonesia yokuhwebelana ne-China isithuthuke ngoba i-China yayinikeze i-Indonesia imikhiqizo ethengekayo.
I-Indonesia kufanele isebenzele ukuthuthukisa ubudlelwano bamazwe amabili namazwe amaningi uma kungaba yinzuzo ezweni, kusho uKalla. โUngalokothi uncike esizweni esisodwa kuphela,โ etshela umhlangano. UKalla uthe iJapan ibikulangazelela kakhulu ukuhlinzeka i-Indonesia ngemali mboleko eminingi. Amazinga abo aphezulu okubuyisela asho ukuthi imali ebolekiwe igcine isizuzisa abantu baseJapan ngaphezu kwabase-Indonesia, esho.
Uthe uyalele osomaqhinga base-Indonesia nezinye izikhulu ukuthi ziyeke ukusebenzisa igama elithi โbantuan keuangan (amaphakheji okuxhasa ngezimali)โ uma kubolekiswa imali phesheya kwezilwandle e-Indonesia. โAngisoze ngasebenzisa igama elithi โukwesekaโ uma ngiboleka imali. Igama elifanele ukubambisana. IJapan ihlale icubungula โukwesekaโ imali ebolekiwe kuyilapho kudingeka ukuthi siyibuyisele,โ kusho yena. Ukwakhiwa kwedamu eNyakatho yeSumatra ngemalimboleko yaseJapan kwake kwathathwa njengengqophamlando ebudlelwaneni bamazwe womabili, esho. Kodwa i-Indonesia isakhutshazwa yizinga lokukhokhwa kwemali kulo msebenzi, kusho uKalla. โSaboleka imali eningi (kumaJapan) kodwa ngemuva kweminyaka engaphezu kuka-30, lo msebenzi awulutho ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa. Ngathi ngizoyithenga nge-US$600 million ngase ngitshela (osomabhizinisi baseJapan) ukuthi bagoduke. Isitatimende sami sishaqisile (uNgqongqoshe wezeziMali) uPak Boediono, kodwa yilokho esiyikho.โ
Mayelana nodaba lwe-LNG, uKalla uthe i-Indonesia izokwenza noma yini ukufeza izinkontileka zayo zegesi namanye amazwe. Lokhu kuze kwaholela ekuvalweni kwenkampani kamanyolo e-Aceh. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwezinkontileka, bekuyilungelo le-Indonesia ukubeka phambili izimpahla zayo ze-LNG ngezidingo zasekhaya, wengeza. Uhulumeni umemezele uhlelo lokunqamula ukuthunyelwa kwe-LNG ngamaphesenti angu-6 kulo nyaka ngenxa yokukhiqizwa okuphansi kwezimboni zegesi eziguga e-Aceh nase-East Kalimantan. Lokhu kukhathaze osomabhizinisi baseJapan, abasalindele ukuzibophezela okuvela e-Indonesia mayelana nokuhlinzekwa kwe-LNG yesikhathi esizayo ngemva kokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwezinkontileka ngo-2010.
โYini engalungile uma sithenga imikhiqizo eshibhile eChina? Yini engalungile uma sinquma ukubeka phambili izidingo ze-LNG zasekhaya ngemuva kokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwezivumelwano zegesi namanye amazwe?โ Kusho uKalla. โNjengamanye amazwe, sizokwenza konke okusemandleni ethu ukuze kusizakale abantu bakithi. Ngiyabona ukuthi wudaba olubucayi, kodwa lesi yisimo sethu futhi kufanele bakuqonde.โ
I-Indonesia akumele isathembela emazweni athuthukile ukuthi iqhubekele phambili, esho. โAsihlakaniphi ngoba sesithembele kakhulu kochwepheshe babanye abantu bakwamanye amazwe ukuthi basibekele amabalazwe emigwaqo sihlole nezinhlelo zentuthuko. Singakwenza ngokwethu. Sinabantu abaningi abahlakaniphile.โ
Iphini likamengameli lithe litshele abasebenzi basehhovisi lenxusa lase-Indonesia phesheya kwezilwandle ukuthi bangavumi ukubolekwa imali yangaphandle enemibandela eminingi ezokhinyabeza intuthuko. โAsizimisele ngendlela esikusingatha ngayo lokhu. Sasicebile ngamafutha, izinkuni futhi sinemali eningi yokubolekwa kwamanye amazwe. Kodwa manje uwoyela wethu usuphelile futhi singabathengisi bakawoyela ophelele, amahlathi ethu ayacekelwa phansi, okubangela izikhukhula nokudilika kwenhlabathi, kuyilapho sisafanele ukukhokha izikweletu. Kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi lesi kube yisikhathi esihle sokuthi ngibe yiphini likamengameli?โ Kusho uKalla.
UGeoffrey C. Gunn unguSolwazi Wezobudlelwano Bamazwe Ngamazwe, eNyuvesi yaseNagasaki kanye nochwepheshe eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia kanye nombuso wamaPutukezi. Ucwaninge, wenza umsebenzi omningi wasendle futhi wabhala kabanzi nge-Indonesia, i-East Timor kanye nobukoloni eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela