[Umbuzo odida umhlaba wonke: Kungani i-Japan ishaya ikhala layo kwenye yezimpumelelo ezimbalwa ezihlala njalo zenhlangano yezemvelo โ ukuvinjelwa kokudotshwa kwemikhomo ngenjongo yokuthengisa? Njengoba imikhumbi yaseJapan edoba imikhomo ilima i-Antarctic ifuna i-minke kanye ne-fin esengozini, uDavid McNeill uxoxa nosopolitiki, abaphathi, izintatheli kanye nezazi zemvelo futhi uthola ukuthi kude nokuphelelwa amandla lapho ubhekene nokulahlwa komhlaba wonke, umkhankaso wokuqeda ukuvinjelwa uyaqina. NgoFebhuwari 2007, ngempela, ubona umzamo obalulekile weJapane wokudlula lokho ekubona njengokukhubazeka kweNgqungquthela Yomhlaba Wonke Yokudotshwa Kwemikhomo (IWC), lapho iTokyo idlala umhlangano obizwa ngokuthi i-Conference for the Normalization of the International Whaling Commission. Naphezu kokuduba iNew Zealand, iBrithani, i-United States kanye namanye amazwe angaba ngu-20, abaningi besaba ukuthi le ngqungquthela ingase ivale isiphetho se-IWC.]
'I-Decadent and Dying': Ikhomishana Yokudotshwa Kwemikhomo Yamazwe Ngamazwe
Ezintathelini ezijwayele ukuzwakalisa umsindo wesifunda sengqungquthela yomhlaba wonke, ukumboza imihlangano yaminyaka yonke enobuthi ye-International Whaling Commission (IWC) kufana nokushaywa ngempama ebusweni nge-slab ye-minke enesonto. Abamele uhulumeni abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba bangena emahholo enkomfa axhaswe intela futhi badabulana amagama ngolimi olucishe lungabi nepolitiki.
'I-Barbaric,' 'i-cruel' kanye 'ne-imperialist' ayingxenye yesichazamazwi esijwayelekile sokuthuka okuhwetshwa yizithunywa ezinenkumbulo efana nendlovu yama-barbs enziwa emashumini eminyaka adlule. Phezulu ohlwini umhla zingama-30 kuNhlangulana, 1979, lapho ababhikishi abamelene nemikhomo eLondon becula 'ababulali' kanye 'namaqaba' ezikhulu zaseJapane ezazimangele futhi bezifafaza ngopende obomvu; okuhlangenwe nakho kwashisa kwajula ku-cortex ehlangene ye-Japan Fisheries Agency (FA).
Ingxoxo ihamba ngesivinini se-humpback ene-harpoone, ebanjwe ukuxabana kanye nokuma okukhulu. Emhlanganweni wokugcina we-IWC e-St. Kitts, izithunywa zize zacela ivoti ekuhunyushweni kwegama elilodwa. 'Angizange ngikholwe ukuthi i-IWC isinokonakala kangakanani,' kusho umeluleki wezemvelo u-Rรฉmi Parmentier, osekungamashumi eminyaka ebambe iqhaza emkhankasweni wokulwa nemikhomo. 'Le nhlangano igula ngempela. Ayikho inhlangano yomhlaba wonke engasebenza kanje.'
Yize kunjalo igulela ukufa njengoba i-IWC igulela ukufa, lesi bekuyisithangami esikhulu samazwe ngamazwe senkulumompikiswano mayelana nokudotshwa kwemikhomo kusukela ngo-1949. iye yanda ngokukhula kwe-vitriolic futhi ingayekethisi.
Iqiniswe e-St. Kitts ngeningi lokuqala le-IWC le-pro-whaling yokuqala eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amabili, i-Iceland isiphinde yaqala ukuthengisa inyama yomkhomo futhi umkhumbi wase-Japan odoba imikhomo uqinise ukuzingela kwawo 'okungokwesayensi komkhomo' ukuthola i-1,070 minke kanye ne-170 Bryde's, sei, ama-sperm nama-fin whales. Ngo-2007, izophinde ibulale ama-humpbacks angu-50, 'uhlu olubomvu' lwezilwane ezisengozini yokushabalala kanye nesinye sezilwane ezincelisayo ezithandwa kakhulu kule planethi.
Ukuzimisela kweJapan ukuvala umlomo ekuvinjweni kokudotshwa kwemikhomo kuyabadida abaningi, hhayi okungenani ngenxa yokuthi imboni yokudotshwa kwemikhomo yasekhaya isekela ukuphila, igcinwa iphila ngokufakwa imali kahulumeni kancane kancane. Ukudla i-whale manje sekuyinto encane, ukuzijabulisa okunethezeka. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba kumiswe isimemezelo, ukuthandwa kwayo kwakwehla.
Ngonyaka okwaqala ngawo 'ukudoba imikhomo ngokwesayensi' ngo-1987, amathani angu-70 enyama yomkhomo awazange athengiswe ekubanjweni okungu-1,873 230,000, ingxenye encane yamathani angu-1962 6,000 adliwe ngonyaka ka-XNUMX wokudotshwa kwemikhomo. amathani angu-XNUMX ngemva kokubuya kwemikhumbi yaseJapane edoba imikhomo e-Antarctic kulo nyaka, ngokusho komcwaningi uJunko Sakurai. I-Japan, ngamanye amazwi, ibeka engcupheni amathuba omhlaba wonke ngomkhiqizo engakwazi ukuwuthengisa.
'Iyini iJapan ukwenza?' kusho uChris Carter, ungqongqoshe wezokongiwa kwemvelo waseNew Zealand, ngesikhathi kunenkulumompikiswano e-St. Kitts. 'Kubonakala kunqunyelwe ukucasula izwe.' UBen Bradshaw, unobhala wezemvelo wase-UK, uzwakalise umbono waseBrithani. 'Angiyiqondi. Singabangane abakhulu futhi sibambisene ne-Japan cishe kuyo yonke eminye imikhakha. Futhi akuchazeki kimina ukuthi iJapane, iNorway, ne-Iceland iyaqhubeka nokuphoqelela ukuba kuqalwe kabusha ukudotshwa kwemikhomo ngenjongo yokuthengisa.'
Ukubuka okuvela e-Japan
I-FA, eqhuba umkhankaso we-pro-whaling eJapane, ngokwemvelo ibona izinto ngendlela ehluke kakhulu. Phakathi kwezikhulu ze-FA, kunendelelo embozwe kancane ngokunyakazisa iminwe kweBrithani neNew Zealand, izwe elinezigidi zamahektare omhlaba wamapulazi ocebile kanye nenani elincane labantu. Ukuziphilisa ngokudla kwaseJapan ngokuphambene nalokho, kuphansi kakhulu - ngamaphesenti angama-40 nje, phansi ukusuka kumaphesenti angama-73 ngo-1965.
Iliphi ilungelo i-NZ elinalo lokusitshela ukuthi sisetshenziswa kanjani i-global sea commons? kubuza uNakamae Akira, iPhini Lomqondisi Jikelele we-FA. 'Isizathu sokuthi iNew Zealand, i-Australia neBrithani ibambe iqhaza wukuzazisa. Kulula kakhulu: amazwe angabandakanyeki kufanele aphume enkingeni. Ezilwandle, sihlukanisa yonke imithombo, pho kungani singahlukaniseli imikhomo?'
I-FA izibeke ngempumelelo ekhaya njengomvikeli osenkingeni wamalungelo e-Japan okwabelana ngokulinganayo kwezinsiza zasolwandle. I-Whaling iwumugqa wokukhuluma esihlabathini, ngale kwalokho kukhona okuyisisekelo esithandwayo setafula lesidlo sakusihlwa sase-Japan: tuna. Ukwengeza emqondweni wabo wokuvimbezela, izikhulu zezokudoba nazo zikholelwa ukuthi zibhekene nempi ekhulayo yokuncipha kwezinsiza neChina.
'Uma sihlulwa imikhomo, kuzokwenzakalani ngokulandelayo?' Kubuza uNakamae. 'Akusithina kuphela esithatha izinhlanzi. Sithatha amathani ayizigidi eziyisithupha ezinhlanzi ngonyaka, okungamaphesenti angaba yisihlanu yenani eliphelele lezinhlanzi ezidotshwa emhlabeni wonke ezingamathani ayizigidi eziyi-120. I-China iyodwa ithatha amathani ayizigidi ezingu-40, esondela engxenyeni yawo wonke. Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule inani lezinhlanzi ezithathwa yiChina liye laqhuma.'
I-Japan ikwehlisile ngempela ukudoba kwayo olwandle, kodwa abathengisi abasebenzela izinkampani ezinkulu ezihwebayo zaseJapane baya ngokuya bethenga izinhlanzi kwamanye amazwe. Izazi zemvelo zithi eziningi zezikebhe ze-tuna ezingu-132 ezisanda kuchithwa esivumelwaneni sokuzithandela se-Japan seziphelele eChina naseTaiwan, abadobi bazo abasiza ekuhlinzekeni imakethe yaseJapane.
Noma kunjalo, imakethe edla lubi futhi edla izambane likapondo yabantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.3 eduze kwaseJapane iyingxenye yesizinda esibi senkulumo-mpikiswano yomkhomo. Amathuba okuthi i-tuna ingase inyamalale ngolunye usuku ezitsheni zaseJapane ukudla kwakusihlwa kuwumbono ovame ukucelwa abezindaba baseJapane, futhi kule ndaba endala kumelwe manje kwengezwe ama-bogeymen amasha: i-China, kanye nemikhomo elambile ngokwayo.
I-FA ithi i-minke (emincane emincane kunawo wonke) kanye nezinye izinhlobo eziningana ziye zalulama futhi zidla izinhlanzi ngesivinini esiphindwe kahlanu kunesabantu, isimangalo esafaniswa esinye isazi sezemvelo nokusola isiqophamithi ngokucekela phansi amahlathi. Iphrojekthi yocwaningo eyanyatheliswa kushicilelo lukaNovemba 2006 lwe Isayensi ubikezela ukuthi lezi zinsiza zasolwandle zizobhidlika ngokuphelele ngo-2050. Kodwa abasekeli bomkhomo eJapane basikisela ukuthi inkinga 'ukuntuleka kokulinganisela' olwandle. 'Imikhomo idla izinhlanzi eziningi,' kusho ummeli we-LDP u-Hamada Yasukazu, ilungu eliholayo le-Parliamentary Whaling League. 'Kufanele sibuyisele ibhalansi olwandle ngokunciphisa izinombolo zabo.'
U-Hamada nozakwabo bakholelwa ukuthi i-Japan iyekethise ngokuhlala ku-IWC, ibambelela - okungenani ngokusemthethweni - ekumisweni kanye nokusebenzisa izigidigidi zama-yen ngonyaka iqoqa idatha yesayensi olwandle. Imikhomo manje isiphakathi kwezilwane ezicwaningwe kakhulu emhlabeni, okuxakayo okwenza kube lula kuma-pro-whalers ukuphikisa ngokuthi ukuzingela kungaqala kabusha. Futhi abanye abalondolozi bemvelo bayabasekela.
'Kucace bha ukuthi buncane ubungozi bokuthola imikhomo ekuzingeleni,' kusho uSato Tetsu, uProfessor We-Ecology and Environmental Sciences eNyuvesi yaseNagano. 'Sinendlela nohlelo lokuphatha ngokuqhubekayo izilwane zasendle nezinsiza, pho kungani singazami?'
Kunokuba ibune ngaphansi kwengcindezi yomhlaba wonke, indawo yokwamukela izivakashi e-pro-whaling e-Japan ikhula ngamandla futhi iqiniseka ngokwengeziwe ukuthi idatha yayo yesayensi ilungile. 'Uma nje amazwe amelene nemikhomo engeke asikhombise ukuthi sinephutha, sizoqhubeka nokulandela lo mgomo,' kusho uNakamae. 'Sizoqhubeka kuze kube yilapho umhlaba ukuqondisisa lokhu.'
I-Voodoo Nationalism
Izazi eziningi zendawo ezungezile emhlabeni wonke zinethemba lokuthi indaba yokudotshwa kwemikhomo eJapane izomane nje iphele njengoba imboni efayo manje. E-Japan, nokho, indawo yokwamukela izivakashi yezombangazwe ayikaze ibe namandla.
Lo mkhankaso usekelwa i-Parliamentary Whaling League enamalungu angama-98, amalungu ayo agqamile ahlanganisa uNdunankulu u-Abe Shinzo, indiza ephakeme ye-LDP u-Hayashi Yoshimasa (bobabili bavela esifundeni esibamba imikhomo eShimonoseki), uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle u-Aso Taro kanye neMeya yaseYokohama uNakata Hiroshi.
Wonke amaqembu amakhulu ezepolitiki abuye abamba imikhomo - ngisho namaKhomanisi - kanti iDiet iqhosha ngommeli oyedwa ophikisana nomkhomo - uKina Shokichi, wase-Okinawa. Ukusekela imbangela yokulwa nemikhomo eJapane kungaba okuthandwa kakhulu ngokwezombangazwe lapha njengokuhalalisa izikebhe zomkhomo Ezindlini ZePhalamende ZaseBrithani.
Laba bosopolitiki bangompetha bengqondo nesayensi, kodwa kusobala ukuthi ubuzwe bungenye yezinsika ezisekela umkhankaso wokudoba imikhomo. Abaningi bamaligi abakhuthele bangakwesokudla somkhakha wezepolitiki, futhi iningi alinabo izibopho zokhetho noma zezentengiselwano ekudobeni imikhomo: Amaphesenti angaphezudlwana kweshumi avela ezifundeni ezixhumene ngqo nemboni yomkhomo.
Izingxoxo ezimayelana nokulahlekelwa ukudotshwa kwemikhomo zigcwele ukulahlekelwa ukuziqhenya kwezwe. Lokhu ku-Hamada: 'Sikhuluma ngokudotshwa kwemikhomo, pho kungani sitshelwa ukuthi ukuzingela imikhomo akulungile? Satshelwa ukuthi asiyeke ukudla imikhomo ngenxa yengcindezi evela phesheya futhi iwubuqaba. Badla izinja eSouth Korea nezinkawu eShayina, futhi lokho bakubiza ngokuthi ubuqaba. Kufanele siqale ngokwamukela isiko lakwelinye icala lokupheka futhi sigweme ukubatshela ukuthi benzeni.'
Kunjalo ukungaguquguquki kwalezi zingxoxo kangangokuthi kungenzeka kwakhiwe indaba eyodwa: 'Besizingela futhi sidla imikhomo kusukela ngeSikhathi sikaJomon (8000 BC'"300 BC). Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, sasilambele amaprotheni futhi abahlali base-US basikhuthaza ukuba siphinde sizingele imikhomo. Babe sebephoqa iJapane ukuba ime futhi bagxeka amasiko ayo okudla ngokuthi 'awubuqaba.' Manje abayinaki isayensi, i-flout logic futhi bamukela imizwa phambi kwezicelo zethu ezinengqondo zokubuyela ekudobeni imikhomo okusimeme.'
Lokhu kulandisa kuhlangana ngisho nokuhlangana okubalulekile komlando wase-Japan: Ukubuyiselwa Kwe-Meiji, lapho, ngaphansi kosongo oluvela eNtshonalanga, izwe laqala ukuguquka ukusuka emphakathini ovaliwe, ongamafeudal ukuya esizweni sesimanje, esihwebayo. Abaphenyi bama-whalers abavamile ukuhluleka ukuveza ukuthi i-ejenti yalolu shintsho, u-Admiral Matthew Perry, 'omkhumbi wakhe omnyama' okuthiwa wavula amachweba aseJapane ukuze uhwebe, ubesemkhankasweni wemboni yokudotshwa kwemikhomo, eyayidinga amachweba aphephile kanye nezinto ezidingekayo ukuze zihwebe. abasebenzi.
'Ikhredithi yokuvula i-Japan yaya e-United States, futhi inkolelo evamile ukuthi i-United States yayiwuhlobo oluthile lokuhlomulaโฆkodwa angiwusekeli [lowo mbono noma] ukuthi intuthuko yeJapane njengesizwe sesimanje yavela ekwamukelweni Izimfuno zase-US,' kusho iMeya uNakata muva nje. 'Lokho iMelika eyayifuna ukukwenza ngokuyisisekelo kwakuwukugqugquzela imisebenzi yayo yokudoba imikhomoโฆKwakungokwezintshisakalo zayo zikazwelonke ukuvikela nokuvikela isisekelo sayo sokuhlinzeka.'
Kwabashisekeli bobuzwe, ukuphikisana komkhomo kanye nokulahlekelwa kwemboni kuhlotshaniswa phakade nobuzenzisi baseNtshonalanga kanye nokuhlazeka kokungena ezweni lanamuhla ngaphansi kwengcindezi yezibhamu zase-US. Lesi sono sasekuqaleni selokhu sahlanganiswa nokuphangwa kwezilwandle ngabadobi bemikhomo baseNtshonalanga (ukunganaki umlando waseJapan wokuzingela ngokweqile) kanye nokuhoxa ngenkani embonini ngeminyaka yawo-1980.
Akuyona ingozi neze ukuthi imizwa yokuthanda imikhomo ikhule eJapan njengoba inkinga yayo yezomnotho nezepolitiki yaba yimbi ngeminyaka yawo-1990. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi udaba lomkhomo lwaluwukuthi, ngokusho kwalowo owayeyisikhulu esiphezulu se-FA, uMasayuki Komatsu, 'wafa emanzini' ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980 nokuthi uhulumeni wayenamahemuhemu okuthi 'uzokwenza' imboni, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. ubuyiselwe ekuphileni ngobuzwe be-voodoo.
U-Hamada, isibonelo, ucacisa ngokucacile ukuthi kungani umkhankaso wokudoba imikhomo ubaluleke kangaka: 'Ngicabanga ukuthi inkinga kuphela lokho kubonisa ukuthi i-diplomacy yaseJapane ingafinyelela okuthile lapho inamathela ezibhamu zayo. Ngokuvamile eJapane maqondana ne-China namanye amazwe, wonke amakhadi e-diplomatic avame ukubanjelwa abaphikisi bethu. Izingxoxo zomkhomo ukuphela kwendawo lapho iJapan ingathatha khona isinyathelo ngokuqhubekayo. Sashaywa eminyakeni eyishumi edlule futhi sashaywa eminyakeni engu-20 edlule. Manje sesifinyelele kuleli qophelo. Singabonisa ukuthi i-diplomacy yaseJapane iyasebenza ezingxoxweni zokuzingela imikhomo.'
Uma kukhulunywa ngalo mongo, amandla ezepolitiki asetshenziswe emkhankasweni aqala ukuba nomqondo othile: I-Japan ingakhombisa ama-chops ayo ezombusazwe futhi ikhombise ukuthi ayichemile ngokuphelele enkundleni yezepolitiki yangaphandle, ikakhulukazi e-US. I-Whaling ivumela i-Japan ukuthi ikhulule ngokuphephile enkundleni yamazwe ngamazwe, ngaphandle kwengozi enkulu yezombusazwe. Kodwa lokho kuziba izindleko ezinkulu kubakhokhi bentela baseJapane.
Ukuthengwa Kwevoti kanye ne-IWC
Enye yezinto eziyimpikiswano kakhulu emkhankasweni wase-Japan wokuchitha ukuvinjelwa kokudotshwa kwemikhomo izinsolo zokusetshenziswa kosizo lwentuthuko yaphesheya ukuze 'uthenge' amavoti amazwe ampofu, izinsolo eziphikwa kakhulu yizikhulu zezokudoba. 'Sithumela usizo lwaphesheya kwezilwandle emazweni angaphezu kuka-160, okuhlanganisa namazwe amaningi amelene nemikhomo emazweni athuthukile,' kusho uMorishita Joji, umqondisi we-FA ezingxoxweni zamazwe ngamazwe. 'Lena yimali kahulumeni futhi ayihlangene nezindaba zepolitiki.'
Ngakho-ke yini echaza uguquko olumangalisayo ekulinganiseni kwamandla e-IWC: ukusuka kumlondolozi wemvelo (31'โ10) ekuqaleni kokumiswa ngo-1986 ukuya kwabaningi abasekela imikhomo yalo nyaka (32'โ33) e-St. Kitts?
Amalungu amaningi amasha ekhomishana angu-21, njenge-Marshall Islands kanye ne-St. Kitts & Nevis, awanawo umlando wokudoba imikhomo futhi amaningana, okuhlanganisa i-Mongolia ne-Mali, ayinawo ugu. Wonke amalungu amasha angamazwe asathuthuka futhi cishe ingxenye yawo ivela eNtshonalanga Afrika.
Abenzi bomthetho abaholayo abasekela umkhomo njengoHayashi baphikisana ngokuphelele nezikhulu futhi bayavuma ukuthi lokhu kushintsha kwamandla bekungafezwa kuphela ngomkhankaso oqhubekayo wokuqasha abalingani.
'Ngicabanga ukuthi iningi lamazwe asanda kujoyina, okuhlanganisa i-Caribbean, amazwe ase-Afrika kanye namazwe aseMelika Emaphakathi afana neNicaragua ajoyine ngenxa yemizamo ehlanganyelwe yinkambu esekela imikhomo. Sisebenzisana futhi sinxenxa amazwe amasha. Uyazi, akekho ojoyina ngaphandle kwesimemo noma ukunxenxa (ehleka). Ngesikhathi kuphasiswa isimemezelo besingaphansi kwekota eyodwa ngakho manje sesibaneningi.'
U-Hayashi kanye nabanye abadlali beligi baphikelela iminyaka eminingi ukuthi ukudotshwa kwemikhomo kuyindaba, ngokwamazwi akhe, 'yezithakazelo zezwe ezibalulekile' futhi kufanele isohlelwe phezulu ohlwini lwemibandela ye-ODA. Kusukela ngo-2002, basebenze eduze noMnyango Wezangaphandle (i-MOFA) kanye neHhovisi likaNdunankulu ukuxhumanisa ama-diplomacy omhlaba jikelele wokudoba imikhomo.
Ngokwesibonelo, uNdunankulu uKoizumi wazwakalisa ukubonga kwakhe ngokusekela ukudoba imikhomo kumongameli waseNicaragua, u-Enrique Bolanas Geyer, emhlanganweni wengqungquthela owawungo-June 2004. Ngemva kwenyanga eyodwa, iJapane yasisula isikweletu saseNicaragua saba ngamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-118.4. I-diplomacy yase-Japan ye-whaling yakhelwe phezu kwezivumelwano eziningi ezifanayo.
Izinsolo zokuthi amazwe anothile, okuhlanganisa ne-Japan, ahlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-ODA nezintshisakalo zayo zamasu azintsha neze. Njengoba intatheli yase-Australia ethembeke ngokuqabulayo esekela imikhomo uPadraic P. McGuinness ikubeka: 'Kuwumkhuba ovamile kwezombangazwe zomhlaba ukuthi amazwe acebile afumbathise amazwe ampofu.'
Kodwa ingabe leli su lizophumelela ukunqoba i-Japan, i-Iceland kanye ne-Norway ingxenye enkulu ye-IWC engamaphesenti angu-75 edingekayo ukuze kuqedwe ukumiswa? Ngokudabukisayo, impendulo eyamukelwa cishe yibo bonke abahilelekile, ukuthi ngeke.
'Akunakwenzeka neze [eJapane] ukuthi ithole amavoti angu-60 asekela umkhomo, futhi ngisho noma inganxenxa amanye amazwe amaningi, amazwe amaningi amelene nemikhomo azojoyina i-IWC,' kusho u-Ishii Atsushi, isazi sesayensi yezepolitiki eNyuvesi yaseTohoku. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Israyeli wajoyina uhlangothi olusekela imikhomo okokuqala ngqa e-St. Kitts, futhi maningi amazwe amaningi lapho avela khona: lapho iTokyo ibutha izimbangi eziningi, kulapho kunamandla khona ukusabela okungenzeka kwabalondolozi bemvelo.
Noma kunjalo, i-diplomacy iyaqhubeka. Umkhankaso wase-Japan wokuchitha ukuvinjelwa uxhumene eduze nesigaba esisodwa sosizo - 'Isibonelelo Sosizo Lwezokudoba kanye Nokubambisana Kwaso Kwezobuchwepheshe.' Esinye isilinganiso siwukuthi ingxenye yesithathu yezigidigidi zamarandi kwezokudoba usizo lwesibonelelo luhlakazekile kwabalingani abasha bomkhomo baseTokyo phakathi kuka-1994 no-2005.
Lokho akuqedeli ubukhulu baseJapan. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Landlocked Mongolia, kube yilabo abathola izibonelelo zamasiko nosizo lwemalimboleko. Usizo lwaseJapan oluya eMongolia manje seluhlanganisa 'cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yosizo oluphelele lwamazwe angaphandle nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe,' kusho iwebhusayithi ye-MOFA. Ubani ongazizwa ephephile uma eqagela ukuthi ukwanda okunjalo kwelinye lamazwe ampofu kakhulu emhlabeni akunawo umthelela esimeni sawo esisemthethweni ezithangamini zamazwe ngamazwe lapho iJapane iyindawo evelele khona?
Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, i-MOFA nezinye izikhulu ziye zangena ngamakhulu ohambo lwaphesheya ukuze zixoxisane ngezinkinga zomkhomo namanxusa angaphandle, futhi isingathe inqwaba yezingqungquthela ekhaya. Ngakho-ke, ukulinganisa izindleko eziphelele zokuheha ababambisene nabo bomkhomo abangu-21 baseJapane, kanye nomzamo oqhubekayo wokuthola abaningi, ngakho-ke kugubuzelwe yimfihlakalo kodwa kufinyelela ezigidini zezigidi zama-yen.
Ngokuphawulekayo, esimweni esishintshashintshayo sokuncishiswa kwesabelomali somphakathi, kunesithakazelo esincane esisobala sabezindaba kulo msebenzi obizayo wokusebenzelana komkhomo, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi alikho ithemba lempumelelo.
Ngisho noNakamae we-FA uyavuma ukuthi mancane amathuba okuqasha amazwe angama-60: 'Uma kubhekwa isimo samanje lapho izinhlangothi ezimbili zisebenza ngokuphambana, kuzoba nzima kakhulu ukubona izingxenye ezintathu kwezine ze-IWC,' usho kanje. (Khumbula lapha umthetho wesithupha owusizo emhlabeni wokuphatha: Yebo kusho ukuthi mhlawumbe; mhlawumbe kusho ukuthi kunzima; kunzima kakhulu kusho ukuthi akunakwenzeka).
Abasekeli bomkhomo bathemba ukuthi ukushintsha ukwakheka kwe-IWC kuzobuyisela inkulumo-mpikiswano emuva ekubanjweni kwemikhomo esimeme, kusho umkhulumeli we-FA uMoronuki Hideki. 'Sithemba ukuthi isimo se-IWC sizoshintsha kakhulu.' Inkundla ihlelelwe isimo esingase siqhubeke iminyaka futhi okwamanje, 'ukudoba imikhomo yesayensi' kuyaqhubeka...
Ukubuyela Ekudongeni Umkhomo?
Udaba lomkhomo-ke, ngokusho kwesinye isazi sezemvelo, 'luyisiphithiphithi.'
Ngaphakathi kwe-Japan, i-FA iqhuba umbukiso cishe ongenakho ukucutshungulwa okubucayi kwabezindaba noma ithonya lezinye izingxenye zikahulumeni (njenge-MOFA) engase ithathe indlela encane yokubhekana; abenzi bomthetho bayabasekela ngaphandle kwezindleko zezombangazwe, futhi imboni ye-miniscule whaling iphila ngenjabulo ngoxhaso.
Anjalo amandla alokhu kuvumelana okungajabulisi. Abanye bayazibuza ukuthi ngeke yini uqhubeke unomphela.
'I-Japan ayizimisele ngempela ngokususa lesi sinqumo ngoba isimo esikhona manje asisibi kulabo abasekela imikhomo,' kusho iSato yaseNagano University. 'Basekelwa kakhulu umphakathi, amakhongolose kanye nezimboni.'
I-IWC ayinamandla, ibhalansiswe kahle phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili ezilwayo ezilengiswe endaweni yomoya oshisayo wezepolitiki. Kwabaningi bezemvelo be-IWC, ukulahlekelwa ukuvinjelwa kokudotshwa kwemikhomo kungasho inhlekelele kodwa ngendlela exakile, basiza ukusekela umkhankaso ngokungeza uphethiloli wenkulumo ezimpikiswaneni ze-FA zokuthi umhlaba wonke 'awuqondi' isiko lomkhomo.
'Abantu baseJapane abasekeli ngempela umkhomo,' kusho u-Ishii. 'Bavele bamelene nomkhomo. Bakholelwa i-FA uma ithi umhlaba uyabavimba ukuba badle umkhomo.' Njengoba nje ingekho inhloko-dolobha yezombangazwe okufanele yenziwe eJapan ekulweni nemikhomo ephikisanayo, amaqembu emvelo - amaningi agcinwe ekhokhiswa imali evela ezigidini zabasekeli bokulwa nemikhomo - akukho angakunqoba ngokuyekethisa.
Imibhikisho yase-Australia, i-New Zealand ne-Great Britain ngeke inciphise amandla okuzizwa i-pro-whaling e-Japan futhi ingase yengeze kukho. Ithemba kuphela lomkhankaso oqinile wokulwa nokudotshwa kwemikhomo eMelika, okubukeka sengathi, lingaphazamisa ukuzethemba kwe-FA, isizathu esisodwa sokuthi kungani abezemvelo bengase bagxile emkhankasweni wabo wokuthola i-humpback lapho ngonyaka ozayo.
Abanye abalondolozi bemvelo sebeqala ukubuza, sekuyisikhathi sokubiza i-bluff yaseJapan? Uma i-FA izimisele ngokubulala imikhomo, ivumele, futhi ihlole isimangalo sayo sokuthi i-whaling esimeme manje kungenzeka. Le nhlangano ivumile ukuvumela izingqapheli zamazwe ngamazwe ukuthi zigibele imikhumbi yayo edoba imikhomo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukudoba ngokweqile. 'Lawa akuwona amasardine,' kusho uNakamae. 'Izilwane ezinkulu, kulula ukuziqapha.'
Kahle kahle, ukuvumelana okunjalo kungakhawulelwa endaweni ekhethekile yokudoba yase-Japan yamamayela angu-200 kodwa kungase kudingeke ukuthi kuvunyelwe ukudotshwa kwemikhomo olwandle okulinganiselwe, lapho kwenzeka i-IWC Revised Management Scheme - 'indlela yokubeka imikhawulo ephephile yokubamba ezitokisini ezithile ezindaweni lapho izinombolo ziningi' โ kungabaluleka.
'I-RMS yakhelwe kahle kakhulu,' kusho uSato. 'Ingolunye lwezinhlelo eziqinile, ezithuthuke kakhulu zokuphatha izinsiza, futhi luqinile kakhulu. Lolu uhlelo olungcono kakhulu esinalo njengamanje.' Futhi uyanezela: 'Uma lesi sinqumo sisuswa bazokuthola kunzima ukusimamisa imboni yezohwebo futhi kungenzeki ukuyivuselela.'
Ukuvuma ukudotshwa kwemikhomo okudayiswayo kungaba iphilisi elibabayo abaligwinya abalondolozi bemvelo, ababezobe begembula ukuthi kuzosusa umusi emkhankasweni waseJapane futhi kudalule ubuthakathaka bemboni yomkhomo.
Ekuphakameni kwayo ngeminyaka yawo-1960, imboni yaziqhenya ngemikhumbi eyisishiyagalombili enemikhumbi engama-30'โ40 ekhiqiza amathani angaphezu kuka-200,000 enyama ngonyaka; manje isinomkhumbi owodwa wezikebhe eziyisithupha. Nakuba umenzi wezomthetho uHayashi ethi โamaphesenti angu-60โ abantu baseJapane angaphinde athonywe ukuba adle inyama yomkhomo, izingqapheli eziningi ezingathathi hlangothi zikholelwa ukuthi ngenani elikhona manje eliyiphesenti elilodwa nje kuphela, lokhu kunethemba elikhulu. Inyama yomkhomo ngeke iphinde ibe umkhiqizo othengwa kakhulu.
Ezinye izinzuzo zingalandela. UMnyango Wezempilo, owaziwa ngokuthi ukhathazekile ngamazinga ayingozi e-PCB, i-mercury nama-dioxins enyameni yomkhomo, uzoba namandla kakhulu ngokumelene ne-FA, njengoba kungase kube ne-MOFA, umlingani omadolonzima ongcono kakhulu ekuthunjweni komkhomo. Futhi njengoba i-FA ingakwazi ukusho ukuthi 'ama-imperialists' aseNtshonalanga avimba izimangalo zabo ezisemthethweni, enye yezinsika zemibono yomkhankaso iyawa.
'Lonke udaba lokudotshwa kwemikhomo kuwuhlobo oluthile lomdlalo we-parlor lapho ubuzwe bezilwane ezincane buchuma khona,' kusho uTakeuchi Keiji, umakadebona wombhali wesayensi we- Asahi iphephandaba. 'Uhlangothi lwaseJapan luyathanda ukuya ezingqungqutheleni ze-IWC. Kuwuhambo lwabo, njengempi yesibhakela. Futhi izazi zemvelo sezineminyaka engu-20, 25. Kodwa ayikho ingxoxo yangempela. Bonke bayayithanda inkulumo-mpikiswano, kodwa lena inkinga encane futhi kufanele kube lula ukuyixazulula.'
Inkulumo-mpikiswano Yomkhomo: Ochwepheshe Bakhuluma
'Kunenani lezinto, ezingokwebhayoloji nezomnotho, eziholele ekutheni imboni ibhubhise izinhlobo zomkhomo zilandelana, nakuba imboni ibincike ekusindeni kwayo. Ngakho, ukuvinjelwa kokudotshwa kwemikhomo ngokwezentengiselwano kufanele kugcinwe futhi kungaxutshwa nomqondo wokulondoloza isiko kanye/noma isiko. Amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-70 omphakathi waseJapane awakusekeli ukudotshwa kwemikhomo eSouthern Ocean, kodwa uhulumeni waseJapane uyaqhubeka nokuthumela imikhumbi yawo edoba imikhomo ukuba 'iyokwenza ucwaningo.' Lokhu kufanele kuphele.'
- USato Junichi, iGreenpeace Japan Ocean Campaign Project Manager
'Asikhulumi ngokuzingela imikhomo kuze kuphele nya. Sonke siyazi ukuthi izinsiza zomkhomo zazike zasetshenziswa ngokweqile. Kodwa umqondo wokunciphisa ezinye izitoko ukhona kuzo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, kusukela kwezinyamazane kuya kuma-kangaroo. Ngiyazibuza ukuthi kungani abantu besabela ngokweqile emikhomo kuphela. Sasidla njengengxenye yesiko lethu kodwa kwavalwa ngenxa yengcindezi yangaphandle. Ngakho siphoqeleka ukuthi sivikele isiko lethu ngaphansi kwegama lokuzingela ucwaningo.'
- UHamada Yasukazu, ummeli we-LDP kanye nelungu eliholayo le-Whaling Parliamentary League
'Njengendlela yokujwayeza izingane ngenyama yomkhomo, sihlinzeka izikole zamabanga aphansi ngenyama yomkhomo. Inyama iphuma emikhomoni eyabanjelwa izinjongo zocwaningo futhi ithengiswa ngentengo ephansi kunezinga elijwayelekile lemakethe. Izikole zibe seziphakela umkhomo ngezindlela ezahlukene: njengama-cutlets, ama-hamburger steaks kanye nesitsha esithosiwe. Ezinganeni eziningi, kungokokuqala ngqa ukuba zidle inyama yomkhomo. Bonke bathi imnandi.'
- Hatanaka Hiroshi, uMqondisi Jikelele we-Institute of Cetacean Research.
'Imbangela eyinhloko yenkinga yokudotshwa kwemikhomo e-Japan uhlobo oluthile lokuhlukumezeka noma ukuziqhenya okucekeleke phansi okudluliselwa ezizukulwaneni zezikhulu. Ukuhlukumezeka kwavela eJapane ebizwa ngokuthi izwe elinonya, futhi kuphonswa amaqanda nopende kulo. Ukuze kuqedwe lokhu kuhlukumezeka izikhulu zidinga ngempela ukuthi ukumiswa kususwe. Lokhu bazokubona njengokunqoba kwesistimu yabo yenani. Akuyona inkinga ngempela yokuvuselela imboni yomkhomo manje; kuyinkinga yokuziqhenya ngobuzwe, noma okungenani ukuziqhenya kukahulumeni kanye nezikhundla. Badinga ukunqoba okungokomfanekiso.'
- USato Tetsu, uProfessor we-Ecology and Environmental Sciences, eNyuvesi yaseNagano.
'I-Japan, i-Iceland ne-Norway ikhipha imikhomo ngaphandle kwe-IWC. Kuyinhlanhla ukuthi kulaba abathathu nje. Asinaso isiqiniseko sokuthi amanye amazwe azobamba iqhaza ekudobeni ngokuzithiba, nokuzithiba. Kufanele kube mayelana nokuphatha okusimeme kunezimpikiswano mayelana nemibono ehlukene yefilosofi yemikhomo.'
- UMorishita Joji, uMqondisi Wezingxoxo Zamazwe Ngamazwe, I-Ejensi Yezokudoba.
UDavid McNeill ubhala ngeJapan weLondon Independent nezinye izincwadi. Ungumxhumanisi we-Japan Focus. Lena inguqulo ebuyekeziwe ye-athikili evele ku- I-Japan Times ngo-February 11, 2007 futhi yathunyelwa e-Japan Focus..
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