Umongameli wasePhilippine uRodrigo Duterte "Impi Yezidakamizwa" egcwele igazi manje isifuniwe phezu 27,000 izimpilo - cishe bonke abantu abampofu nabampofu, kuhlanganise nezingane, ababulawa amaphoyisa noma abaqaphi.
Over 140,000 iziboshwa ezandulela ukuqulwa kwamacala zigcinwe emajele agcwele phama ePhilippines, abaningi ngamanga amacala ezidakamizwa; Amaphesenti angu-75 engqikithi yamajele asalindele usuku lwawo enkantolo, ingasaphathwa eyokugwetshwa. Phezu kwalokhu, ukubulawa kwabameli bamalungelo abantu, izintatheli, abagqugquzeli bezisebenzi nabalimi, abaholi bomdabu, abefundisi, othisha nezishoshovu kudlondlobala.
UDuterte uvale ngokuhlelekile amazwi okuphikisa kwezombusazwe, uSenator oboshiwe uLeila DeLima, umgxeki wokuqala wempi yezidakamizwa; exosha iJaji Elikhulu LeNkantolo Ephakeme uMaria Lourdes Sereno, owayephikisana nokumiswa komthetho wezempi eMindanao; futhi manje kubopha u-Maria Ressa, intatheli edume umhlaba wonke kanye nomhleli omkhulu we-indy outlet Phindaphinda.
Ngaleso sikhathi, okungaziwa kangako izethameli zase-US, uDuterte wehlise amabhomu emhlabathini wasePhilippine 368,391 izikhathi - futhi ezinye 450,000 izakhamuzi ziye zaxoshwa ngenxa yezempi. Ngemuva kokuqeda izingxoxo zokuthula ne-National Democratic Front yasePhilippines (NDFP), uDuterte usebophe abeluleki bokuthula abavikelwe emhlabeni jikelele. Futhi ngoJanuwari, umeluleki u-Randy Malayao kwaba wabulawa ngegazi elibandayo ngamadoda ahlomile.
Selokhu iPhilippines ithola inkululeko esemthethweni ngo-1946, i-US ibilokhu ikhona amasosha endaweni yayo yangaphambili, iqondisa futhi isekela imisebenzi “yokulwa nabavukeli” ukuze kuliwe ukuvukela okungapheli kuhulumeni we-oligarchic. Namuhla, amabutho ahlomile asePhilippine aqondise udlame ngokweqile hhayi kubahlaseli bangaphandle, kodwa kubantu abampofu nabancishwe inyumbazana ngaphakathi kwemingcele yawo. Usizo lwezempi lwase-US lwenza izingxabano zangaphakathi zibe zimbi nakakhulu.
Izimali zabakhokhi bentela baseMelika zibhanga inkinga yamalungelo abantu eyandayo ePhilippines.
Umbuso wengcindezelo kaDuterte ngu ngobukhulu umamukeli wosizo lwezempi lwase-US e-Asia.
Ngo-2016, i-US yasiza ukusungula impi yezidakamizwa kaDuterte ngokupha $ 32 million emaphoyiseni asePhilippine (okuthiwa “ukuqeqeshwa kanye nezinkonzo” kokuthi “izindinganiso zamaphoyisa” kanye “nomthetho womthetho,” ngaphandle kwalokho imishini). NgoJulayi 2018, i-United States yamemezela enye eyengeziwe $ 26.5 million ngamadola entela aseMelika ukuqinisa ukwesekwa kwamaphoyisa asePhilippine, egameni elithi “counter-terrorism.”
Ngo-FY2018, uMnyango Wezokuvikela uhlinzeke cishe amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-100 ngosizo lwezempi, okuhlanganisa imishini, izikhali, kanye nezinhlelo zokuqapha zasemoyeni, emabuthweni namaphoyisa asePhilippine, nakuba i-Operation Pacific Eagle - okuthiwa "ukusebenza kwezimo eziphuthumayo zaphesheya kwezilwandle" ekhululiwe kusukela kumikhawulo yekhongolose ekusetshenzisweni kwemali. Inani elifunekayo lalolu hlelo lizokhuphuka libe $ 108.2 million ngo-FY2019 - njengoba noMnyango Wezokuvikela wenze njalo avunyelwe ilahlekelwe umkhondo wokuthengiswa kwezikhali okungu-76 kwezingu-77 okwenziwa ngaphansi kwezivumelwano zamazwe amabili nePhilippines.
Ngo-2018, ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, i-US yathengisa iPhilippine amaphoyisa futhi wezempi izikhali ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-63 zamaRandi. Iphinde yanikela 2,253 izibhamu zemishini, ngaphezulu 5 abayizigidi ezingu izinhlamvu zezinhlamvu, izinto zokugada, nezinye izikhali. Usizo lwezempi lwafinyelela okungenani ku-$193.5 million ngonyaka odlule, hhayi okuhlanganisa ukuthengiswa kwezikhali, nezinto ezinikelwe zenani elingabikwanga. Okungenani amaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-145.6 asevele ethenjisiwe ngo-2019.
NgoJanuwari, uTrump ugunyaze u-$1.5 billion wesifunda sase-Asia Pacific, okuhlanganisa nePhilippines, kusukela ngo-2019 kuya ku-2023. Nakuba lesi sabelo-mali sihlanganisa umgomo ukuthi imali yokulwa nezidakamizwa izoba hhayi ukuya ePhilippines (“ngaphandle kokunciphisa isidingo sezidakamizwa,” indawo engase ibe khona), kuncane kakhulu, sekwephuze kakhulu. Ukubekelwa eceleni akunamikhawulo ekuxhaseni ngezikhali kwezempi yasePhilippine. Futhi ngokwehlukana, uMnyango Wezwe usuvele uhlela ukuletha $ 5.3 million kulo nyaka emaphoyiseni asePhilippine ngemisebenzi yokulwa nezidakamizwa. Okubi kakhulu, inkohlakalo edlangile kanye nokungabi bikho kwezinto obala kusho ukuthi kunzima ukuqinisekisa ukuthi usizo lwezempi lungaphelela kuphi.
Imishini yezempi yase-US yakha umgogodla wohlelo lukaDuterte “lwesimanjemanje lwezempi”.
Nakuba usizo olungenhla luncane uma luqhathaniswa nesabelomali sezempi sase-US esikhukhumele, lokhu kudluliselwa okukhulu kwezikhali nobuchwepheshe bokugada kubalulekile ekuphakamiseni amandla amabutho ahlomile ase-Philippine.
UDuterte useqale uhlelo lokufisa ukwenza “isimanjemanje” amasosha asePhilippine, ekhulisa kakhulu uxhaso futhi ethululela imali eningi kulokhu kunasekusetshenzisweni. iminyaka eyizi-15 edlule. (Ngaleso sikhathi, yena Kabili amaholo ezempi namaphoyisa.) Wayengeke akwazi ukwenza lokho ngaphandle kosizo nezikhali zase-US.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-US inentshisekelo ikakhulukazi ukwandisa ohambweni lwasemoyeni “lobunhloli, ukugada, nokuhlola” phezu kwe-Mindanao, isiqhingi esikhulu kunazo zonke esiseNingizimu ye-Philippines, esicebile ngezimbiwa phansi ezingakasetshenziswa. Ngaphandle kosizo lwaseMelika, amasosha asePhilippine angeke aswele izindiza nobuchwepheshe bokwenza lokhu kugada.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isabelomali salo nyaka se-Operation Pacific Eagle sibeka eceleni esengeziwe $ 3.5 million ngemizamo yezempi yase-US yokuqoqa nokuhlaziya "imidiya yendawo ngezilimi zomdabu" - okugcizelela ukuthi i-US ilwela ukuba phezulu ekuqondiseni imisebenzi yamasosha asePhilippine. Futhi ekunqobeni impi yolwazi phezu kombono womphakathi.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-US iye yafinyelela 5,000 amasosha atshalwe ePhilippines nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Ngokusemthethweni, amasosha ase-US anqunyelwe "ukuzivocavoca okuhlangene" nemidlalo yempi. Kodwa imibuzo iphakanyiswe ngaphezulu abasebenzi base-US okungenzeka ukubandakanyeka emisebenzini eyimfihlo, okuholela ekubulaweni kwezakhamuzi kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu.
Endabeni ka-2015 Mamasapano ukubulala, okuthiwa ingaphansi kwegunya lamaphoyisa namasosha asePhilippines kuphela, ukuqulwa kwamacala kamuva avuliwe Isiqondiso sase-US nokusekelwa kokubhekwa, ngaphandle kwe-US ukuphika. Ngaleso sikhathi, amasosha ase-US ahlukumeza amalungelo abantu, ukubulala, noma ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi, bavinjwe ukuthi bangathwesi icala yi-US-Philippines Visiting Forces Agreement.
Iyini imiphumela ye-bonanza yosizo lwezempi lukaDuterte?
Okubalulekile ukuthi, uhulumeni wase-US ubambe iqhaza - futhi usekela ngenkuthalo - inkinga yamalungelo abantu eqhubekayo ePhilippines.
Amaphoyisa kuxhunyiwe ekubulaweni okwenziwa ngabaqaphi abangaziwa eMpini Yezidakamizwa, kanye nezabo inkohlakalo kugcwele. Ngaphandle kokumaka abantu abangahlomile abababulalile ngokuthi “bazilwela,” amaphoyisa akwenzile etshaliwe ubufakazi; ezidluliselwa kuhlaselwa abesifazane futhi izingane, ngo ukushintshanisa ukukhulula noma ukwehlisa izindleko zezidakamizwa; futhi bavalele abantu ngaphandle kwamacala futhi bebahlukumeza ukuze bathole ukufunjathiswa, kuhlanganise nokusebenzisa secret ukubamba amaseli.
Ngaphezu kwempi yezidakamizwa, ingcindezelo iyanda nakweminye imikhakha. Izintatheli eziyishumi nambili babulawa eminyakeni emibili yokuqala ngaphansi kukaDuterte - isibalo esiphezulu sezintatheli ezabulawa eminyakeni emibili yokuqala esehhovisi kunoma yimuphi umongameli wasePhilippine. Okungenani 34 abameli basocongwe, okuhlanganisa noBenjamin Ramos weNational Union of People's Lawyers, ummeli omele iSagay 9 - abalimi, okuhlanganisa nabesifazane nezingane, babulawa ngenxa yokuzama ukufuna umhlaba abawunikezwe ngokusemthethweni.
Okungenani 48 abakhankasi bezemvelo babulawa ngo-2017 kuphela, okwenza iPhilippines ibe yizwe lesibili eliyingozi kakhulu kwezemvelo, ngemuva kweBrazil. Ngo-2018, 14 izibhicongo, ukubulawa ikakhulukazi kwabalimi ababelwela ukubuyiselwa umhlaba, kwakwenziwa amaphoyisa, amasosha, noma izikhulu zezempi.
Abaholi bezisebenzi babulawa kusetshenziswa amaqhinga afana nalawo empi yezidakamizwa. U-Edilberto Miralles, umongameli we-R&E Taxi Transport union, wayekhona udutshulwe emini libalele phambi kweKhomishana Kazwelonke Yobudlelwano Bezabasebenzi ngo-2016. U-Linus Cubol, usihlalo we-Kilusang Mayo Uno e-Caraga, wabulawa ngoNovemba ngabaqaphi abagibele ngokuhambisana. Amaphoyisa ukushaya ngesihluku ngokukhetha ngokuthula abasebenzi bakwa-NutriAsia esitelekeni nabasekeli babo, ukulimaza Izikolo; base bethwesa abaqoki icala lokushaya, izikhali ezitshalwe, nokuzama ukucindezela izintatheli ezibika ngokuhlakazeka.
Ngaphansi kukaDuterte, ngaphezulu 134 abavikeli bamalungelo abantu babulewe. Esimweni esisodwa nje, ngo-2017, u-Elisa Badayos no-Eleuterio Moises babe wabulawa ngenkathi sisebenzela ithimba elithola iqiniso eliphenya ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu ngenxa yezempi e-Negros Oriental.
Kusukela ngo-2017, uDuterte ubeke umthetho wezempi eMindanao. Ukwanda kwezempi kubangela ukuhlukunyezwa okugcwele kubantu bomdabu kanye nabantu baseMoro. Imishini "yokuqapha" yasemoyeni isivele yenza inqwaba yosizo lwase-US embuthweni wezempi wasePhilippine. Ngokunokwenzeka ngokuhlobene ngqo, ukuqhuma kwamabhomu e-Mindanao kuye kwanda - ikakhulukazi emazweni abomdabu, okubangele ukuphuma kwabantu abaningi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhumbuza amaqhinga axhaswe yi-US e-Latin America aholela ekubulaweni kwabantu bomdabu, amasosha asePhilippine, kanye amaqembu amasosha it izingalo futhi iziqondiso, zithuse imiphakathi yendabuko. Umbutho wezempi usubuthe waze waphoqa abantu bomdabu ukuthi babe ngamasosha njengendlela yokuhlukanisa nokunqoba.
Ukumelana namaqembu omdabu kuseqhulwini emzabalazweni wokulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ePhilippines nasemhlabeni jikelele. Manje, izindawo zabo, njengalezo ezisePantaron Range yaseMindanao, zingamanye ambalwa asele azovulelwa ukugawulwa kwemithi nokumbiwa kwezimayini yizinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe. Ukwakhiwa kwezempi kwezindawo zomdabu, okuthiwa kusegameni lokulwa nokuvukela umbuso, kuhlose ukuqeda lo mphakathi ohleliwe. ukuphikiswa ukudliwa komhlaba kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo.
Imfundo i phakathi of umphakathi Ukumelana - futhi manje ukucindezelwa kanjalo.
Amasosha kanye nama-paramilitary aqondise abomdabu umphakathi izikole - ukuguqula izinkundla zabo zibe izindawo zokukanisa amasosha, ukudubula othisha nabafundi, ukuqhumisa izikole ngamabhomu - ukuphoqa ukuthi zivalwe. Izingane zomdabu kanye nothisha bazo yibona abayizisulu zalo mkhankaso.
NgoSepthemba 2017, u-Obello Bay-ao, umfundi wesikole sikaSalugpongan eDulyan, eTalaingod, wabulawa ngama-paramilitaries ase-Alamara ngenkathi ehamba ekhaya evela ekulima. Udutshulwe amahlandla angu-24 emhlane. Kuwo lo mphakathi bekukhona omunye umfundi oneminyaka engu-15 udutshulwe phansi ngu-Alamara ngo-2016, kuyilapho intombazane eneminyaka engu-14 ubudala ibika ukuthi kudlwengulwe iqembu lezigelekeqe ngamasosha ngo-2015.
NgoMeyi 2018, uBeverly Geronimo, uthisha wezingane zomdabu, waba udutshulwe phansi e Trento, Agusan del Sur ngenkathi uthenga izinto zesikole. NgoNovemba 2018, othisha abane, uTema Namatidong, uJulius Torregosa, u-Ariel Barluado, noGiovanni Solomon, uthathwe ngamasosha e-Lanao del Sur.
The uhlu of ububi iyaqhubeka. NgoJuni 2018, 72 izikole azikwazanga ukubamba amakilasi ngenxa yokuhlukunyezwa ngamasosha. Over 2,000 abafundi bomdabu abakwazanga ukuya esikoleni ngenxa yenkambu yezempi eseduze.
Izikole ezihlaselwayo ziyingxenye ye ukunyakaza eholwa ngamaqembu endabuko, kanye nama-NGO kanye nabalingani besonto, ukuze banikeze imfundo efanele entsheni yabo, inkonzo enganakiwe kakhulu uhulumeni. Amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye izingane zomdabu azikwazi ukufinyelela imfundo esemthethweni. Ngeminyaka yawo-2000, imiphakathi yendabuko Esungulwe izikole in ukuhlangana ngemizabalazo yabo yokuzibusa, ngethemba lokuthi imfundo izobasiza ukubavikela ekuthathweni komhlaba. Amasosha afune ukubiza izikole zomphakathi ngokuthi “amakamu okuqeqesha” amavukela-mbuso angamaKhomanisi, esanda kwethula imikhankaso ye-Facebook yale njongo.
Usizo lwezempi lwase-US luqinisa ukungqubuzana eMindanao, okwenza kube nomthelela omkhulu kubantu abavamile. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwe-US ekuqapheni okusemoyeni kuzokhulisa impi yomoya enomthelela omubi nokungakhethi kubantu kanye nemvelo. Ukuhlanganiswa komsebenzi "wobuhlakani" ekulweni nobuphekula kuyingozi. Kungase kubhebhethekise ingcindezelo kunoma ngubani ohlelela abomdabu, abasebenzi, namalungelo abantu - ukudlisa igazi elikhulayo njengoba kusetshenziswa amasosha ukuze adicilele phansi le mizabalazo yasendaweni, kuyilapho kuhlinzeka amasosha kahulumeni indawo yokubalekela ukuziphendulela.
Udlame lwanamuhla aluhlukaniseki nesithunzi sombuso wase-US. Impi yezidakamizwa iwukuhlanzwa kwabantu abathathwa njengabayize emphakathini lapho amanetha okuphepha kwezenhlalo ayengakaze avunyelwe ukuthi athuthukiswe, lapho ukwehluleka kwezinguquko zezomnotho ze-neoliberal manje kudlala ezandleni ze-despotism, nalapho ama-elite asekelwa yi-US ehlala eqashwe nguhulumeni. ukubukela phansi intando yeningi.
Ibekwe endaweni yomlando, i-Mindanao, kanye nalawo mazwe emiphakathi yomdabu ehlaselwayo, kwakungezinye zezindawo zokugcina ezimelene nombuso waseSpain nowaseMelika. Iziqhingi - ezibizwa ngokuthi trump "isiqephu sezindlu ezithengiswayo esibalulekile ngokombono wezempi" - sekuyisikhathi eside sisebenza njengesitebhisi esibheke ezifisweni ze-US zokubusa e-Asia-Pacific. Usizo lwezempi lwase-US luqhubeka nenqubo ende “yokuqinisa” - kanye nokunqoba kwamakholoni, manje okwenzeka ngezindlela ze-neocolonial.
Izinhlangano zabantu ePhilippines zifuna ubumbano lwamazwe ngamazwe, ukuze kuqedwe impi esekelwa yi-US emiphakathini yabo.
Bafuna futhi ukuthula nobulungiswa - inqubo yokuthula eyamukela izinguquko zesakhiwo njengalezo ezivezwe kuyo I-CASER, uhlelo i-NDFP eyayifuna ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni ngokulusebenzisa ngezingxoxo zokuthula, ezihlanganisa ukuguqulwa komhlaba, ukuhoxiswa kwezinqubomgomo zezomnotho ze-neoliberal, kanye nokuhlonipha umhlaba wendabuko kanye nokuzikhethela.
Ngo 2016, Sandugo, umfelandawonye oyingqopha-mlando wamaqembu omdabu kanye ne-Moro avela kulo lonke elase-Philippines, akhiwe, abumbana ukuze azinqumele kanye nokuthula okulungile. Izihambeli eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu zahlangana eManila, futhi ababhikishi batheleka Inxusa laseMelika, ngaphansi kwesibhengezo esibiza ukuthi kuqedwe ukungenelela kwe-US kanye nezempi. Emasangweni ehhovisi lenxusa laseMelika, amaphoyisa asePhilippine aphendule ngokushaya abantu ngokungakhethi, futhi Iveni yamaphoyisa yagijima phezu kwesixuku, kwalimala inqwaba.
Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, ucingo lokuqeda usizo lwezempi lwase-US futhi kuphakanyiswe umthetho wezempi luyaqhubeka.
Mayelana nempi yezidakamizwa, elinye lamaqembu okuqala aphuma ngokuphikisana namazwi kwaba Kadamay, inhlangano enenqwaba yabantu abampofu basemadolobheni. Esikhundleni sokubulalana, uKadamay ucele ukuthi kubhekwane nobubha kanye nezimbangela zenkinga yezidakamizwa - ngamafuphi, ukuze umlutha wezidakamizwa uthathwe njengenkinga yezempilo, hhayi ubugebengu. Muva nje, sekusungulwe inhlangano yamalungu emindeni yalabo ababulawa empini yezidakamizwa, Vuka Uphile Namalungelo.
Lapho iSigele sasePhilippine sizama ukwenza kanjalo nciphisa uxhaso ngempi yezidakamizwa kaDuterte ngasekupheleni kuka-2017, e-US wangena ukuhlinzeka ngezimali ezigcwalise ukushoda.
Ukugwema ukuziphendulela, uDuterte uye kuguqukile ukusebenza kwempi yezidakamizwa kusukela ngaphansi kwePhilippine National Police (PNP) kuya ePhilippine Drug Enforcement Agency kanye emuva ezikhwameni zokusebenza jikelele ze-PNP. Muva nje, yena kuqedwe ukugcina into ehlukile yesabelomali yempi yezidakamizwa - kusitha ukuthi yimalini esetshenziswa kuyo. I-Philippine Congress ayikwazanga ukunikeza ukugada okusebenzayo.
Ukubulawa kwempi yezidakamizwa okuqhubekayo kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu okudlangile kugcizelela kuphela ukuthi ayikho indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi usizo lwezempi lwase-US kuhulumeni waseDuterte luyakwenza. hhayi vumela ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusetshenziswa kwezempi kwe-US akugcini nje ngokuchichima, kodwa futhi kuvame ukulandeleka, kuyimfihlo, futhi akunasibopho. Ukusuka eMelika Ephakathi kuya ePalestine kuya ePhilippines, usizo lwezempi lwase-US lunefa elibi lokubhebhezela unya.
Inhlangano ekhulayo icela iCongress ukuthi inciphise usizo lwezempi, izipho zezikhali, nokudayiselwa izingalo ePhilippines - kanye nokuqeda ukwesekwa kombuso wakwaDuterte.
Umthetho we-Leahy, obeka ukuthi akukho zimali okufanele zinikezwe amabutho ezokuphepha angaphandle uma i-US yazi ukuthi yenze "ukwephulwa okukhulu kwamalungelo abantu," idinga ukugcizelelwa mayelana ne-Philippines. (Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe ngalo mkhankaso, sicela uvakashele: ichrpus.org.
In 2007, ngenxa yengcindezi yokunyakaza, iCongress yabamba ukulalelwa ukuphakama ukubulawa kwabantu ngokungemthetho ePhilippines ngaphansi kombuso kaGloria Macapagal Arroyo. Kwaphasiswa umthetho obeka imingcele ekusizeni amasosha. Ngonyaka olandelayo, ukubulawa kwabantu kwehle kakhulu.
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