Njengoba ephakathi nabalingani bakhe abambisene nabo, undunankulu wakwa-Israel u-Ehud Olmert uhlela isinyathelo sakhe esilandelayo: ukuhoxa kancane eWest Bank eminyakeni embalwa ezayo lapho yena nohulumeni wakhe bazomemezela khona njengokuphela komsebenzi futhi ngenxa yalokho nanoma yiziphi izizathu ezizwakalayo zokuthi lokhu kuzokwenzeka. Isikhalo sasePalestine.
Kusukela lapha kuya phambili, i-Israel izoziveza njengomnikezeli onomusa wezwe lasePalestine - kunoma yini esele ngemva kokuba amakoloni amaningi akwa-Israyeli aseWest Bank isisindisiwe kanye nomhlaba wasePalestine abami kuwo uhlanganiswe ne-Israel. Uma amaPalestine enqaba lesi sivumelwano - isithembiso, ngokungangabazeki sizotshelwa, yonke into "ephanayo" njengeyokugcina - ngakho-ke, ngokweziqondiso zikahulumeni omusha, bazogwenywa ngu-Israyeli futhi mhlawumbe nomphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe.
Ngisho noma kubhekwa izindinganiso ezingezinhle ezijwayelekile zokusebenzisana kabili kuka-Israyeli โenqubweni yokuthulaโ, lesi yisikhathi esimnyama sokuba usopolitiki wasePalestine.
Uhlelo luka-Olmert โlokuhlanganaโ, uhlobo lwakhe lokungahlanganyeli eWest Bank (ngaphandle kwalesi sikhathi kuphela cishe amaphesenti angu-15 abahlali baleyo ndawo abangu-420,000 azohoxiswa) lusiphule unembeza waseNtshonalanga njengoba kwenza umanduleli wakhe uSharon ehoxa eGaza ngonyaka odlule. . Omakhelwane bazoxoshwa, njengoba babenjalo ngaleso sikhathi, njengemidlalo emibi, ama-anti-Semites noma abaxolisi ngenxa yokwesaba.
U-Olmert akamusha kulo mdlalo. Eqinisweni, kukhona zonke izinkomba zokuthi wabamba iqhaza elibonakalayo ekusizeni uSharon ukuthi aziguqule kusukela โkuBulldozerโ abe โUnilateral Peacemakerโ.
NgoNovemba 2003 u-Olmert, isekela likaSharon, bonke kodwa bamemezela i-Gaza Disengagement Plan ezayo ngaphambi kokuba ithole igama elisemthethweni. Emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kokuthi uSharon adalule ukuthi uzophuma eGaza, u-Olmert wachazela iphephandaba lakwa-Israel i-Ha'aretz udaba olubucayi olubhekene no-Israyeli. Uthe kwakuyinkinga yokuthi ngesikhathi amaPalestine esezoba ningi kulesi sifunda, angawavimba kanjani ukuthi aqale umzabalazo ofana nowokulwa nobandlululo olwaluqhutshwa abantu abamnyama baseNingizimu Afrika.
Ukukhathazeka kuka-Olmert kwakuwukuthi, uma iningi lasePalestine lilahla udlame futhi liqala ukulwela ivoti lomuntu oyedwa, i-Israel izobhekana โnomzabalazo ohlanzekile, umzabalazo othandwa kakhulu - futhi ekugcineni onamandla kakhulu". Ngakho-ke, ukuphikiswa okunokuthula kwePalestine kwadingeka kukhishwe u-Israyeli.
Umqondo wesixazululo sika-Olmert, njengoba asichaza ngaleso sikhathi, uzwakala ufana kakhulu nesizathu sokungahlangani kanye nokuhlangana manje: โ[Indlela] yemigomo yesixazululo esihlangene yilena: Ukwandisa inani lamaJuda; ukuze kuncishiswe isibalo samaPalestine.โ Noma, njengoba ebeke ngesonto eledlule, โukuhlukaniswa komhlaba, ngenhloso yokuqinisekisa ukuthi iningi lamaJuda, kuyindlela yokuphila yeZionismโ.
Kepha yize u-Olmert ethe ukuhlangana kungezakhe, ukuvela kwakho ezweni elijwayelekile lakwa-Israel kuqale eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi. Kunokuba kube yimpendulo ebugebengwini basePalestine phakathi nalesi sigameko, njengoba izikhulu zikahulumeni zazijwayele ukugcina, abaningi embuthweni wezempi wakwa-Israel nakwezepolitiki bebelokhu befuna "ukwehlukana okuhlangene" - ukuhoxiswa, ngokwengxenye noma ngenye indlela, ezindaweni ezihlaselwe abantu okwenziwe ukhonkolo futhi. engenakuhlehliswa ngokwakhiwa kwesithiyo - kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1990.
Abaphostoli bokwehlukana, nokho, behlulekile ukuthola indlela yabo kuze kube manje ngenxa yezithiyo ezimbili: amaphupho athandwayo, kodwa aphikisanayo, amaqembu eLabour kanye ne-Likud, womabili ancamela ukuhlehliswa, mhlawumbe unomphela, ukuphela kodweshu olubekwe phakathi. ukwehlukana okwabekwa u-Israyeli.
Ekubhaliseleni i-Oslo, u-Yitzhak Rabin kanye neqembu lakhe lezabasebenzi bakholelwa ukuthi bangafinyelela ukuhlukana okuphumelelayo ngezinye izindlela, ngemvume ekhiqiziwe yamaPalestine. U-Rabin wayenethemba lokuthi uzokhipha inkontileka yokuvikeleka kuka-Israyeli ebuholini basePalestine ngesimo sombuso oncike kakhulu wePalestinian Authority, ngaphansi kuka-Yasser Arafat.
Abantu basePalestine abamelana nokuthathwa bazokwesatshwa amabutho abo ezokuphepha, benza intando ka-Israyeli, kuyilapho u-Israyeli eqhubeka nokuphanga izinsiza - umhlaba namanzi - eWest Bank naseGaza futhi wasungula inethiwekhi yamapaki ezimboni lapho abaqashi bakwa-Israyeli babengaxhaphaza khona abasebenzi basePalestine abathunjiwe. phoqa futhi.
U-Sharon, u-Binyamin Netanyahu kanye neqembu le-Likud, ngakolunye uhlangothi, benqaba phakathi nawo wonke ama-1990s ukubhekana nokwehlukana okwakuzophazamisa izifiso zabo zokuthatha zonke izindawo ezithathiwe nokudala i-Greater Israel. U-Sharon watshela abalandeli bakhe abafudukayo ukuthi "bahambe bayothatha iziqongo zamagquma" ngo-1998 emzamweni wokuvimbela ukuzuza okuncane okwenziwa amaPalestine ngaphansi kwezivumelwano zase-Oslo.
Ngokwesiko lika-Vladimir Jabotinsky, i-Likud yawuchitha umbono we-Labour wethemba lokuthi amaPalestine angenziwa abasekeli abazimisele ekuphucweni umhlaba. Kulo mbono, ngenxa yokuthi babeyohlale belwela inkululeko yabo, amaPalestine kwadingeka athotshwe ngonya noma axoshwe. Iziphi kulezi zifundo ezimbili okufanele zilandelwe kube yinkinga ekhubazayo u-Likud abhekene nayo kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngakho-ke iminyaka eyishumi, ukwehlukana kwakuphoqelelwa kakhulu ku-backburner.
Kodwa hhayi ngokuphelele. Kubonakala sengathi uRabin wayazi ngokugcwele ukuthi umkhonyovu wase-Oslo ungase ungasebenzi njengoba u-Israyeli ayehlelile. Kuleso simo, ukuze agweme usongo lokuqhathaniswa kobandlululo, uRabin wayekholelwa ukuthi uzodinga ukuwela odongeni ukuze aphoqelele ukwehlukana phakathi kwezakhamuzi zamaJuda namaPalestina.
Lokhu ukubeke kwacaca kuDennis Ross, isithunywa sikaClinton eMiddle East ngesikhathi sase-Oslo. URoss wavuma lokho ngo-2004 lapho etshela uThomas Friedman weNew York Times ukuthi ngaphambi nje kokubulawa kukaRabin ngo-1995 undunankulu wakwa-Israel waqala ukucabanga ngokwakha udonga njengendlela yokuqukatha usongo lwabantu olubangelwa ukuqhubeka kuka-Israyeli eWest Bank futhi Gaza.
โ[URabin] wathi, 'Kuzodingeka sihlukanise - kuzofanele kube nokwahlukanisa lapha, ngoba ngeke sibe ngamaJuda futhi sibe nentando yeningi uma singenakho ukwahlukanisa.' Manje, ukukhetha kwakhe kwakuwukuxoxisana ngokuhlukana ngokuthula ukuze kukhiqizwe izifunda ezimbili. Kodwa uma lokho kungasebenzi ubefuna, njengoba usho, uthango oluhlukanisayo noma umgoqo ukuze akhe lokho okungaba yizifunda ezimbili, noma okungenani kugcinwe u-Israyeli njengombuso.โ
Eqinisweni, uRabin wayeqiniseka kakhulu ngesidingo sodonga kunokuba uRoss akukhumbule. Ngesikhathi lapho u-inki ezivumelwaneni zase-Oslo wawungasomile neze, u-Rabin wayephathisa umsebenzi wodonga ekomitini eliholwa ungqongqoshe wakhe wezokuphepha komphakathi, uMoshe Shahal.
Yize uhlelo lahlehliswa abalandela ngemuva kwakhe, u-Shimon Peres kanye no-Binyamin Netanyahu, luphinde lwakhula ngeminyaka ngo-Ehud Barak, owayenesikhathi eside engabaza i-Oslo, owangena esikhundleni egqugquzela ukwehlukana kwabantu ngabanye. NgoMeyi 2000 wasebenzisa imibono yakhe ngokuhoxisa amasosha โendaweni yezokuvikelaโ yakwa-Israel eningizimu yeLebanon.
Futhi ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbili, ngemva kwamasonto amabili ngaphambi kokuya ezingxoxweni eCamp David, waveza umbono wakhe wokwehlukana namaPalestine: โI-Israel izophikelela ekuhlukaniseni ngokomzimba phakathi kwayo kanye nenhlangano ezimele yasePalestine ezokwakhiwa ngenxa yokuxazululwa. Nginesiqiniseko sokuthi ukuhlukana kwalolu hlobo kuyadingeka kuzo zombili izinhlangothi.โ
Eqinisweni, uBharaki wayesenesikhathi eklama icebo โlokuhlukana ngokwenyamaโ nabasePalestina isikhathi eside. U-Uzi Dayan, isikhulu samasosha ngaleso sikhathi, uthi wancenga uBharaki ngesidingo sokungahlanganyeli โnjengenetha lokuphepha eCamp Davidโ.
U-Ephraim Sneh, iPhini likaNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela kaBarak uyaqinisekisa i-akhawunti kaDayan, ethi ucelwe ukuthi alungise izinhlelo zokuhlukana uma kwenzeka uCamp David ehluleka. โNgidwebe imephu. Ngingakhuluma ngakho ngokugunyazayo. Lolu hlelo lusho ukuthathwa ngokweqiniso kwamaphesenti angama-30 eWest Bank, ingxenye yesiGodi saseJordani, okufanele uyigcine uma kungekho sivumelwano, kanye nengxenye yezindawo zokuhlala.
UShlomo Ben Ami, ungqongqoshe wezangaphandle kaBharaki, wanikezwa umbono webalazwe ngokunyenya: โ[UBraki] wayeziqhenya ngokuthi ibalazwe lakhe lalizoshiya u-Israyeli cishe nengxenye yesithathu yendawo [eWest Bank] ... u-Ehudi wayeqiniseka ukuthi imephu yayinengqondo ngokwedlulele. Wayenendlela yokubonisa inhlonipho, yokucabanga izifiso, engenangqondo, engitshela ngomdlandla, 'Bheka, lesi isimo; kuzo zonke izinhloso nezinhloso kubukeka njengombuso'.
Kubonakala sengathi uBarak wayenethemba lokuthola abasePalestine ukuthi bavumelane nemibandela yale mephu noma ukuphoqelela lokho ngenkani. Kodwa, kulandela ukuwa kwezingxoxo zeCamp David, uBarak akazange alithole ithuba lokuqala ukwakha udonga lwakhe. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa uzokhishwa esikhundleni, futhi u-Ariel Sharon uzobekwa njengondunankulu omusha.
Ngokuvumelana nezifiso zakhe zika-Israyeli Omkhulu, uSharoni ekuqaleni wayenokungabaza kokubili ngokuhlukana nokumisa udonga. Lapho egunyaza izigaba zokuqala zesithiyo eduze kwaseJenin ehlobo lika-2002, kwakungaphansi kwengcindezi yeqembu Labasebenzi, elaliqinisa ukufaneleka kukahulumeni wobumbano kazwelonke njengoba izikhali zakhe zempi zazihlasela izindawo ezidliwe.
Izibalo eziningi zezabasebenzi eziphezulu zase ziguqulelwe emcabangweni wodonga luka-Barak, owakhuthaza ngokungakhathali ukwehlukana okuyingxenye eyodwa ngesikhathi engekho esikhundleni. Kwenye incwadi ehlaziya ngo-June 2002, ezinyangeni ezingaba ngu-18 ngaphambi kokuba uSharon aveze iziphakamiso zokuyekiswa kwakhe, uBharak wabhala: โUkuhoxiswa kwakuzosebenza kancane kancane phakathi neminyaka eminingana. Uthango kufanele luhlanganise izindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu eziyisikhombisa ezisabalele endaweni engamaphesenti angu-12 noma angu-13 futhi aqukethe amaphesenti angu-80 abantu abahlala lapha. I-Israel izophinde idinge indawo yokuphepha ngaseMfuleni iJordani kanye nezinye izindawo zokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi, ezizohlanganisa amanye amaphesenti ayi-12, kwengeze ngamaphesenti angama-25 eWest Bank.
Futhi kuthiwani ngeJerusalema laseMpumalanga, lapho u-Israyeli ezama ukulwa nokulawula okuvela kwabasePalestine? UBharaki weluleka: โEJerusalema kwakuzodingeka kube nothango olubili. โOwokuqala wawuzochaza umngcele wezombangazwe futhi uzungezwe iDolobha Elikhulu, kuhlanganise nezindawo zokuhlala eziseduze neJerusalema. Okwesibili kuzoba umgoqo ogunyazwe ezokuphepha, onamasango nezintuba ezilawulwayo, ukuhlukanisa izindawo eziningi zasePalestine ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane bamaJuda kanye neSigodi Esingcwele, okuhlanganisa neDolobha Elidala.โ
Ngamanye amazwi, umbono ka-Barak wasesidlangalaleni wokuhoxiswa eminyakeni emine edlule ucishe ufane nohlelo luka-Olmert lokuhlangana olusanda kwenziwa lweWest Bank.
Umanduleli ka-Olmert, uSharon, akazange aguquke ngokushesha ezinzuzweni zemibono kaBharaki yokuhlukana. Nakuba kwakudingeka agcine iqembu Labasebenzi limnandi, inqubekelaphambili ezingxenyeni zokuqala zodonga yayihamba kancane kabuhlungu. U-Uzi Dayan, ujenene obeseka izinhlelo zokuhlukana kuka-Barak, ukhale ngokuthi uSharon nongqongqoshe wakhe wezokuVikela, uShaul Mofaz, babezama ukucekela phansi udonga. "Babengasebenzi ocingweni," esho. "Bazama ukungakwenzi."
Konke lokho kwashintsha ngesikhathi esithile ekuqaleni kuka-2003, lapho uSharon eqala ukukhuluma ngezwe lasePalestine okokuqala ngqa. NgoMeyi 2003, wayetshela umhlangano weqembu le-Likud owawumangele: โUmbono wokuthi kungenzeka ukuqhubeka nokugcina abantu basePalestine abayizigidi ezingu-3.5 ngaphansi kwesandla - yebo, kuwumsebenzi, ungase ungalithandi leli gama, kodwa okwenzekayo kuwumsebenzi - kubi ku-Israel, futhi kubi kumaPalestine, futhi kubi emnothweni wakwa-Israel. Ukulawula abantu basePalestine abayizigidi ezingu-3.5 ngeke kuqhubeke unomphela.โ
Isizathu sokushintsha kwenhliziyo kaSharon sasihlobene ikakhulukazi nokuqaphela kwakamuva ukuthi izinsongo zabantu ababhekene no-Israyeli zazingeke zisaphikwa. Ukubusa kwe-Israel phezu kweningi lamaPalestine kungadala ukuqhathaniswa kobandlululo futhi kuchaze ukuphela kokuba semthethweni kombuso wamaJuda.
Futhi, uSharon wayesekelwe ekhoneni elingakhululekile yi-Road Map, isinyathelo sokuthula sase-US esambulwa ngasekupheleni kuka-2002, ngokungavamile, esasidinga imvume enkulu evela kwa-Israyeli kanye nabasePalestine, yathembisa izwe lasePalestine ngomphumela wayo futhi yayizobhekwa. ngabaseYurophu, abaseRussia kanye neZizwe Ezihlangene kanye nabaseMelika.
Ngemva konyaka u-Olmert wayezobe endiza ibhaluni lakhe lokuzama ukuhlukaniswa kwesitayela se-Likud ngemibandela engcono kakhulu ye-Israel kune-Road Map. Futhi ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, ukuhlukaniswa kwazalwa ngokusemthethweni. Kwakuyi, kusho u-Dov Weisglass, umeluleki kaSharon, "formaldehyde" ye-Road Map,.
Kuyacaca ukuthi ukuhlukana kukaSharon eGaza kwaba yisigaba sokuqala sezinhlelo zakhe zokuhlukana. Izikhulu zakhe zixwayise kaningi ukuthi kuzolandela okunye ukuhoxa, okuvela eWest Bank, ngokusekelwe endleleni yodonga, nakuba uSharon - eqaphile ngokuhlukanisa abavoti abalungile ngaphambi kokhetho oluzayo - wayenezindebe eziqinile.
Kodwa lapho uSharon egcina ebona ukuthi wayengeke akwazi ukuthambisa i-Greater Israel diehards ephathini yakhe ye-Likud, nokuthi basabisa ngokudalula izinhlelo zakhe ngeWest Bank, wadala i-Kadima, iqembu elisha elithi "centrist" eliheha ababaleki kuzo zombili iLabour ne-Likud.
Impumelelo yayo esheshayo itholakala ekhonweni layo lokweqa umehluko okhona phakathi kwe-Israel kwesokunxele nesokudla - noma, kunalokho, ukuhlanganisa kokubili amasiko. NjengoLikud, uKadima uvumile ukuthi amaPalestine angeke aze alahle amaphupho abo obuzwe, kodwa njengoMsebenzi ukholelwa ukuthi kungase kusungulwe isu lapho abasePalestine, noma bengayamukeli imigomo yokwehlukana, bengenziwa amandla okumelana nama-diktats akwa-Israel. .
U-Kadima ulinganise umbuthano ngenqubomgomo egcina ukugcizelela kuka-Likud โekubeni munyeโ ngenkathi egcina ukuzenzisa kwabasebenzi โkokwehlukanaโ okunomusa namaPalestine.
Ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kwakhe, u-Sharon wayeyisithiyo sokugcina nesiyisithiyo esikhulu ekuhlukaneni okukodwa. Ukuphikiswa kwakhe kwanele ngawo-1990 ukuvimba labo abasesikhungweni sezokuphepha - okungenzeka ukuthi iningi labo - ababefuna le nqubomgomo. Lapho esehlehlile, akukho okwakungase kuvimbe ukufeza ukuhlukana.
Isifundo sokuhoxiswa kweGaza ukuthi ukuhoxiswa (ingxenye noma okugcwele) endaweni ehlalwayo akwanele ngokwako ukumemezela ukuphela komsebenzi. Ukungabi bikho kwezifiki namasosha akwa-Israel kulezo zingxenye zeWest Bank azonikezwa amaPalestine ngeke kuqinisekise ukuthi abantu basePalestine bayabusa endaweni abashiyelwe yona.
Umsebenzi uzoqhubeka inqobo nje uma i-Israel ilawula imingcele nohwebo lwaseWest Bank enciphile, izinsiza zayo kanye nendawo yezindiza, ukuxhumana kwayo neGaza kanye nePalestine Diaspora, futhi inqobo nje uma u-Israel evimba ukuvela kwebutho lasePalestine futhi ejabulela ilungelo elingenamingcele lokugadla. ezindaweni ezihlosiwe zasePalestine, ezempi noma ngenye indlela.
U-Olmert kanye nenhlangano yezokuphepha yakwa-Israyeli bakuqonda kahle lokhu. Ngeshwa, i-Europe ne-America eseqophelweni eliphezulu ibonakala ikulungele kakhulu ukuhlangana nenkohliso.
UJonathan Cook ungumbhali nentatheli ezinze eNazareth, kwa-Israel. Incwadi yakhe ethi "Igazi Nenkolo: Ukuvezwa Kwesifunda SamaJuda NeDemokhrasi" ishicilelwe ngabakwaPluto Press. Iwebhusayithi yakhe ithi www.jkcook.net
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