U-Barack Obama ube nenhlanhla ngesikhathi sokuvakasha kwakhe
Uhulumeni wase-Iraq ubonakale ecishe emangale ngokunquma kwawo. Ayizethembi neze njengoba yenza sengathi ingaphila ngaphandle kokusekelwa yi-US, kodwa kungazelelwe yazithola isigibele igagasi lobuzwe. I
Kukhona isimo sengqondo esibi kuhulumeni wase-Iraq naphakathi kwama-Iraqi ajwayelekile. Isibalo sezidumbu ezicoshwa emigwaqweni yase
Izicukuthwane ezivakashela e-Green Zone, kungaba u-George Bush, u-Tony Blair noma u-Barack Obama, azivamile ukuqaphela izinga lemisebenzi yezempi edingekayo ukuze zivikeleke noma umthelela walokhu kubantu base-Iraqi. Akumangazi ukuthi izivakashi zithola umbono oyihaba wenqubekelaphambili ebheke esimweni esijwayelekile e-Baghdad. Ngonyaka odlule abasebenzi basehhovisi lenxusa laseMelika enhliziyweni yeGreen Zone bakhala ngokuthi bayalelwe ukuthi bangagqoki izivikelo zomzimba nezigqoko uma bethwetshulwa noma bathwetshulwa bemi eduze kukaJohn McCain ngoba ukugqoka kwabo kungase kubonakale kungqubuzana nesicelo sakhe sokuthi iBaghdad iyindawo ephephe kakhulu kunaleyo. bekubikwa. Ngenkathi iPhini likaMongameli u-Dick Cheney evakashele kwakukhona ukuvinjelwa e-Green Zone ukukhala inhlabamkhosi evame ukunikeza imizuzwana embalwa isexwayiso mayelana nemijikelezo yerokhethi engenayo noma udaka. Abasebenzi bakwaCheney bacabanga ukuthi ukukhala kwenhlabamkhosi okusongelayo kungase kuphakamise ababukeli bethelevishini baseMelika ukuthi konke kwakungahambi kahle e-Iraq njengoba isekela likamongameli lalisho. Endabeni yokuvakasha kuka-Barack Obama mhla zingama-21 kuJulayi indawo enkulu emaphakathi ne-Baghdad yavalwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwakhe, nakuba ayengaphakathi kwe-Green Zone. Umngani obizwa ngokuthi u-Gaylan ubekhiphe imoto yakhe ukuze ayolungisa isiphephetha-moya esifundeni saseKarada empumalanga ye-Baghdad ngesikhathi amasosha ase-US emisa zonke izimoto ngo-12.15pm. Ebanjwe ukushisa okushubile ehlobo lase-Iraqi, yena nabanye abashayeli abazange bavunyelwe ukuthi baphinde banyakaze kuze kube yihora lesithupha kusihlwa. "Bekunezindiza ezinophephela emhlane zilawula isibhakabhaka," kusho uGaylan. โBavale umgwaqo u-Abu Nawas maqondana neGreen Zone basesha ezindlini ezilapho. Ngemva kwalokho bathuthela ehhotela laseBhabhiloni futhi bahlala phezu kophahla. Bengivaleleke esiminyaminya ubusuku bonke,โ Ngesikhathi elindile isikhathi eside uGaylan waba nesikhathi esiningi sokubuza ukuthi bathini abanye abashayeli ukuthi bathini ngo-Obama nokuvakasha kwakhe. Imibono yabo yayimuncu ngendlela emangalisayo. โKungani kunendaba kithi uma umlungu noma umuntu omnyama enqoba okhethweni [lomongameli wase-United States],โ kuphendula omunye umshayeli owayethukuthele. "U-Obama noBush bangubuso obubili emalini efanayo, imali yaseMelika." Omunye wabuza: โKungani eza lapha? Yini azosenzela yona? Uzowulungisa ugesi? Uyeza nje ngenxa yokhetho.โ Umshayeli wesithathu ubenokungabaza ngohlelo luka-Obama lokukhipha amasosha aseMelika. "Uthi uzowahoxisa amasosha akhe e-Iraq, kodwa angikukholwa lokho," esho. "Abantu baseMelika bahlele isikhathi eside ukuthatha i-Iraq ukuze bavikele u-Israyeli e-Iran futhi bathathe uwoyela lapha."
Akuzona zonke izivakashi ezisemthethweni ezifika ngisho nase-Baghdad. Sekusele isonto ukuthi u-Obama afike, inkosi yaseJordani u-Abdullah bekulindeleke ukuthi ivakashele e-Iraq okokuqala ngqa. Lokhu kwakubalulekile ngoba esikhathini esidlule u-Abdullah wayexwayise ngengozi yobuShi'i obuvukela umbuso obudlangile eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Ekanye nabanye ababusi baseSunni Arab, wayebukele ngokwesaba njengoba, ngemva kokuketulwa kombuso kaSaddam Hussein owawugcwele amaSunni, kwasungulwa uhulumeni wamaShia-Kurdish eBaghdad ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kweMelika. Ukuvakasha kwakhe ukuyovula inxusa elisha laseBaghdad, esikhundleni salelo elaqhunyiswa ngo-Agasti 2003, kwakuzoba uphawu olubalulekile lokuthi ababusi baseSunni Arab base beqala ukwamukela ukuthi uhulumeni omusha wase-Iraq uzohlala lapha. Kodwa ngomzuzu wokugcina ukuvakasha kuye kwakhanselwa njengoba izikhulu zaseJordanian zicaphuna 'izinkinga zokuphepha'. Amaphoyisa ase-Iraqi athi ezokuphepha zaseJordani ziqhube uhide lwezimoto eziyisipesheli ezimnyama ezinamasondo amane esigodini sase-al-Mansur ngosuku olwandulela ukufika kweNkosi ukuzohlola ukuphepha komzila. Ngesikhathi uhide lwezimoto lugijima emigwaqweni yase-al-Mansur abantu baseJordani bezwa umsindo wokuqhuma kwesibhamu eduze futhi besaba ukuthi lokhu kungase kube umzamo wokubulala owenziwa oshayasibhamu benethemba lokubulala inkosi. โEqinisweni,โ kuchaza isikhulu sebutho lase-Iraq esine-6th Division eyayivikela u-Abdullah, โsasivale imigwaqo ukuze uhide lwenkosi lukwazi ukudlula, lapho ikhehla lishayela imoto yalo lisuka emgwaqweni ongaphansi lingena emgwaqeni omkhulu. amasosha ethu aqala ukudubula emoyeni ukuze amnake futhi ambuyisele emuva.โ Ngokusobala abaseJordani abazange bayamukele ngokuphelele le ncazelo emnene yokuqhuma kwesibhamu futhi ngokushesha bakuhoxisa ukuvakasha. Ukwethenjwa kukahulumeni wase-Iraq kungokokuzalwa kwakamuva. Ezinyangeni ezine ezedlule undunankulu uNouri al-Maliki kubukeka sengathi usezokhishwa esikhundleni. "NgoMashi iningi lamaqembu ezepolitiki okuhlanganisa nathi bese likulungele ukumxosha," kusho isikhulu saseKurdish. "Wabe esephumelela eBasra naseSadr City futhi kusukela lapho ubezethemba ngokweqile futhi akasakulaleli esikushoyo kuye." Impumelelo kahulumeni ngokumelene namasosha aseMehdi Army yaseMuqtada al-Sadr kwakungeyona yonke into eyayibonakala. Emizuliswaneni yokuqala yokulwa ibutho lase-Iraq alifikanga ndawo, amanye amayunithi ahlubuka futhi enikeza izingalo. Kwakungamasosha aseMelika abamba ingxenye enkulu yezimpi e-Sadr City futhi ahlinzeka ngosizo lwezokuthutha kanye nomoya kanye nezikhali eBasra. Akekho owaziyo ukuthi kuzokwenzekani uma ibutho lase-Iraq kufanele lilwe neMehdi Army lilodwa. Kusenezinkulungwane zamasosha ase-US e-Basra kanye nelinye ibutho elisekela amasosha ase-Iraq esifundazweni i-Amara, eyake yaba isizinda seMehdi Army eningizimu ye-Iraq. Ushintsho ekulweni akubanga nje kuphela ukungenelela kwamasosha aseMelika kodwa u-al-Sadr wabiza amadoda akhe emigwaqweni kwathi i-Iran yeseka uhulumeni waseMaliki. Leli yiphuzu elishiwo u-Ahmed Chalabi, umphikisi ohlanjalazwa kakhulu kodwa ohlakaniphe kakhulu kaSaddam Hussein, endlunkulu yakhe evikelwe kahle eBaghdad. "Abantu bayehluleka ukuqaphela ukuthi impumelelo 'yalolu bhubhane' iwumphumela wesivumelwano esingasho lutho phakathi kwe-US ne-Iran," usho kanje. Lokhu bekuyiqiniso lapho uMuqtada, obezodinga ukwesekwa kwe-Iran uma ezolwa impi yangempela nohulumeni wase-Iraq osekelwa yi-US, ememezela isivumelwano ekuqaleni kokuhlinzwa ngonyaka odlule.
Umkhuzi waseMelika oshiyayo uGeneral David Petraeus ulokhu ethi ukuwa kodlame kanye nokwelulwa kokulawula kukahulumeni e-Iraq 'kuntekenteke futhi kuyabuyiseleka emuva'. Ukuqapha kwakhe kusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho. Ngo-2004 eMosul Petraeus, ngaleso sikhathi owayengumkhuzi we-101st Airborne Division, wabonakala ethule idolobha elisenyakatho yeMosul. Kodwa ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-30 ehambile, abashokobezi bathatha idolobha, amaphoyisa namasosha ashintsha uhlangothi noma agoduka, kwabanjwa iziteshi zamaphoyisa ezingu-41 kanye nezikhali ezingabiza amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-48. Angeke kwenzeke okufanayo nakuhulumeni waseMaliki. Kepha abanye osopolitiki base-Iraq bakholelwa ukuthi i-Mehdi Army ilele phansi futhi ingathatha ingxenye yeBaghdad emahoreni angama-XNUMX. Okwamanje amaSadris asehambile. UMuqtada uhleli endlini yakhe edolobheni elingcwele laseQom e-Iran lapho athi uqhuba khona izifundo zakhe zezenkolo. Isu lakhe akufanele lidonselwe empini ngaphambi kokuba abaseMelika bahambe noma behlise amabutho abo. Lapho izixuku ezazithamela ama-mosque alawulwa amaSadrist eDolobheni laseSadr ngoJulayi ziqala ukudiliza imigoqo emigwaqweni eyayibekwe amasosha ase-Iraq, kwakungabashumayeli bamaSadrist ababancenga ukuba bagoduke futhi bagweme ukungqubuzana. โYena [uMuqtada] akalona uhlobo lwendoda,โ kusho umkhulumeli wakhe uSalah al-Obaidi, โokha isithelo singakavuthwa.โ
Uhulumeni wase-Iraq ngakolunye uhlangothi uzimisele ngokuqeda umbutho wamaSadrist, naphezu kwezimpande zawo ezijulile ezixukwini ezimpofu zamaShia, kuyilapho amasosha ase-Iraq esekelwa yizicishamlilo zaseMelika. Ukwehlukana kwezigaba kujulile emphakathini wamaShia kanti isigaba esiphakathi samaShia singathanda ukubona umbutho wamaSadrist uchotshozwa unomphela. Ukushushiswa akupheli. E-Basra ngisho namadoda athengisa amakhasethi ezingoma ezitusa u-Muqtada atshelwe ngamaphoyisa ukuba awalahle futhi athengise umculo we-gypsy. E-Amara ibutho lingaphansi kwengcindezi eqhubekayo evela kuhulumeni waseMaliki ukuthi abophe noma yibaphi amaSadrist abangawathola. Umbusi wamaSadrist uboshiwe, isifundazwe singaphansi kwemithetho yezempi futhi namaSadrist asizakala ngoshwele ayaboshwa. Kepha amaSadrists kanye neMehdi Army ekugcineni bathembele kumgogodla wamasosha azibophezele asinda ekushushisweni okunonya kakhulu ngaphansi kukaSaddam Hussein. Kuyoba nzima ukuziqeda. U-Muqtada ngokwakhe usahlonishwa ezigidini zemizi yamaShia nakuba isithombe sakhe singabonakali kangako. U-Bashir Ali no-Ahmed Mohammed, osheikh ababili bezizwe ezimelene no-Sadrist base-Sadr City, bangitshele ukuthi bacabanga ukuthi "i-Sadrist ilahlekelwe kakhulu ukwesekwa kwayo e-Sadr City futhi ayinawo amandla okuvukela umbuso." Ababona neze izibukeli ezingachemile ngoba bavuma ngokungananazi ukuthi amaSadris awancishisile amandla ezizwe futhi ayemagange ukuwabuyisela emuva. Kodwa, nakuba bethi amaSadrist, ayesephelelwe ukuthandwa bavuma ukuthi abazange balokothe โโbabagxeke phambi kwabantu โngoba babezosidubula basidubule ngokulandelayo uma siya e-mosque siyothandaza.โ Umunyu phakathi kukaMaliki namaSadrist usujule kakhulu ngoba ngamalungu abo ephalamende amenza undunankulu. Ongqongqoshe babo bahoxa kuhulumeni wakhe ngo-2007 ngenxa yokuthi undunankulu wayengafunanga isikhathi lapho amasosha aseMelika ephuma eBush. Izixuku zamaSadrist zikhombisa njalo ngoLwesihlanu zifuna ukuhoxa eMelika. Okuxakayo ukuthi uhulumeni kaMaliki manje usecela ukuthi iMelika ihoxe ngendlela efunwa nguMuqtada eminyakeni ezayo. Ubuzwe base-Iraqi, kanye nemvuselelo yezenkolo kanye ne-social populism, yikho okunikeze amaSadrist isikhalo esinjalo. Ikakhulukazi kwakungenxa yokuthi uMaliki wayengafuni ukubukelwa phansi njenge-pawn yaseMelika kangangokuthi wamelana kakhulu nesivumelwano esisha sezempi noma i-SOFA eyayizokwenza kube nesikhungo ukubusa kweMelika futhi ithathe indawo yegunya lamanje le-UN. Angase abe novalo ngalokho azokwenza ngaphandle kokusekelwa kweMelika, kodwa abanaye omunye umholi wase-Iraqi abangamthatha esikhundleni. Futhi lokhu bekungeke kube lula ukukwenza njengoba kwakunjalo eminyakeni emibili edlule. Ngaleso sikhathi inxusa laseMelika lasiza ekususeni owamanduleli kaMaliki njengondunankulu, u-Ibrahim al-Jaafari, ngokuthi uBush 'akafuni, akasekeli, futhi akakwamukeli' ukuthi uJaafari kufanele ahole uhulumeni.
IMelika yenza iphutha ngokuphusha i-SOFA ne-Iraq ngaleso sikhathi. Ngenkathi i-US yethula uhlaka lwayo lokuqala lwesivumelwano sezokuphepha ngoMashi, yayicabanga ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi lapho i-US izoba yinkosi yamakholoni. Isivumelwano i-US eyayicabanga ngaso saqhathaniswa nama-Iraqis nesivumelwano se-Anglo-Iraqi sango-1930, lapho iBrithani yagcina igunya elanele e-Iraq ukudelela ohulumeni base-Iraq ababebonwa abantu abaningi base-Iraq njengonodoli bamandla ombuso. โLokho abantu baseMelika ababesinika kona mayelana nobukhosi bangempela kuncane nakakhulu kunalokho okwakwenziwa amaNgisi eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili edlule,โ kusho omunye umholi wase-Iraq. Lesi sivumelwano sasisekelwa amaKurds futhi ekuqaleni uphiko olusekela iMelika loMkhandlu Ophakeme WamaSulumane wase-Iraq, okuyizisekelo ezimbili eziyinhloko zikahulumeni wamanje, obefuna ukuvala ukwesekwa kwe-US ngesimo sabo esiphakeme samanje. Kepha i-US, kanye nabalingani bayo abaningi e-Green Zone bebehlale bethambekele ekubukeni phansi izinga lapho abantu base-Iraqis ngaphandle kwe-Kurdistan bengathandwa. Akukhona ukuthi uhulumeni ufuna abantu baseMelika bahambe okwamanje. "Uhulumeni akazethembi futhi ufuna ukugcinwa izingane yibutho laseMelika," kusho uMahmoud Othman, umakadebona wePhalamende elinamandla elivuma ngokukhululekile ukuthi imizwa yakhe njengeKurd ihlukile kunemizwa yakhe njengomuntu wase-Iraq. Uphikisane ne-SOFA ne-US ethi: "Ngicabanga ukuthi ibiphuthunyiswa ngoba i-US ibifuna impumelelo yalokhu kuphatha ukuze kuhlomule iqembu lamaRepublican okhethweni."
Umzamo ohlulekile wokufinyelela esivumelwaneni phakathi kwe-Iraq ne-US usize ukuqinisa ukucasuka kwe-Iraq mayelana nomsebenzi: izisekelo zamasosha, ukungavikeleki kwamasosha ase-US nosonkontileka, ama-Iraqis angama-23,000 aboshwe yi-US, ikhono lamasosha ase-US ukubopha ama-Iraqis kanye enze imisebenzi yezempi ngokuthanda kwakhe. Izinga lokuhlehla kwezwe labase-Iraq lamangaza uhulumeni kaMaliki kanye neWashington. Kodwa kwakukhona namanye amandla ayedlala. Ama-Irani adlale indima ebalulekile ekulamuleni ukuphela kwempi phakathi kwebutho lase-Iraq kanye neMehdi Army ngoMashi nangoMeyi. Abase-Irani baphinde bakubeka kwacaca ukuthi ngeke basamukele isivumelwano esisha sezokuphepha se-US-Iran. Lokho abagqugquzeli balokhu 'kudlondlobala' abafana noJohn McCain abangazange bakuqonde ukuthi impumelelo yakho, kuze kube manje ukuthi ibe yimpumelelo, incike ekutheni i-Iran ibambisane nayo. Isivumelwano esisha sezokuphepha sizokuqeda lokhu kubambisana. "Ama-Irani aphikisana ngokuphelele nesivumelwano," kusho uChalabi, owayesanda kubona abaholi base-Irani eTehran. โKungcwelisa ukuba khona okukhulu kweMelika e-Iraq futhi kusongela ukuphepha kwayo. Bathi kuzoba 'isivumelwano esingezona ezokuvikela' hhayi 'isivumelwano sezokuphepha.'โ Ukuzimisela kukaMaliki ukumelana ne-US mayelana nesivumelwano kungase kube umphumela wesiqinisekiso sangasese esivela e-Iran sokuthi ngeke abhekane necala. ukuvukela kweMehdi Army eningizimu ye-Iraq uma enza kanjalo. Umzabalazo wokubusa e-Iraq ungena esigabeni esisha. I-US kungenzeka ukuthi ayizange isithole isivumelwano eyayisifuna ne-Iraq, kodwa isalokhu ingamandla ezempi amaningi ezweni. I-US isalawula kakhulu ibutho lase-Iraqi. Ukuthi u-Obama noma uMcCain uyawina okhethweni lukamongameli izoqhubeka impi yokuthi ubani obusa ngempela e-Baghdad.
UPatrick Cockburn ungumbhali we-Ihe "I-Muqtada: i-Muqtada Al-Sadr, i-Shia Revival, kanye noMzabalazo we-Iraq.
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