[Umnikelo ku- Iphrojekthi ye-Reimagining Society umbuki zindwendwe ngu ZCommunications]
1 Imikhawulo yentando yeningi yezepolitiki
Iresiphi ye-orthodox liberal yokuthuthukisa izinga lempilo nokuphatha okuhle okufanayo ibonakala ilula ngokwanele: Hlanganisa intando yeningi yepolitiki nezimakethe zamahhala. Ngamanye amazwi, intando yeningi yezombangazwe ingaba inqubo yokwenza ngokuhlanganyela izimiso ezimbili: ukuphishekela injabulo yomuntu siqu kanye nenzuzo yomphakathi.
Nokho, nakuba ibaluleke kakhulu, intando yeningi yezombangazwe ayanele, ngoba isengozini, futhi ayinandaba namanye amanani abalulekile namalungelo ahambisanayo, ikakhulukazi ukuphila, ukulingana, nobumbano. Lokhu kuba sobala kakhulu ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho lokho okubizwa ngokuthi imakethe yamahhala kwehluleka, okuphoqa izigidi ukuthi zibuyele esimweni sokuqala futhi zibuyisele emuva amaphupho azo empilo engcono.
Njengoba ukwehluleka kwezimakethe kukhula njalo, abantu abaningi baba nokungabaza mayelana nokusimama konxiwankulu. Muva nje abanye baye baqala ukuzibuza ukuthi uMarx wayeqinisile yini. Kodwa iMarxism, inhlanganisela yezibalo nobushiqela, ayizange iphumelele ncamashi; okubi nakakhulu, akwenzeki, ngoba kuhilela ukungqubuzana phakathi kokulingana nobushiqela—isono sokuqala sokusebenzelana kwabantu bakaMarxist.
Mayelana nenhlalakahle yentando yeningi, akungabazeki ukuthi iwumbuso wezenhlalakahle ongenzeleli kakhulu, kodwa awububoni ubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle obugcwele ngenxa yokuthi igcina impahla yangasese yezindlela ezibalulekile zokukhiqiza, ukuhweba kanye nezezimali, futhi ngenxa yokuthi ingaphansi kokukhuphuka nokwehla umnotho wobunxiwankulu bomhlaba. Okubi nakakhulu, iningi lamaqembu e-social-democratic ahlala echeme ne-capitalism kwipolitiki yangaphandle.
2 Okunye
Ingabe ikhona enye indlela ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zakudala ze-socialism? Ngethula ukuthi indlela efanele yokwenza impilo ibe ngokoqobo, ukulingana, ubumbano, ukuphishekela injabulo, amakhono, kanye nokulunga komphakathi akukhona ukwehlisa intando yeningi yezombangazwe kodwa ukuyikhulisa ibe yintando yeningi ehlangene (Bunge 2009). Lokhu kungase kuchazwe njengomthetho ohlanganyelwe we
1/ intando yeningi yemvelo: ukufinyelela okulinganayo kodwa okulawulwayo ezinsizeni zemvelo kanye nokuxhashazwa kwazo okusimeme;
2/ intando yeningi yezinto eziphilayo: ubumpumputhe bobulili nombala;
3/ Idemokhrasi yezomnotho: ukubusa kwamafemu ezilawulayo (izinkathazo zomndeni, amadlelandawonye, nezingenzi-nzuzo) kunokuba kube ubunikazi obuzimele noma bombuso kanye nokuphathwa komcebo;
4/ intando yeningi yamasiko: ukufinyelela okulinganayo kumagugu ezobuciko, ezobuntu, ezesayensi, nezobuchwepheshe;
5/intando yeningi yezombangazwe: ukuzibusa kwezinhlelo ezilawulekayo, kanye nenkululeko enkulu yokuzikhethela izikhulu zikahulumeni kanye nokungenela izikhundla zikahulumeni, kanye nokuphatha okunekhono, okungenzeleli, nokwethembeka kwempahla yomphakathi;
6/intando yeningi esemthethweni: isonomy esebenzayo (imithetho efanayo yabo bonke); futhi
I-7/ intando yeningi yomhlaba wonke: "inhlonipho ngomgomo wamalungelo alinganayo nokuzikhethela kwabantu" (UN Charter, 1.2).
Ake ngichaze okwandulelayo. Intando yeningi yemvelo ingaphezu nje kokuvikela imvelo: kuyilungelo lawo wonke umuntu ukujabulela umoya ohlanzekile namanzi aphuzwayo. Kuyilungelo lawo wonke umuntu, hhayi nje abacebe kakhulu, ukuxhaphaza ingcebo yemvelo. Kodwa, ukuze sigweme ukumosha lezi zamuva, sidinga ukuzilawula ngokuhlanganyela ngokuhambisana nomthetho oqinile osuselwe ezinkambisweni ezizwakalayo zezinsiza-mnotho.
Intando yeningi yebhayoloji ihlanganisa ukulingana ngokobulili nobuhlanga, kanye namalungelo angokomthetho empahla yomuntu siqu, kanye namaholo alinganayo omsebenzi olinganayo. Wonke umuntu kufanele akwazi ukuthola amakhono adingekayo ukuze athole iholo elihle futhi athenge noma aqashe indawo yokuhlala eyanele endaweni ehlanzekile nevikelekile.
Njengoba kucatshangelwe lapha, intando yeningi yezomnotho-noma umnotho wokubamba iqhaza, njengoba uVanek (1975) kanye no-Albert (2003) bakubize-kubandakanya ubunikazi obuhlangene nokuphathwa kwamafemu ngamadlelandawonye asebenza ngokukhululeka. Izimpahla zomphakathi zamasu kuphela, njengengqalasizinda kanye nezokuxhumana, kanye nemithombo yamandla, kanye nezinye izinsiza zomphakathi, okufanele ziphathwe futhi zisetshenziswe nguhulumeni. Phela, lokhu bekulokhu kuwumsebenzi omenyezelwe wombuso: Ukuphatha impahla yomphakathi. Ngamanye amazwi, ngikhuthaza lokho okuye kwabizwa ngokuthi i-market socialism. Lona umnotho lapho zonke izinkampani ziphethwe, ziqhutshwa futhi ziphethwe ngabasebenzi bazo, akekho kubo oqasha abantu abaqashiwe, futhi umbuso ufana kakhulu nobudlova obuthuthukisiwe bombuso-okususa impi.
Intando yeningi yamasiko ihlanganisa imfundo yamahhala kuwo womathathu amazinga, uphenyo lwamahhala, kanye nobunikazi bomphakathi (umbuso noma ama-NGO) wezinsiza zamasiko ezifana nelabhorethri, iminyuziyamu nemitapo yolwazi, ama-zoo, aquaria kanye nezingadi zezitshalo, kanye nezobuntu, ezesayensi, kanye nezikhungo zobuchwepheshe.
Intando yeningi yezombangazwe ihlanganisa ilungelo lokuvota nokungenela isikhundla somphakathi, nokunye okuningi: Iphinde ibandakanye ukuzibusa kwendawo yokusebenza, kanye nelungelo kanye nomsebenzi wokubamba iqhaza kwezinye zezinqubo zezombusazwe eziqhubekayo phakathi nokhetho, njengoba kanye nasemisebenzini yama-NGO njengezinyunyana zabasebenzi, izinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo, amakilabhu, namasonto.
Intando yeningi esemthethweni, vele, iyafana nesinamy, noma ukulingana phambi komthetho emphakathini ongaphansi komthetho wokulingana. Kodwa lesi simiso ngeke sisetshenziswe nomaphi lapho umthetho uvuna abanamandla, noma lapho abacebile bengakwazi ukukhokhela iseluleko sezomthetho esingcono kunalabo abampofu. (Isibonelo, e-US, ababulali abamnyama banamathuba aphindwe ka-12 okugwetshwa kunozakwabo abaMhlophe.)
Okokugcina, intando yeningi yomhlaba wonke wumkhuba we-liberté, égalité, fraternité phakathi kwezizwe. Ngokulinganayo: ukubusa komhlaba ngokwentshisekelo yabo bonke abantu, kanye nezizukulwane ezizayo, kanye nesiphetho esihambisanayo samaphoyisa esifunda nawomhlaba. Ukufinyelelwa kwale migomo kuhilela ukuhoxiswa kwezikhali emhlabeni, ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nokuphathwa komhlaba wonke kwezisetshenziswa zemvelo.
Lokhu kuphetha ukuchaza kwami intando yeningi esemqoka. Siyini isizathu salokho? Ake sibone.
3 Ukulungisiswa kwentando yeningi
Ake ngiphakamise izizathu ezilandelayo zokukhetha intando yeningi edidiyelwe kunayo yonke eminye imibuso yezenhlalakahle:
1/ Njengoba abantu abahlukene benezidingo, izimo namathalente ahlukene, wonke umuntu kufanele athole lokho akudingayo ukuze azibonele yena, futhi kufanele afake isandla ekuzuziseni wonke umuntu ngokwamakhono akhe (Blanc 1847): Akuzona izidingo ezinganakiwe kanye nezifiso ezisemthethweni ezikhungathekile, noma ukweqa umthwalo wemfanelo.
2/ Njengoba umsebenzi uwumthombo wokugcina wayo yonke ingcebo (uSmith, uRicardo noMarx), wonke umuntu omdala onekhono kufanele abe nakho kokubili nelungelo kanye nomsebenzi wokwenza umsebenzi ozuzisayo: Akuyona iminikelo yesihle noma irenti noma impango.
3/ Njengoba wonke umuntu enelungelo lezithelo zomsebenzi wakhe (uLocke noMarx), inzuzo kufanele yabiwe ngokulinganayo: Akukho ukuxhashazwa.
4/ Njengoba umuntu ngamunye “ewukuphela komnakekeli ovikelekile wamalungelo akhe kanye nezithakazelo zakhe” (uMill), bonke abasebenzi kufanele babe nezwi elifanayo endleleni abasebenzela ngayo abahleleke ngayo: Isisebenzi esisodwa, ivoti elilodwa ekuphathweni.
5/ Ngoba wonke umsebenzi udinga amakhono athile, futhi njengoba ukusungulwa kubalulekile ekusindeni kwebhayoloji nezenhlalo, abaphathi nabaphathi kufanele babe nekhono lobuchwepheshe ngaphandle kokwethembeka nokungenzeleli. Abaphathi cha, ochwepheshe sí.
6/ Inzuzo evamile ilondolozwa kangcono lapho wonke umuntu enethuba lokuyivikela, ukuyisebenzisa, kanye nokuyicebisa ngokuvumelana nemithetho eklanywe ekukhanyeni kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, futhi yamukelwe ngentando yeningi: Kungekhona izimpahla ezivamile ezingabuswa noma ezingaphathwa kabi.
7/ Njengoba ukuzazi kuyilungelo lomuntu, futhi njengoba inkululeko izwakala kahle, inkululeko kufanele ivikelwe kanye nokulingana: Ayikho inkululeko enokungalingani.
I-8/ Njengoba wonke umuntu edinga usizo oluvela komunye umuntu, futhi ngenxa yokuthi kuzwakala kukuhle ukwenza okuhle, ukucabangelana nobumbano kufanele kubhekwe njengokubalulekile ekubambisaneni okuphucuzekile kwawo wonke amaqembu omphakathi, futhi kufanele akhuthazwe ngokufanele: Awekho amalungelo ngaphandle kwemisebenzi.
9/ Amalungelo abantu angaqinisekiswa kuphela lapho izinzuzo nemithwalo yabiwa khona ngokulinganayo—ukuze kungabikho muntu, inhlangano, noma isizwe esingakwazi ukusizakala nganoma iyiphi enye.
I-10/ Ukuthula kungalondolozwa kuphela ngokuchithwa kwezikhali kwendawo yonke, uma kungekho ohulumeni noma izinhlangano ezinamandla okuqala izimpi, futhi uma zonke izizwe zingamanethiwekhi abanzi okwenza ukuhweba okunokuthula nokubambisana kube nenzuzo enkulu kunempi. Ukuthula komhlaba ngokusebenzisa ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokubusa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
Lokhu kuphetha ukuthethelelwa kwe-eutopia yethu. Ake ngokulandelayo siyiqhathanise nemibuso eyisikhombisa eyaziwa kakhulu yezenhlalo-mnotho nepolitiki: ubukhomanisi bakudala (njengaphakathi kwamaNdiya ase-Amazonian), ubugqila (njengaseRome lasebukhosini), i-serfdom (njengaseFrance yasendulo), ubunxiwankulu obungalawuleki (njengaseGolded Ubudala), i-socialism yezwe (njengasekupheleni kwe-USSR), ubunxiwankulu bezenhlalakahle (njengaseBrithani nase-US), kanye nentando yeningi yezenhlalo (njengasezwekazini laseNtshonalanga Yurophu, ikakhulukazi emazweni aseNordic). Nokho, ngaphambi kokuba siziqhathanise kufanele simemezele
amagugu ethu, njengo-Gunnar Myrdal (1969), omunye wabakhi bezakhiwo
Isimo senhlalakahle yaseSweden, ngabe uthe.
5 Isisekelo se-axiological sokuqhathanisa
Ukuze sihlole noma yikuphi ukubusa komphakathi kufanele sibone ukuthi izifeza kahle kangakanani izindinganiso zomphakathi eziyisithupha ezibalulekile: ukuphepha (S), inkululeko (L), ukulingana (E), ubuzalwane (F), ubulungisa (J), kanye nekhono (C). Ngalinye kulawa manani liyinhlanganisela. Ikakhulukazi, ezokuphepha (S) zinezingxenye ezine: ukuphepha komuntu siqu, ukuphepha kwemvelo, amalungelo abantu, nokuphepha kwezomnotho; futhi inkululeko (L) yakhiwe ngamalungelo omphakathi, isinyathelo samahhala (sokuhlukaniswa nebhizinisi elikhululekile), kanye nenkululeko yamasiko.
Ngiyafakaza ukuthi, nakuba lawo magugu ayisithupha azimele ngokunengqondo ukusuka kwelinye (okungukuthi, awachazeki), empeleni ahlala ndawonye, ngoba ukufezeka kwawo kuncike kulokho kwamanye. Ngenxa yalokho akukho neyodwa kwayisithupha okungashiwo ukuthi ibaluleke ukwedlula abalingani bayo. Ikakhulukazi, ukuphepha (S), ubulungisa (J), ukulingana (E), ubuzalwane (F), kanye nekhono (C) kuyadingeka ngokuhlanganyela ukuze kube nenkululeko (L). Ngakho-ke isiqubulo sakudala sesiFulentshi kufanele siqedwe ukuze sifundeke Vie, liberté, égalité, fraternité, justice, compétence.
Ngokungangabazeki, lezi zimiso eziyisithupha zibumba intando yeningi ehlangene, ngokuphikisana nentando yeningi yezepolitiki kuphela. Uhlelo lwamanani okukhulunywa ngalo lungase lufanekiswe njengolwakha le hexagon:
6 Ukuqhathanisa nezindlela
Ake sibone ukuthi lezi zindinganiso zihamba kanjani ezimisweni ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi ezishiwo ngenhla. Sizonikeza u-0 ekungabibikho okuphelele, 1 ekugcwalisekeni okuphelele, kanye nengxenye ephakathi kuya ekugcwalisekeni kwengxenye. Isibonelo, inkululeko (L) icishe iphelele kumakhomanisi akudala; cishe abukho ubugqila, ubugqila, ubuKhomanisi besitayela samaSoviet, ubufascism, kanye nombuso ongokwasezulwini; 1/4 kunxiwankulu olungalawulwa (lapho kunenkululeko yezombangazwe kuphela); 1/2 ku-capitalism yezenhlalakahle (lapho kunenkululeko yezombangazwe nokukhululeka endlaleni); ¾ kuntando yeningi yenhlalo (lapho ipolitiki ingabuswa amabhizinisi amakhulu); kanye no-1 kuntando yeningi ehlangene.
Uma lokhu kuhlola cishe kulungile, khona-ke intando yeningi ehlangene iphakeme kunayo yonke eminye imibuso, ilandelwa eduze intando yeningi yezenhlalo. Uma kufanele sikhethe eyokuqala ehamba phambili, inkinga esebenzayo ukuthi kwakhiwa kanjani. Ukuvukela umbuso okunobudlova akukho mbuzo ngoba ubudlova buvame ukuzala ubudlova, obungalungile ngokokuziphatha futhi obungasizi ngalutho. (Noma kunjalo, ukuvukela umbuso kuyindlela yokugcina yokulwa nobushiqela owenqaba ukuyekethisa.)
Umgwaqo wephalamende oyisa ezinguqukweni ezinqala kwezenhlalo nawo uvaliwe ngoba amaphalamende akhethwe ngokusemthethweni kulindeleke ukuthi athobele umthetho wezwe, ongavuna amalungelo. Nokho, ikhona indlela yokuphuma, okungukuthi ukuhlanganisa amadlelandawonye nezishoshovu zezombangazwe: okungukuthi, ukwandisa isibalo samafemu amadlelandawonye, ukuqinisa ukubambisana kwawo phakathi kwamafemu, nokulwela umthetho ozowavikela. Ngamanye amazwi, kungakholakala ukuthi umphakathi onobulungiswa kakhulu ungavela ekuhlanganeni kwamafemu amadlelandawonye kanye nombango wentando yeningi. Kodwa ukuze lokhu kwenzeke, kumele kuqhamuke amaqembu amasha ezepolitiki. Ngokudabukisayo, izazi zefilosofi zezombangazwe, ezifana nomlobi wamanje, azikwazi ukunikeza iziphakamiso ezisebenzayo zokushaya leli kati.
IZINDAWO ZOLWAZI
Albert, Michael. 2003. Parecon: Life After Capitalism. London: Verso.
Blanc, Louis. 1847 [1839]. I-L'organisation du travail, 5th ed. Paris: Société de l'Industrie Fraternelle.
Bunge, Mario. 2009. Ifilosofi Yezepolitiki. Nw Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Myrdal, Gunnar. 1969. Objectivity in Social Science. ENew York: Izincwadi zePantheon.
Vanek, Jaroslav. 1975. Ukuzilawula: Ukukhulula Umuntu Kwezomnotho. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela