Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uStanley Milgram (1933-1984) sathinteka kakhulu ngonya lwamaNazi, ngakho lapho ucwaningo lwakhe lwasekuqaleni kwawo-1960 ngabantu baseMelika lwembula izinga eliphezulu ngokungalindelekile lokulalela igunya eliyalela izihloko ukuba zenze izenzo ezinonya, lokhu kwamkhathaza kakhulu. Ucwaningo lukaMilgram lwembula amanye amaqiniso—angaziwa kabanzi—abalulekile ekulweni nokugunyazwa.
Okutholwe okunganakiwe ukuthi izifundo eziningi zikaMilgram zaziveza ukuphikisana kodwa ekugcineni walalela. UMilgram wayefuna kakhulu ukuthi siqaphele ukuthi ezimweni zokugunyaza, ukuphikisa kukodwa ngaphandle kokungalaleli akusizi ngalutho ekumiseni ukuhlukumeza, njengoba ukuphikisa kushaywa indiva njalo iziphathi-mandla.
Ocwaningweni lwangempela lwe-Milgram eNyuvesi yaseYale, izifundo zabuthwa ukuze kuhlolwe ngokusobala ukuthi ukufunda. Izifundo ezingenalwazi “kwakungothisha” kanti umfelandawonye “kwakuwumfundi,” futhi kwakukhona neziphathimandla zokuhlola ezayala othisha bezifundo ukuba bethuse umfundi ngezimpendulo ezingalungile. Enguqulweni eyaziwa kakhulu yocwaningo, izifundo zothisha ezingama-26 kwezingama-40 (65%) ziqhubekile nokushaqisa umfundi ohlangene waze wafika ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu lama-volts angama-450 (elalibhalwe ngokuthi “Ingozi: ukushaqeka okukhulu”) ngisho nanjengomfundi oyimbumba. yabhodloza izindonga ukuze ibhikishe futhi ayizange iphinde iphendule ngemuva kwe-315 volts. Ngenkathi izifundo ezingama-65%. ungalokothiabangalalelanga igunya, ngisho nabanye abangu-35% (abagcina bengalalelanga) benze izifundo ezishaqisayo emazingeni aphansi.
Okubalulekile kodwa okuvame ukunganakwa ukuthi ukurekhodwa komsindo wocwaningo luka-Milgram kuveza ukuthi izifundo eziningi zanikeza ukuphikisa kodwa zagcina zilalelwe. Izihloko eziningi zazama izindlela eziningana zokuphikisa zamazwi zithi “Ngeke ngisakwazi ukwenza lokhu” noma “Ngeke ngisakwenza lokhu.” Iziphathimandla zokuhlola ziphendule ukuphikisa kwezifundo ngochungechunge lwama-oda/imikhiqizo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ziyaqhubeka (Prod 1: “Sicela uqhubeke”; Prod 2: “Ukuhlolwa kudinga ukuthi uqhubeke”; Prod 3: “Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi qhubeka”; kanye ne-Prod 4: “Awunayo enye indlela, wena kumele Qhubeka"). Ngalawa ma-prod/oda, izifundo eziningi ebezibhikishile zathobela.
Kubagxeki beMilgram, le mibhikisho yayiyimizamo yokungalaleli, kodwa kuMilgram-nami-le mibhikisho ukuphikisana, hhayi ukungalaleli. Futhi okubalulekile ukuthi ukungaboni ngaso linye ngaphandle kokungalaleli kwakungabalulekile kumuntu ohlukunyeziwe.
Ukuphikisa akufani nokuthi ukungalaleli, njengoba umuntu engase aphikise ngegunya kodwa aqhubeke elalela. Abantu abakwazi ukuphikisa kodwa abangakwazi ukungalaleli bavame ukungakhululeki ukubekela inselele ukufaneleka kwalelo gunya lokusebenzisa amandla. Ngokuphambene, abamelene nabagunyaziwe bangempela banethezekile kukho kokubili ukuphikisa nokungalaleli lapho bebona igunya lingekho emthethweni.
Ukuphikisana kukodwa kungase kusebenze emphakathini wentando yeningi yangempela, kodwa abagunyazi-kungaba yiziphathimandla zokuhlola zika-Milgram noma uhulumeni wase-U.S. Iziphathi-mandla ziyaqaphela ukuthi ukungakunaki nje ukuphikisa ngokuvamile kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokukubekela eceleni, ngisho nalapho lokho kungaboni ngaso linye kuvela eningini labantu.
Ngo-2014, ososayensi bezepolitiki u-Martin Gilens no-Benjamin Page, ocwaningweni olushicilelwe ku Imibono yezopolitiki, kwaqinisekisa ukuthi isilinganiso sezakhamuzi zase-U.S. cishe azinakwa ngokuphelele kangakanani iziphathimandla zikahulumeni wase-U.S. ngokwezinqubomgomo zomphakathi. Ibuyekeza imibono yomphakathi wase-US ezindabeni zenqubomgomo, kanye nokuhlola izinqubomgomo zomphakathi ezihlukene eziyi-1,779 phakathi kuka-1981 no-2002, uGilens kanye nePage banqume ukuthi "ngisho noma iningi labantu baseMelika lithanda ukushintshwa kwenqubomgomo, ngokuvamile abalitholi." Baphetha ngokuthi, “Iphuzu elibalulekile elivela ocwaningweni lwethu ukuthi izikhulu zezomnotho namaqembu ahlelekile amele izintshisekelo zebhizinisi anomthelela omkhulu ozimele kunqubomgomo kahulumeni wase-US, kanti amaqembu anentshisekelo asekelwe ngobuningi kanye nezakhamizi ezijwayelekile zinethonya elincane noma alikho nhlobo elizimele.
Uma ukuphikisa—kungaba ngokuvota kwemibono yomphakathi, imibhikisho yokubhikisha, noma ngenye indlela—kunamandla ekuguquleni inqubomgomo, lokhu kuyinkomba yokuphila ngaphansi kombuso wobushiqela. Uma umphakathi ungewona owobushiqela kodwa ubusa ngentando yeningi, khona-ke ukungezwani okudala ukungaboni ngaso linye kuyaxazululwa ukuze labo abaphikisayo babone ukuthi izikhalo zabo zithathelwa phezulu, njengoba kufakazelwa izinguquko zenqubomgomo. Emphakathini onobushiqela, abaphikisayo—ngisho nalapho bebaningi—ngokuvamile bazizwa bengenamandla futhi bengenakuzisiza.
Ukungezwani ngaphandle kokungalaleli empeleni akulona usongo kubashicileli abaphethe. Omashiqela abahlakaniphile bangase bamukele ngisho nokuphikisa ngaphandle kokungalaleli, njengoba kungase kunganakwa kalula futhi kunikeze umbono ongewona womphakathi okhululekile nowentando yeningi. Ukungalaleli kuphela okungasongela izikhulu.
Abamelene nabagunyaziwe bangempela abahamba ngale kokuphikisa ukuze empeleni bamelane futhi bangalaleli igunya elingekho emthethweni bayajeziswa futhi bakhishwe inyumbazane. Njengoba ngicacisa ku Ukumelana neziphathimandla ezingekho emthethweni, Abamelene nabagunyaziwe base-U.S. baye bagwenywa, bajeziswa ngokwezimali, bahlukunyezwa ngokwengqondo, benziwa ubugebengu, futhi babulawa. Abamelene nokugunyazwa bayajeziswa kokubili ukuze bababandlulule futhi bathumele umlayezo osabisayo kwabanye abangase bacabangele ukumelana negunya elingekho emthethweni. Iziphathi-mandla ziyazi ukuthi njengoba nje ubugwala buyathathelana kanjalo nesibindi singathathelana, okuyiqiniso elaqinisekiswa nguMilgram.
UMilgram, kokunye ukuhluka kokuhlolwa kwakhe, wabonisa ukubaluleka kokulinganisa ukungalaleli ukuze kuncishiswe ukuthobela igunya elingekho emthethweni. Ngenkathi abanye othisha ababili ababambiqhaza beyizinhlangano ezihlangene ezihlezi eduze kwesifundo sikathisha benqaba ukulalela (omunye wema ku-volts angu-150, omunye wema ku-210 volts), izinga lokulalela lehliswa lisuka ku-65% laya ku-10% lokuthotshelwa kwemithetho ephezulu kakhulu- izinga lokushaqeka kwe-volt 450. Nakuba uMilgram eqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwamamodeli wokungalaleli, wayekhathazekile ngokuthi umphakathi wase-US awunawo amamodeli anesibindi anele.
Ngaphambi kokushicilelwa kwe-Milgram Ukulalela Igunya (1974), wanyakaziswa isibhicongo saseMy Lai nobunye unya lwase-US olwenziwa amasosha aseMelika empini yaseVietnam. UMilgram wezwa ubuhlungu ngenxa yokungakwazi komphakathi wase-US ukulwa nalokho akubiza ngokuthi “iphutha elibulalayo” lesintu lokuthobela igunya elihlukumezayo, aphetha ngokuthi, “ekuhambeni kwesikhathi linikeza izinhlobo zethu ithuba elilinganiselwe lokusinda.”
Njengoba ngichaza ku Ukumelana neziphathimandla ezingekho emthethweni, emkhayeni wesintu kunabamelene nabanegunya—abantu abakhululekile ukumelana negunya elingekho emthethweni; kodwa okwamanje, ngenxa yezizathu engixoxa ngazo, awenele kuzo.
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Nikela