Eduze kwesakhiwo sephalamende laseHungary, izivakashi ezivakashela eBudapest zingathola Izicathulo ebhange laseDanube. Ihlanganisa izicathulo ezingu-60 ezibheke emfuleni ezibheke ngasentshonalanga, kuyisikhumbuzo esijulile samaJuda aseBudapest abulawa uhulumeni wamaFascist Arrow Cross phakathi kuka-1944 no-1945. Bayalwa ukuba bakhumule izicathulo zabo ngaphambi kokudutshulwa. Izidumbu zabo zawela emfuleni.
Labo ababulawa ngale ndlela babeyingxenyana nje yezisulu zaseHungary zokuQothulwa Kwesizwe. Ezinsukwini ezingu-56 phakathi nehlobo lika-1944 kuphela, iziphathimandla zaseHungary zasebenza nombuso wamaNazi ukuze zidingisele amaJuda angu-437,402 XNUMX, ngokuyinhloko emakamu okuqothula e-Auschwitz naseBirkenau. Njengoba simi eduze kwephalamende laseHungary, lesi sikhumbuzo siyisikhumbuzo sobuthakathaka bentando yeningi kanye nonya olwesabekayo olwenziwa phakathi nempi yezwe yesibili.
Amafomu amasha namadala
Akukho lutho olukhethekile lwesiHungary mayelana nalokhu okuhlangenwe nakho, kunjalo. IYurophu inomlando onodlame nobandlululo olukhulu. Alikho ikona lezwekazi elingasho ukuthi limsulwa uma kukhulunywa ngomlando nefa lobufascism.
Ukwesabeka okukhulu kwalesi sikhathi esidlule nakho kungasiphuphuthekisa ngezinye izikhathi ukuvela kobuzwe kanye ne-fascism ngezindlela ezintsha. Uma zingekho izinkambu zokuqothula, ingabe-ke kufanele saneliswe ukuthi ilungelo elikude lesimanje selijwayele, futhi lamukela, intando yeningi namalungelo abantu abambalwa? Abaholi benqubekela phambili nababusa ngentando yeningi emazweni amaningi aseYurophu namuhla babhekana nalo mbuzo ngokuqondile. IJalimane, i-Italy, iFrance, iBrithani, i-Austria, iPoland, iNetherlands, iSweden neSpain, uma sibala amanye amacala agqama kakhulu, wonke amazwe anokukhula noma ahlanganisiwe okuyingxenye yenkundla yezombangazwe kazwelonke.
Mhlawumbe ngenxa yomlando oxhunywe ku-teminology of fascism, izingqapheli eziningi ziyanqikaza ukuchaza lezi zenzakalo ngolimi olunjalo, zikhetha esikhundleni sokuyibiza ngokuthi 'i-far-right populism'. Ingozi yalokhu kuguquguquka kolimi ukuthi kungasiza ukujwayela kwalawa mandla amasha angakwesokudla abe yingxenye eyamukelekayo yezwe lezepolitiki laseYurophu. I-fascism yekhulu lama-20 ayizange iqale uhambo oluya emakamu okuqothula ngokuvuma lokhu njengomgomo wayo.
Ingxenye yamandla okuhlanganisa entsha ekude kakhulu eYurophu ilele 'ezombangazwe zenkumbulo' yokuthi i-fascism yekhulu lama-20 icatshangwa kanjani namuhla. Ilungelo elisha elikude lenqaba noma yimuphi umbono wokuzibophezela kuzwelonke nge-fascism. Bathi abaqhubeki nalokhu kunyakaza okungokomlando, kuyilapho besebenzisa umbono wokuba yizisulu zabaningi-abamhlophe ofana nezinkulumo zama-fascist zakudala: ukuthi i-liberal elite ibeka engcupheni abantu abamhlophe ngendlela ehlelekile ukuze kuzuze izinhlanga nezinkolo ezincane.
Idemokhrasi engekho emthethweni
Namuhla, iHungary iphakathi kwalezi zenzakalo. Kusukela ngo-2010, ngaphansi kukandunankulu u-Viktor Orbán kanye nohulumeni wakhe we-Fidesz, izwe lisungule lokho elikubiza ngokuthi 'intando yeningi engekho emthethweni'. Kubabukeli bamazwe ngamazwe ulimi olusetshenziswa u-Orbán kanye neqembu lakhe luhlaba umxhwele kakhulu ukuthi bayenqaba ngokusobala kangakanani izimiso zenkululeko. Baphikisana nombono wokuthi izinhlangano zomphakathi zinamalungelo nenkululeko maqondana nombuso ngesizathu sokuthi lezi yizinhlangano ezizimele, ezingakhethwanga yiningi. Basebenzisa ubuciko obufanayo ‘bobukhulu’ ukuze benqabe umbono wokuthi amaqembu amancane nezinhlanga zinamalungelo abantu.
Nakuba amaqembu angakwesokudla ngokuvamile ecatshangwa ukuthi aya ngokulinganisela njengoba esondela emandleni, u-Fidesz uxoxa indaba ehlukile. Iqembu laqala ukuphila ngemva kokuwa kobukhomanisi njengeqembu elincane, elikhululekile, ngisho nelinemibono emihle, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi liye lagcina ngokujulile. U-Zsuzsanna Szelényi, umphikisi waseHungary, washiya iqembu ngo-1994. Udweba ukufana phakathi kokuthatha kuka-Orbán ngokuzimela iqembu kusukela ngo-1992 kuya phambili nokubusa kwakhe esikhundleni.
‘Ekuseni kakhulu u-Viktor Orbán… waphusha iqembu… Ku-Szelényi, kwakuyisifiso sika-Orbán sokuba namandla, kunokuba noma ikuphi ukuzibophezela okujulile kwemibono yezimiso zobuzwe, okuye kwamkhuthaza.
Ukugxila kwamandla
Abaningi abaphikisayo baseHungary babelana ngalo mbono. Baphikisa ngokuthi izimemezelo ezishaqisayo ezivame ukushaqisa zikahulumeni kaFidesz mayelana nokufuduka kanye ne-Islam zisetshenziswa ngendlela ehlekisayo ukuzuza ukwesekwa kanye nokususa abaphikisi ngokusemthethweni.
U-Dániel Bartha, umqondisi wethangi lokucabanga elizinze e-Budapest, uphikisa ngokuthi umphumela omkhulu ophathekayo wombuso we-Orbán kube ‘ukugxiliswa kwamandla ngesilinganiso esikhulu’. UFidesz udale i-elite entsha ethembekile kwezamabhizinisi, izikhungo zomphakathi, amanyuvesi kanye nabezindaba, okulungisiswa ngolimi lobuzwe baseHungary nokuthuthukiswa komnotho.
Omunye umphumela kube ukuqedwa kokulinganisa phakathi kwamaqembu ancintisanayo okhethweni. Isamba esikhulu semali yabakhokhi bentela sisetshenziswe 'emikhankasweni yolwazi' kahulumeni, isibonelo, eqondise uGeorge Soros kanye nomongameli weKhomishini ye-EU ophumayo uJean-Claude Juncker njengezibalo ezimele itulo elisekela abokufika, elimelene nobuKristu lokukhulula umhlaba wonke ngokumelene neHungary. . Imithombo yezindaba ezimele ikhishwe inyumbazane kakhulu njengoba uhulumeni edle imali yokukhangisa ezitolo ezesekayo, kuyilapho eduba ezibucayi. Abalandeli bayo bezamabhizinisi bese bengenelela, babulawa yindlala yemali. Abasakazi bezinkampani zikahulumeni nabo sebephendulwe abasekeli abangagxeki bakahulumeni.
Isikhalazo samazwe ngamazwe
Amazwi ka-Orbán angenawo ama-nuance kanye nemihume. Izinkulumo zakhe zonke zihunyushelwa esiNgisini nguhulumeni wase-Hungary futhi zashicilelwa ku-inthanethi, egcizelela ukulangazelela kwakhe ukukhuthaza le mibono emhlabeni jikelele. Osopolitiki abalandelanayo ngokungangabazeki baye basiza le mizamo. UFidesz useyilungu leqembu le-Center-right European People’s Party (EPP), yize okwamanje usamisiwe njengoba kusaphenywa. UManfred Weber, umholi we-EPP, ubhale ku-Twitter ukuhalalisela kwakhe u-Orbán kulandela ukunqoba kwakhe okhethweni lwaseHungary lwango-2018, naphezu kokuthi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezedlule u-Orbán wayetshele abavoti baseHungary ukuthi babhekene nomshikashika wokusindisa izwe labo 'ezweni. I-alchemical workshop kaGeorge Soros' nokuthi 'ukufuduka kuwukugqwala okuzodla izwe lethu kancane kancane.' Inhlanganisela ye-antisemitism kanye ne-Islamophobia, lapho amaJuda ehlaselwa khona ngenxa yokusekela ukufuduka kwamaSulumane, kuyindikimba eyinhloko yelungelo elisha elikude. .
Abanye osopolitiki abamaphakathi kwesokudla nabo bahambisana ngenjabulo nombuso kaFidesz. NgoMashi, u-Orbán wakhuluma engqungqutheleni ebiseBudapest mayelana nokufuduka kanye nowayengumongameli waseFrance uNicolas Sarkozy. U-Orbán wasebenzisa inkulumo yakhe ukuze aveze inguqulo yakhe yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi 'ushintsho olukhulu' lwethiyori ye-alt-right yozungu, ethi ukufuduka kuyingxenye yetulo elitelekile.
EBrithani, umsekeli omkhulu ka-Orbán kube nguNigel Farage. ‘Sibonga uNkulunkulu, kunomholi oyedwa waseYurophu ozimisele ukumela izimiso zakhe, isizwe sakhe, isiko lakhe, nabantu bakhe,’ kusho uFarage muva nje. Ukukhuphuka kwe-Brexit Party entsha ka-Farage kube yikhuthazo kwesokudla kakhulu eYurophu.
Izikhungo ze-EU zizoba yinkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini ebucayi yokulwa nokukhuphuka kwe-fascism kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo. Noma ngabe isiphi isimo sokugcina sesimo seBrithani e-Europe, kubalulekile ukuthi sijoyine ukumelana namazwe ngamazwe ekuqhubekeleni phambili kwesokudla futhi sithathe izibopho zethu zokulwa nobufascist ngokungathi sína.
U-Luke Cooper ungumvakashi wohlelo lwe-Europe's Futures e-Institute of Human Sciences (Vienna). Njengamanje usebenza ochungechungeni lwencwadi kanye ne-podcast ngenhlekelele yase-Europe
Amazwi avela emphakathini waseHungary
Ubanjwe emkhankasweni kahulumeni wenzondo
Zoltán Mester
Kusukela ngo-2006, i-Emberség Erejével (Ngamandla Obuntu) ibambe iqhaza emfundweni yamalungelo abantu e-Pécs, eduze nomngcele waseCroatia, eningizimu yeHungary. Idolobhana liyisikhungo sesifunda esingathuthukisiwe ngokwezomnotho, esimpofu, idolobha lasenyuvesi elinempilo, kanye neNhloko-dolobha Yamasiko YaseYurophu ngo-2010.
Ngo-2010, isisekelo saqala ukusebenza nezingane ezihluphekayo ezihlala endaweni empofu yasePécs, kwathi ngo-2013 sabavulela isikole. Umgomo oyinhloko, ngaphandle kokusiza ukufunda, ukudala amathuba alinganayo, ukuze izingane ezimpofu zithole izinto ezingafinyeleleki ngokungavamile kuzo.
Kungumsebenzi wakamuva wesisekelo, nokho, ovuse ukuhlasela okugcwele kwabanamandla. Uhlelo Olukhulayo Lwemiphakathi Yomphakathi luzobona isisekelo sisabalalisa ama-forints ayizigidi eziyi-100 (£270,000) emphakathini nasezinhlanganweni zomphakathi eminyakeni emithathu, kusukela ku-Open Society Foundation. Lokhu kusibonile sibambeke emikhankasweni yenkulumo-ze kahulumeni ngokumelene noGeorge Soros kanye nama-NGO aseHungary asekelwa izisekelo zakhe.
Isiphetho somkhankaso wenzondo kwaba ukwamukelwa kwesitatimende se-Pécs General Assembly, esacela abantu basedolobheni ukuthi bangasivumeli ukuthi siqashe ihhovisi lesisekelo sethu. Ngenxa yalokho, salahlekelwa indawo yethu yokuqasha, kodwa ngenhlanhla sathola ezinye izipesheli eziningi.
Namuhla, umkhankaso we-propaganda ohlelwe phakathi nendawo awunamandla, nakuba abameleli bakahulumeni besazama ukwenza umsebenzi wethu ube nzima nakakhulu.
Senze isu lokugxila ekukhulumisaneni okuhle, sizama ukwenza umsebenzi esikholelwa kuwo, kungakhathaliseki izimo, ngezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke kanye nezaseYurophu okwamanje ezingadumile kakhulu eHungary. Ngokombono wethu, eminyakeni engu-30 kusukela ekushintsheni kombuso, akukaze kube nesidingo esikhulu kangaka sokuthi izinhlangano zaseYurophu, izikhungo kanye nezisekelo zisebenze futhi ziphumelele ekusekeleni umphakathi waseHungary.
Ukulwela ilungelo lezindlu embusweni wentando yeningi ongekho emthethweni
Éva Tessza Udvarhelyi
IThe City is for All ithimba elilwela ukwakhiwa kwezindlu emazingeni aphansi elilwela isithunzi sabantu abangenamakhaya kanye nelungelo lokuthola izindlu zabo bonke abantu. Iqembu lethu lasungulwa ngo-2009 ngabantu abangenamakhaya nabalingani babo. Selokhu sasungulwa, besilokhu silwisana nobugebengu bokungabi namakhaya, ukukhishwa kwabantu ezindlini ngaphandle kokubekwa kwenye indawo, ukucekelwa phansi kwemijondolo eyakhiwe, ukuhlukunyezwa kwamaphoyisa kwabantu abangenamakhaya kanye nelungelo lekheli kanye nelungelo lezinsizakalo zezenhlalakahle ezihloniphekile. phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Eminyakeni emithathu edlule, cishe abantu abayi-10,000 baxoshwa eHungary, okusho ukuthi amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu alahlekelwe amakhaya abo. Nakuba uhulumeni wase-Orbán enikele ngezizumbulu zemali yomphakathi ukuze asekele ubunikazi bemizi emindenini edla izambane likapondo, unqamule uhlelo lukazwelonke lwezibonelelo zezindlu ezitholakala kubantu abahola kancane, wenqaba ukuthuthukisa izindlu zomphakathi futhi uziba nentela ekhuphuka ngokuqhubekayo ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. .
Ngaphezu kokuhlakaza ngamandla izwe lezenhlalakahle kanye nomthetho othinta bonke abantu baseHungary, uhulumeni wase-Orbán uqondise ngokukhethekile abantu abangenamakhaya abahlala emigwaqweni ngokuphasisa uchungechunge lwemithetho kusukela ngo-2010 eyenza iHungary kwaba ukuphela kwezwe emhlabeni elenza ubugebengu ukulala endaweni yomphakathi. ezingeni lomthethosisekelo. Inguquko yakamuva yalo mthetho eyenza ukuthi kuboshwe abantu abangenamakhaya bavalelwe ejele ngenxa yokulala emgwaqeni, kumanje ibuyekezwa yiNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo.
IDolobha ngelabo Bonke kanye nenhlangano yethu engudadewethu i-Streetlawyer Association, kanye nezinye izinhlangano eziningi ezizimele kanye namaciko, ongqondongqondo bomphakathi, abalingisi, ochwepheshe bezokwelapha, ochwepheshe bezenhlalakahle nezakhamuzi ezivamile, basukume bamelana nalo mthetho ongenabulungiswa nongenabuntu ngokubhikisha, ngokunikeza usizo lwezomthetho. kanye nokumelwa kanye nokunikeza ukwesekwa komuntu ngamunye kubantu abangenamakhaya.
Ilinde ukuphela kobumnyama njengoba imidiya yamahhala iyancipha
Nagy Gergely Miklós
Isimo semithombo yezindaba yaseHungary sishintshe kakhulu phakathi neminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye kahulumeni wase-Orbán - nakuba igama elithi 'ushintsho' lithambile kakhulu ngendlela ebesabisa ngayo lolu shintsho.
Uma ngikhuluma iqiniso, angiqiniseki ukuthi iqale nini. Ngaphambi kuka-2010 (unyaka u-Orbán aqala ngawo ukubusa) kwakunezinhlobonhlobo zemidiya ehlukene, enamanani angakwesokunxele, enkululeko noma angakwesokudla. Amaphephandaba, izingosi zezindaba, amaviki onke, umsakazo - okujwayelekile. Intando yeningi yethu yayingaphelele, futhi yayiyintsha, kodwa isimo sabezindaba sasizwakala sijwayelekile.
Manje konke sekuhambile.
Manje asisakhulumi ngomshini we-'kwesokunxele-wing' noma 'we-right-wing', kodwa mayelana nomshini we-propaganda okhulayo. Le mithombo yezindaba iphusha imiyalezo emelene nokufika kwabantu kwamanye amazwe amahora angu-24 ngosuku, futhi izama ukusabisa nokucekela phansi noma ubani onesibindi sokugxeka uhulumeni esidlangalaleni.
Kwesinye isikhathi basebenzisa ulwazi lomuntu siqu lwabantu ngokumelene nabo. Kwesinye isikhathi bahlukumeza amalungu omndeni wabantu. Basebenzisa amandla aphelele emithombo yezindaba yomphakathi ukukhonza amandla.
Iqembu elibusayo laseHungary, uFidesz, liyaqhubeka nokuthenga izitolo zemithombo yezindaba, lizivale, lilawula imakethe yokukhangisa, futhi ngokuvamile licisha izinsalela zezindaba zangempela noma liguqule libe yinkulumo-ze eyengeziwe.
Ukukhuluma iqiniso, anginathemba kangako ngalesi simo. Konke lokhu kuhambisana nesithombe esikhulu. Lokho u-Orbán akwenzile nakwenzayo usuku nosuku akuyona into entsha, kodwa inguqulo ekhethekile yegagasi elisha le-populism kazwelonke. Imilayezo elula, ebizwa ngokuthi i-scapegoats, ihlale inevolumu ephezulu. ENtshonalanga Yurophu noma e-USA, izikhungo ezihlukahlukene kanye nemiphakathi ebanzi yomphakathi ingaba namandla amaningi okumelana nala mazwi kanye nemithelela yawo yobuntu. Kodwa izwe elinjengeHungary, elingenazimpande ezijulile emasikweni entando yeningi, lingangena enkingeni enkulu.
Noma kunjalo, isifundo sicace kakhulu kithi futhi singaba esawo wonke umuntu: uma noma yimuphi uhulumeni eqala ukuhlasela abezindaba, lokho kuwuphawu lokuqala nje. Ungalindi okwesibili.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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