Ingxenye 1: Isingeniso: Iqhaza Nokuchema kwe-Human Rights Watch
I-Human Rights Watch (HRW) yaba khona ngo-1978 njengeKomidi lokubuka lase-US Helsinki. Imibhalo yakuqala yaqinisekisa ukuthi inhloso yayo “ukwengamela ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho yangaphakathi neyamazwe ngamazwe nezinhlinzeko zamalungelo abantu ze-Helsinki Final Act. amazwe ngaphandle kokuthi uhlele indlu yakho,”[1] igxile kakhulu eMoscow. Ngakho izincwadi zayo nazo zaqinisekisa ukuthi ukusungulwa kweKomidi “kwakuhloswe njengesenzo sokusekela ngokokuziphatha imisebenzi yabaqaphi baseHelsinki ababekhungathekile embuthweni waseSoviet,” futhi umsebenzi walo wokuqala wawuhloselwe ukuqhubekisela phambili inqubomgomo kahulumeni wase-US yokwenza buthaka iSoviet Union. futhi ixegisa izibopho zayo neMpumalanga Yurophu.[2] Yize le nhlangano isinwebe umkhathi wayo futhi ikhule kakhulu kusukela imali yayo yembewu engu-$3 evela kwaFord Foundation, ayikaze ihoxise isixhumanisi sayo esiseduze nokusungulwa kwaseNtshonalanga, njengoba kufakazelwa ubudlelwano bobuholi bayo,[400,000] uxhaso lwayo,[4] kanye indima yalo eminyakeni edlule. Ngenxa yokuzibophezela kwesikhungo kumalungelo abantu kanye nombono wayo obanzi, nokho, i-HRW yenze umsebenzi omkhulu obalulekile, njengesibonelo ekusizeni ukubhala umlingiswa nemithelela yezimpi zenkathi kaReagan kulo lonke elaseMelika Ephakathi, lapho i-Americas Watch yayo ibika khona. ekusekeleni kwe-US iNicaragua I-Contras, ibutho lezempi laseSalvador kanye neqembu elibulalayo, kanye nokwesaba kwezwe laseGuatemala kwakuvula amehlo futhi kwaholela ebutha obukhulu ohlangothini lwamaReaganites kanye Wall Street Journal abahleli.[6]
Kodwa naphezu kwalokhu kanye neminye imizamo eyakhayo eminingi, le nhlangano ngezikhathi ezibucayi nasezinkundleni zemidlalo yaseshashalazini iye yaphonsa ukwesekwa kwayo ngemuva kwe-ajenda kahulumeni wase-US, ngezinye izikhathi ize isebenze njengophiko olubonakalayo lobudlelwane bomphakathi ekusungulweni kwenqubomgomo yezangaphandle. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1990 lokhu kuthambekela kuphawulwe ikakhulukazi ekugxileni kwenhlangano nasekuphatheni eminye yemiqhudelwano emikhulu lapho uhulumeni wase-US uqobo abambe iqhaza kuyo: mhlawumbe ayikho ecacile njenge-Iraq kanye neBalkan. Lapha, ukuchema kwayo okujulile kuvezwe kahle ku-March 2002 ehlelwe ngumqondisi omkhulu we-HRW, u-Kenneth Roth, eyanyatheliswa ku- Wall Street Journal ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi “Indict Saddam.”[7] Into yokuqala okufanele uyiqaphele mayelana nalokhu kuphawula isikhathi sakhona. Yanyatheliswa ngesikhathi lapho i-United States neBrithani zazihlela ngokusobala ukuhlasela e-Iraq ngomkhankaso wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu “nokushaqeka nokwethuka” nokuhlasela komhlaba ngokwephula i-UN Charter. Kodwa u-Roth akaxwayisi ngokuqala impi engaphenduki: nakuba izimpi zonya zazigwetshwe iNkantolo YaseNuremberg ngokuthi “ziwubugebengu obuphakeme bamazwe ngamazwe” “obuqukethe ngaphakathi kwaso ububi obaqoqiwe.”[8] Ngokuphambene nalokho. , u-Roth wayegxile ezenzweni zobugebengu zika-Saddam, futhi wanikeza isipho esibalulekile sobudlelwane bomphakathi kubaholi base-US nabaseBrithani, esusa ukunaka futhi ebeka isicwebezelisi sokuxolisa ebugebengwini babo obuphakeme obuphakeme bamazwe ngamazwe.
Eminyakeni emithathu ngaphambili, lapho amandla e-NATO eqala ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eYugoslavia ngoMashi 24, 1999, i-HRW ayizange isho lutho olubucayi ngaleso senzo; njengoba sizobona, yayigxile kakhulu ebugebengwini bezwe elalihlaselwa ngaleso sikhathi. Ku-commentary ka-1998 ye- I-International Herald Tribune, u-Fred Abrahams, umcwaningi we-HRW okugxilwe kwakhe kakhulu yi-Kosovo, unxuse ukushintsha kombuso e-Yugoslavia, noma ngokuthweswa icala kukaMongameli Slobodan Milosevic noma impi yase-US ukuthikameze umphumela ofanayo. "Kunini lapho abaphathi bakaClinton bazothatha khona isinqumo sokuthi babone ngokwanele?" Kubuza u-Abrahams. "[T] ukwehluleka komphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe ukujezisa uMilosevic ngamacala e-Croatia naseBosnia kuthumele umyalezo wokuthi uzovunyelwa ukuthi aqhubeke nobugebengu obunjalo futhi. Manje sekusobala ukuthi indoda eqale lezi zingxabano ngeke kwethenjwa ukuthi izozivimba.”[9] Lo mugqa uphinde wasiza i-United States namanye amandla e-NATO kahle, futhi womabili la macala akhombisa ukuguquguquka okucacile kwezincazelo ze-HRW zamalungelo abantu nokukhetha. yezisulu ezifanelekile zezidingo zamandla aseNtshonalanga kanye nezikhungo ezikhulisa inhlangano. (Engxenyeni yesi-3, sibhekana nokuhlanekezelwa okumangazayo komlando esitatimendeni sika-Abrahams mayelana nokungazimisele kukaMilosevic ukumisa lezi zimpi: empeleni, uMilosevic usayine kuzo zonke iziphakamiso zokuthula ezinkulu zika-1992-1995, kuyilapho izwe alithanda kakhulu u-Abrahams lalichitha njalo. bona.)
I-“Indict Saddam” ka-Roth iqala kanje: “Ukukhungatheka kwabaphathi bakaBush ngeshumi leminyaka lezijeziso ezinzima ngokumelene ne-Iraq kuholele ekubhekisiseni isenzo sezempi. Nokho okukodwa okuhlukile okusamele kuzanywe kanzima: ukubeka uSaddam Hussein icala ngonya lwakhe oluningi, ikakhulukazi ukubulawa kwabantu ngo-1988 ngokumelene namaKurds ase-Iraqi.” Lokhu kusho ngokusobala ukuthi unswinyo olubekwe e-Iraq ngamashumi ukungasebenzi (“okunobugovu”) kanye nokuthi ukukhungatheka okusolwa ngabaphathi kuleyo akhawunti kwakungokoqobo futhi kunesisekelo esiqinile, izimangalo zokusungula ezingamanga futhi ezidukisayo nokuthi umhlaziyi ongachemile kungenzeka ukuthi wayenokungabaza okuthile ngaleso sikhathi. Singase futhi siqaphele ukuntuleka kokukhathazeka "ngokucatshangelwa okusebenzayo kwesenzo sezempi."
Kodwa okubaluleke ngokulinganayo, uRoth akazinaki unswinyo olubhubhisayo olwabekwa e-Iraq yi-United States neBrithani ngokusebenzisa i-UN isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi, nokuvimbela ukulungiswa kwezindawo zokukhucululwa kwendle e-Iraq, ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi kanye nezinhlelo zokunisela ngenkasa kwezolimo, konke okwakucekelwe phansi ngamabomu e-Iraq. impi yokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu yango-1991.[10] Ngamandla abo okukhulisa ubunzima, ukungondleki, nezifo, lolu hlobo lwempi yezomnotho nezombusazwe “kungenzeka ukuthi lwaba imbangela edingekayo yokufa kwabantu abaningi e-Iraq kunalabo abaye babulawa yizo zonke okuthiwa izikhali ezibhubhisayo kuwo wonke umlando. ,” uJohn noKarl Mueller babhala esihlokweni sabo esinesihloko esifanele ukuthi “Izinswinyo Zokubhujiswa Okuningi.”[11] Lokhu kungase kubonakale kuwubugebengu bempi, futhi nokufa kwabantu abayisigidi kufanele kuqashelwe kakhulu yiqembu lamalungelo abantu. Kodwa njengoba uMadeleine Albright wake watshela i-CBS TV's 60 Amaminithi, intengo yokufa kwezingane zase-Iraqi eziyingxenye yesigidi “yayifanele,”[12] futhi u-Roth kanye ne-HRW babheka ngenye indlela. I-HRW ayizange ikhiphe umbiko omkhulu mayelana nezijeziso. Ayizange idonse ukunaka ekuzibophezeleni kwe-US kanye neBrithani ngale nqubomgomo yokubulala. Futhi noma i-HRW iveze ukuthi ukulamba ngamabomu kwezakhamizi kuyicala lempi, ayizange iphakamise ukuthi izikhulu zase-US kanye ne-UK zinecala lawa macala empi. Futhi-ke akukaze kubize noma yiziphi izinkantolo ukuba zizame abathintekayo.[13]
Okunye okuthakaselwayo yiqiniso lokuthi kulokhu okufanayo Wall Street Journal ehlaziya, uRoth uchaza kabanzi ngobugebengu bukaSaddam Hussein obumelene namaKurds, awabiza ngokuphindaphindiwe ngokuthi “ukubulawa kohlanga,” kuyilapho inani labantu base-Iraqi ababulawa unswinyo lwaseNtshonalanga laliphakathi kwesihlanu neshumi inani lamaKurds abulawa amabutho aseBaghdad, kodwa awatholi. okukhulunywe ngakho, ingasaphathwa eyokuchazwa njengezisulu “zokubulawa kohlanga.”[14] URoth ugomela ngokuthi ukuletha uSaddam enkantolo ngenxa yokuphatha kwakhe amaKurds kwaba nezinkinga ngoba iFrance neRussia ngayinye “yayinentshisekelo enkulu yebhizinisi” e-Iraq, futhi iChina yayikhathazekile. uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela abaphatha ngayo abantu baseTibet. Akukho lapho uRoth ekhuluma khona ngokusebenzelana kwebhizinisi lase-US noSaddam, imali ebolekiwe kuhulumeni wakhe, ewuhlinzeka ngezindiza ezinophephela emhlane, izikhali zezobunhloli nezamakhemikhali, kanye nokuvikela kukaSaddam abaphathi bakwaReagan ezenzweni zoMkhandlu Wezokuphepha. Esikhundleni salokho, okuhambisana nokulahlwa nokunikezelwa kwe-Belgrade kwe-HRW phakathi kuka-1998-1999, ngalesi sigaba ekuqaleni kuka-2002, kwaba ukulahlwa nokudluliselwa kwamandla kombuso wase-Iraq okwase kubaluleke kakhulu ku-Roth. Nakuba aphawula ukuthi ukumangalela uSaddam “ngeke kuqinisekise ukuxoshwa kwakhe,” uRoth wanezela ngokuthi “ngokuqinisekile kuzosiza ekwakheni ukuvumelana ngokuthi akakufanelekeli ukubusa, futhi kanjalo kufanele kwenziwe okuthile ukuze kuqedwe ukubusa kwakhe.”
Igama elithi "genocide" alikaze lisetshenziswe nguRoth noma i-HRW enanini elikhulu lababulawa ukuhlasela kwe-US kanye nokuhlala e-Iraq, 2003-2007, nakuba izinombolo zezakhamizi eziye zafa ngenxa yalokho kwephulwa kwe-UN Charter manje. idlula “i-genocide” yamaKurd okuthiwa yi-Saddam ngokuphindaphinda okungenzeka ukuthi sekufinyelele eziyisithupha noma ngaphezulu.[15] Kepha i-HRW ikhombise intshisekelo encane kulawa manani, kanye nalapho iphephabhuku lezokwelapha laseBrithani I-Lancet ishicilele isilinganiso sokufa kwezakhamizi zase-Iraq ezingaba ngu-100,000 ezinyangeni zokuqala eziyi-18 kulandela ukuhlasela kuka-March 2003, umhlaziyi wezempi omkhulu we-HRW (kanye nowayengumhlaziyi wezobunhloli bePentagon) uMarc E. Garlasco wakuchitha ngokushesha lokho okutholakele ngokuthi “kukhuphukile” nezindlela ezisetshenziswa “njengezivamile. ekukhuphukeni kwamandla emali ngenxa yokubala ngokweqile.”[16] Kamuva, uGarlasco wavuma ukuthi akazange awufunde umbiko lapho enikeza abezindaba ukuhlola kwakhe kokuqala ngawo.[17] URoth kanye ne-HRW abakhombisanga ukungabaza ngokusebenzisa igama elithi “genocide” kaningi uma kubhekiselwa ekuziphatheni kwamaSerb eBosnia naseHerzegovina kanye naseKosovo, yize kukhona futhi inani lezisulu lehla kakhulu emananini ase-Iraq, noma ngabe “ unswinyo lokubhujiswa okukhulu” noma ukuhlasela kuka-2003-2007.[18] Nakulokhu, ukusetshenziswa kwamagama kuhloselwe kahle ukusekelwa kwenqubomgomo yase-US ne-NATO.
Kuzo zonke lezi zimo i-HRW igxile ezindleleni zokulwa nomthelela wazo kubantu. Njengoba kuphawuliwe, lokhu kudlula noma iyiphi inselele engaba khona ekuhlaselweni kwemingcele okwakha "ubugebengu obuphakeme bamazwe ngamazwe," i-HRW ibuthatha njengento enikeziwe (ngaphandle kwalokho okuchazwe ngezansi). Nokho, kungase kuphikiswe ukuthi uma impi ngokwayo ingekho emthethweni, khona-ke noma yikuphi ukubulawa kwezempi noma komphakathi okulandela lobu bugebengu akunakuvinjelwa ngezizathu zokuthi kuwumphumela wempi ongenakugwenywa; [19] kodwa lena akuyona ifilosofi ye-HRW, ekushaya indiva lokho kungabi semthethweni okuyisisekelo. Esikhundleni salokho, i-HRW isho kaningi ukuthi “ayenzi izinqumo mayelana nesinqumo sokuya empini: mayelana nokuthi impi iyahambisana yini nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe omelene nobudlova. Siyikhathalela kakhulu imiphumela yempi yobuntu, kodwa sigwema izahlulelo eziphathelene nokuba semthethweni kwempi ngokwayo ngoba zivame ukubeka engcupheni ukungathathi hlangothi okudingekayo ukuze kuqashwe ngempumelelo ukuthi impi iliwa kanjani….”[20]
Kodwa lokhu kuwukubalekela okungalungile ngezizathu eziningi. Isinqumo sokuya empini yiso esiqinisekisa ukuthi kuzoba khona kokubili abalimala bezempi nezakhamuzi, njengoba kwagcizelelwa iNkantolo yaseNuremberg ekuchazeni ukugxila kwayo “ebugebengwini obuphakeme bamazwe ngamazwe,” futhi ngenxa yaleso sizathu kuphela inhlangano yamalungelo abantu engachemile. ngeke indiva. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi izwe lakwa-HRW yisona ebesiqhuba izimpi ezilandelanayo ngokwephula i-UN Charter, ukushiywa ngaphandle kwalesi sizathu esiyinhloko sokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu ngokwakho kubeka engcupheni noma yikuphi ukungathathi hlangothi inhlangano engase ithi iyakubona.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunobufakazi bokuthi abaholi be-HRW bajabulile ngalolu dlame. Sizokhombisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuthi yabakhuthaza endabeni yezimpi zaseBalkan, futhi ucezu lukaRoth oluthi “Indict Saddam” lwaluwuhlobo lokusekelwa kobudlelwane bomphakathi ekuhlaselweni okuzokwenzeka kwe-Iraq. U-Roth uze ugubhe ukwephulwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe omelene nobudlova, okusolakala ukuthi uhlose “amalungelo abantu.” Wathi “Sizokhumbula unyaka ka-1999 njengonyaka lapho ubukhosi badedelwa ezindaweni lapho kwakwenziwa khona ubugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini.”[21] Yebo, ubuholi base-US kanye neBrithani obunquma ukuthi “amacala abhekiswe esintwini” enziwa nini. , kodwa uRoth unokholo lokuthi laba baholi bangabanqumi abafanelekile nokuthi ukunikelwa kwesimiso esiyisisekelo somthetho wamazwe omhlaba kuyafaneleka. Lokhu ukuvikela okumbozwe kancane kuphela kolaka lwakamuva lwase-US, ngakho-ke ukwenqaba kwe-HRW okusolwayo ukwenza izinqumo mayelana nezinqumo zokuya empini empeleni kuwuhlobo lokuxolisa ngempi enonya.
Ukungathathi hlangothi kwe-HRW okuzisholo ukuthi kuwukungahloniphi ngesinye isizathu: Inhlangano ayikaze ikusebenzise ezingxabanweni zezikhali ngaphakathi kwe-Yugoslavia yangaphambili. Lapho, i-HRW iphathe izingxabano nomthelela wazo kubantu abavamile njengemiphumela eqondile yobudlova obunqamula imingcele, futhi ibambe ubuholi bohlanga lwama-Serb e-Belgrade njengobunesibopho esikhethekile ngakho. Yonke ingxenye yokuqala ye-HRW's Ukukala Ubufakazi inikezwe isifinyezo sobufakazi beHhovisi Lomshushisi bokuthi iBelgrade inikeze ukusekelwa ngokwezimali, izinto ezibonakalayo, kanye nezisebenzi kumasosha angamaSerb e-Croatia naseBosnia-Herzegovina: ibheka lokhu kusekelwa njengokwephulwa okucacile komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ngokumelene nobudlova: “[ U-H]ow Belgrade wahlela izimpi ezinonya eBosnia, Croatia naseKosovo,” njengoba Ukukala Ubufakazi umbhali uSara Darehshori wakubeka.[22] I-HRW ayikaze yenze okufanayo kwezinye izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini lapho igcina khona intshisekelo: yithi, ibhala ukuthi ukusekelwa kweWashington kwezezimali nezinto ezibonakalayo “kuhlela” kanjani ukuhlasela kwa-Israyeli okuneminyaka engu-40 ubudala ezifundeni zasePalestine noma ukuhlasela kuka-Israyeli kweqa imingcele eLebanon. ; futhi njengoba sekuphawuliwe kakade, ubugebengu bobudlova base-US buphathwa “ngokungathathi hlangothi.” Kepha ukungathathi hlangothi kwesitayela se-HRW kuyanyamalala uma kubhekwana nezinhloso zase-US ezifana neSerbia, lapho i-HRW ikhulisa ukukhathazeka kwayo ngamalungelo abantu ngale kwezindlela zokulwa ukuze ifake “ubani okuqalile” kanye “nobubi obunqwabelene bonke.”
Ngokwezinga eliphindwe kabili elihlobene eduze: kanye nephuzu lokungenangqondo: kukho konke ukusakazwa kwabo ngezingxabano zaseBalkan, futhi ngokuvumelana eduze nesikhundla se-International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY noma Tribunal), uRoth kanye ne-HRW bafuna ukuthi izigebengu ( AmaSerb) kufanele agwetshwe uma kuzoba nokuthula kweqiniso.[23] Lokhu kuthiwa bekudingeka ukuze kuvinjwe ububi besikhathi esizayo futhi ngoba izisulu zidinga induduzo yobulungiswa. Kodwa lesi simiso kufanele sisebenze ngokusobala kubantu abayizigebengu abenza “ubugebengu obuphakeme bamazwe ngamazwe,” futhi kwakuyilabo bantu abayizigebengu abaquliswa amacala eNuremberg. Besingeke yini sifune “ubulungisa” bulethwe kubahlaseli ukuze kufundiswe abangase bahlasele ukuthi ukuziphatha okunjalo akuzuzi? Futhi ingabe ubulungisa obunjalo abudingeki ukuze kulethe ukuthula kwengqondo kuzisulu zonya ukuze kube nokuthula kweqiniso? Iphuzu aliveli ku-Roth kanye no-HRW, abangagcini nje ngokunganaki ngokuphelele lesi simiso esiphindwe kabili, kodwa emizamweni yabo yaseBalkans basebenze eduze nabenzi bobugebengu obuphakeme ngezinsolo zokuletha ubulungiswa ezigebengwini ezincane. Nalapha futhi kusobala ukuthi i-Roth kanye ne-HRW abathathi hlangothi, kodwa, njengoba befake imibono yamazwe aseNtshonalanga ngaphakathi, basebenzela ubudlova uma kwenziwa ngaphansi kwemibandela efanele.
I-HRW ayigcini nje ngokushaya indiva umthetho ophathelene nobudlova, ayikaze ibhekane nokuhlukumeza okukhulu kwenqubo yokwahlulela emsebenzini wezepolitiki we-ICTY,[24] ngokusobala ngoba isebenzisa injongo efanayo neye-HRW. Komunye umfanekiso wesimo sabo sengqondo esiqinile mayelana nokuba semthethweni, i-HRW izishaya isifuba ngokuthi "yasiza ukucindezela uhulumeni waseYugoslavia ukuthi anikele uMilosevic neqembu lakhe enkantolo," ngokunganaki ngokuphelele ukuthi lokhu kwenziwa ngokuthumba kanye nokwephula ngokuqondile umthetho. umthethosisekelo waseYugoslavia nezinqumo zezinkantolo zaseYugoslavia.[25]
Phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo zokuchema, i-HRW iyawamukela umbono we-NATO wokuthi ukufa kwezakhamuzi ezimpini zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu njengokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu emoyeni kanye neziteleka zemicibisholo akukhona. prima facie “ngamabomu” njengokubulawa kwabantu ubuso nobuso nobuchwepheshe obuphansi kwezakhamuzi. I-HRW ibamba ukuthi nakuba obokuqala bungase buhilele ubugebengu bempi uma bungenziwanga ngokucophelela, ubugebengu bamuva bezempi ngayinye se. Kodwa lo mehluko awuvumelekile, njengoba amabhomu ehliswa esuka phezulu noma eduze nezindawo ezihlala abantu abavamile kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi abulale futhi alimaze izakhamuzi, ngisho noma abantu ababulewe bebengahlosiwe ngokuqondile; futhi leli thuba elikhulu elaziwayo lenza lokho kubulala kube ngamabomu ngazo zonke izinhloso nezinhloso.[26] Abaqhubi bebhomu ngokuzibulala ngezinye izikhathi baqondisa izisebenzi zezempi futhi abavele bahlasele izakhamuzi nje. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi isamba sangempela sabantu abalimalayo sokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kwe-hi-tech nezinye izikhali ngokuvamile sikhulu kakhulu kunesabantu abazibulalayo ngebhomu nokunye ukubulawa kwabantu ubuso nobuso,[27] lokhu kuchema kwe-HRW kubeka phambili ukuvikelwa kwezindlela zempi zase-US kanye ne-NATO. wamalungelo abantu.
Olunye uhlobo lokuchema ukuthambekela kwe-HRW ukunikeza izibalo eziphansi zezisulu zase-US kanye ne-NATO, kanye nezibalo eziphezulu zezisulu ze-US kanye ne-NATO target. Ucwaningo olwenziwa nguMarc Herold lwembula iphethini lapho i-HRW “ibika khona izibalo ezicishe zibe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zalezo zeminye imithombo ethembekile.” U-Herold uveza ukuthi esimweni sokuhlasela kwe-NATO eYugoslavia, i-HRW ilinganisela ukufa kwabantu abangu-500 eSerbia, kanti eminye imithombo ethembekile ifinyelele ku-1,200-1,500 (futhi isilinganiso esisemthethweni saseSerbia sasiyi-1,800); nase-Afghanistan, i-HRW yalinganisela ukuthi okungenani izakhamuzi eziyi-1,000 zabulawa kuyilapho izifundo zikaHerold ziveze inani eliphakathi kwezi-3,000-4,000. U-Herold ubonisa nokuthi endabeni ethile yesibhicongo sase-US eChowkar-Karez e-Afghanistan, isilinganiso se-HRW esisekelwe ku-25-35 sabashonile sasingaphansi kakhulu kwesibalo sabangu-90 okubikwe kwabezindaba eBrithani, India, Qatar nase-Egypt.[28 ]
Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwebhukwana, u-Richard Dicker, umqondisi we-HRW's International Justice Programme (IJP) kanye nomxhumanisi we Ukukala Ubufakazi, wagomela ngokuthi “amakhulu ezinkulungwane abulawa nezigidi [zaxoshwa] ezindlini zazo ezimpini ezine [uMilosevic] zalahleka lapho egomela ubuzwe baseSerbia.”[29] Inkulumo kaDicker ekhukhumele yayingahloselwe ukuba ibe ngokoqobo; futhi kwakungadingeki ukuba kube njalo, futhi "amakhulu ezinkulungwane" akhe abulawa ancishiswe kakhulu imithombo yokusungula, kodwa ngaphandle kokuvuma okucacile kuka-Dicker noma i-HRW. Ekusebenzelaneni “nendoda enamandla” yaseSerbia egcwele idemoni, lo mmeli wamalungelo abantu wayazi ukuthi cishe noma yiliphi icala lalingenziwa, kungaba se-ICTY noma phambi kwenkantolo yemibono yomphakathi. Ngombukiso ocashile wokuchema kwezinombolo, ama-HRW's Umbiko Womhlaba 2007 ithi ngo-February 2006, izisebenzi zase-Research and Documentation Centre (RDC) ezinze eSarajevo “zasongelwa ngocingo olungaziwa futhi zaxwayiswa ukuba ziyeke ukuhlaziywa kwazo ngokufa okuhlobene nempi.” Inhloso “kwakuwukubuyekezwa okuyehla kwesikhungo kwenani labantu abalimala ngesikhathi sempi,” i-HRW egcizelela ukuthi “kuthole ukugxekwa kwamaSulumane aseBosnia, izisulu eziyinhloko zempi.”[30] Eqinisweni, i-RDC ithole ingqikithi yokufa okuhlobene nempi. kuzo zonke izinhlangothi babe sendaweni ye-100,000.[31] Ngakho ukusebenzisa kwe-HRW igama elithi “ukubuyekeza okuphansi” kuwuphatha kabi umsebenzi we-RDC, njengoba ilulaza ukwehla okumangalisayo ngengxenye eyodwa kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yezilinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu ezisukela ku-200,000 kuya ku-300,000 ebezilokhu zisakazwa kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-1992, kuyilapho i-HRW ingakaze ibe khona. kanye kunikeza inombolo ethile esilinganisweni esibuyekeziwe esibonisa ukuthi u-Dicker wayenecala lokwehla kwamandla emali (futhi kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokunaka okukhulu kwe-HRW "ekubulaweni kohlanga" eBosnia).
Olunye uhlobo oludalula ukuchema kube ukuphika njalo kwe-HRW ukuthi i-United States yenza ubugebengu bempi. Ebhala ngasekupheleni kuka-2002, uKenneth Roth wathi “Ezimpini zamuva nje, amabutho ase-US enze amaphutha futhi aphula ngisho nomthetho wobuntu kodwa awazange enze ubugebengu bempi.”[32] Wavuma ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamabhomu ayiqoqo lapho izisulu eziningi zezakhamuzi “zibonakala kusengaphambili. ” kungase kuthathwe inkantolo ethile njengobugebengu bempi, kodwa yena ngokwakhe wamemezela ukuthi akukho okwenziwayo: isimangalo esimangalisayo esinikezwe ukuthi u-Roth kanye ne-HRW abakaze bakuhlole konke ukusetshenziswa kwamabhomu ayiqoqo futhi banquma ukuthi kulelo nalelo cala ukufa kwabantu kwakungekona. "okubonakalayo." Lolu wulimi lokuxolisa okungahluziwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunendaba yokusetshenziswa kwe-uranium ephelile, isikhali esibulala umphakathi esisetshenziswa njalo ezweni lakubo, uRoth angasinaki.
UMichael Mandel uveze ukuthi ngesikhathi sempi ngokumelene neYugoslavia, "i-NATO yazilahla ngomlomo wayo," abaholi bayo bevuma ngokuphindaphindiwe umgomo wokwephula ukuziphatha kwabantu, nokukhomba amabhuloho, izikole, izimboni, imfuyo, izitshalo, amagridi kagesi, abezindaba. izikhungo, izakhiwo zenkolo, kuhlanganise namasonto okuqala obuKristu nawenkathi ephakathi, izitshalo zamakhemikhali, nezimboni zikamanyolo.[33] Umxolisi wezempi wase-US kuphela ongasho ukuthi le nhloso kanye nalezi zinhloso azikhombe inhloso futhi ziveze ubugebengu bempi. I-Amnesty International ayizange ibe nenkinga yokuthola nokuqamba inqwaba yobugebengu bempi.[34]
Kunezinye izinhlobo zokuchema emsebenzini we-HRW, njengokudlala kancane kwamacala amakhulu ngempela kanye nokunikezana ngamanga ezimweni lapho uhlangothi olukhethwayo lwenza izinto ezibulala kakhulu nezilimazayo, njengakwa-Israyeli eLebanon naseGaza, noma I-United States e-Iraq, ngokusetshenziswa okukhulu kwamabhomu eqoqo, ukucekelwa phansi okuphelele kwamadolobha amakhulu njenge-Fallujah, ukuqhuma kwamabhomu ezibhedlela, nokusetshenziswa kwamabhomu e-phosphorus kanye ne-uranium ephelile. U-Roth wagxeka ama-Israel ngokuhlasela kwawo izindiza zangomhla zingama-30 kuJulayi edolobhaneni lase-Lebanese lase-Qana, ethi futhi ebhala ukuthi “i-IDF iphendule ngempumelelo i-Lebanon eseningizimu yaba indawo yomlilo,” kanye nokusebenzisa kwayo amabhomu eqoqo.[35] Kepha impatho ye-HRW ku-Israel noma i-United States e-Iraq ayikaze isondele ekujuleni kothando okukhonjiswe uphenyo lwabo lwangempela kanye nokufuna ofakazi, ukwamukela kwabo ubufakazi obuphikiswayo, kanye nokugxeka kwabo okuthukuthele ukuziphatha kwamaSerb eBosnia naseKosovo ibiza isijeziso.
Futhi ngokungafani nokuphathwa kwawo ama-Serbs, lapho esebenzelana no-Israel kanye ne-United States, i-HRW iye yabhekana nobuhlungu obukhulu ukuze inikeze "ibhalansi" ekugxekeni i-Hezbollah, i-Gaza Palestinians kanye ne-Hamas, kanye nokumelana ne-Iraqi. Endabeni ye-Hezbollah kanye ne-Israel, i-HRW yaze yaqhathanisa ukuhlasela kwabo kwemicibisholo ngendlela eyayingeyinhle neze ku-Hezbollah, imicibisholo yayo i-HRW ithi yayiqondise kubantu abavamile ngamabomu, kuyilapho i-Israel yayingaqaphile ngokwanele. I-HRW iliziba iqiniso “lobugebengu obuphakeme bamazwe ngamazwe,” umthamo wokuqhuma kwamabhomu nemithetho esetshenziswayo, kanye nenani labashonile, futhi yabeka inhloso kubalweli be-Hezbollah lapho i-HRW ingenabo ubufakazi obusekelayo.[36] Lokhu kufana nokuxolisa kumehluko we-HRW phakathi kwezisulu zabantu abebengahlosiwe kusukela ekuqhunyisweni kwamabhomu okusezingeni eliphezulu kuqhathaniswa nokubulawa “ngamabomu” kwezakhamuzi empini eseduze.
Sekukonke, i-HRW yenze umsebenzi omningi obalulekile kumalungelo abantu, owanele ukuvusa ukucasuka kwezikhulu zezwe zamakhasimende ase-US kanye namakhasimende ase-US kanye nabasekeli bazo abahlakaniphile nabezindaba. Kodwa njengezithunywa zevangeli zobuKristu zemibuso yangaphambili, i-HRW iphinde yenze umsebenzi we-yeoman ekuthuthukiseni inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US. UHans Köchler uthi “amalungelo abantu asephenduke ithuluzi lezombangazwe zamandla endaweni lapho kungekho khona ukuhlola nokulinganisela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngokungafanele.” Futhi ngokubona kwakhe, “Empini emelene neYugoslavia ngo-1999, i-NATO yasebenza ‘njengeNhlangano Engcwele’ yezikhathi zethu, izama ukuthethelela ngezimiso zokuziphatha umkhankaso wempi owawuphikisana ngokuphelele ne-UN Charter kanye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. jikelele.”[37] I-HRW ibiyinceku yalo Mfelandawonye Ongcwele omusha.
Ekuqaleni, njengeKomiti Yezokuqapha yase-Helsinki yase-United States, yakwenza lokhu ngokusiza ekumemezeleni ububi baseSoviet ezinhloko-dolobha zaseNtshonalanga. Kamuva, futhi phakathi namanje kanye neshumi leminyaka elidlule ikakhulukazi, yenze iminikelo emithathu eyinhloko ezintshisakalweni zenqubomgomo yase-US. Okokuqala futhi okuphawuleka kakhulu, i-HRW yenqabile ukubekela inselelo izimpi zase-US kanye nokungenelela kanjalo, ukuzithatha njengokunikiwe nokubhekana kuphela ne-oda lesibili.
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