Le ncazelo emfushane ye-biography kaHubert Harrison enemiqulu emibili (UHubert Harrison: Izwi leHarlem Radicalism, 1883-1918 futhi UHubert Harrison: Umzabalazo Wokulingana, 1918-1927 ) by UJeffrey B. Perry ibhalwe ngoba ngicabanga ukuthi izothakazelisa ngokukhethekile izethameli zeZ-Net nabanye. Ngithonywe ngawo-1960 ngamalungelo omphakathi kanye ne-Black Liberation Movements, inhlangano emelene nempi, kanye nenhlangano yabafundi, ngangena emsebenzini (isikhungo seposi se-4,000 eJersey City, NJ) ngase ngisebenza ezindaweni eziningi ezihlukahlukene. nezindaba egatsheni, Inyunyana Yendawo, kanye namazinga Enyunyana Kazwelonke eminyakeni engama-33 ezayo. Ngenkathi ngimatasa kakhulu kwezombusazwe, ngaphinde ngafunda esikoleni lapho ngafunda khona i-Labour Studies ngaphansi kuka-Welles Keddie ngase ngilandela i-American History ngaphansi kuka-Nathan Huggins no-Hollis Lynch. Encwadini yami yomlando ngazama ukuxoxa ngendaba ethi โKungani Kungekho I-Socialism e-U.S.โ Ethonywe umsebenzi we Theodore W. Allen, nganaka ngokukhethekile isici sokubusa kwabamhlophe njengento evimbela inqubekelaphambili yomphakathi. Cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amane edlule, ngenkathi ngenza ucwaningo lwami ngezishoshovu ezinamandla nezinhlangano kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili ngathola igama elithi Hubert Harrison emibhalweni kaJoel A. Rogers, Richard B. Moore, kanye noPhilip S. Foner. Ngaya eSchomburg Centre eNew York City, ngaphrinta amakhophi ezincwadi ezimbili zikaHarrison (INegro kanye Nesizwe futhi Lapho I-Afrika Ivuka: "Indaba Yangaphakathi" Yokugqugquzela Nokulwela I-New Negro Emazweni AseNtshonalanga) wahlatshwa ukucaca komcabango wakhe, wahlangana nezingane zakhe engiphathise ezakhe Amaphepha. Ngabe sengiqala ukubhala umlando wakhe futhi ngazibophezela ekutholeni ingxenye ebalulekile yamaphepha akhe (manje asehlanganisa neDayari yakhe) ku-inthanethi njengencwadi. Hubert H. Harrison Digital Collection e-Columbia's Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
Ukushicilelwa kweColumbia University Press ka "Hubert Harrison: The Struggle for Equality, 1918" (December 2020, 1000 pp.) by Jeffrey B. Perry ulandela โHubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism. 1883-1918โ (November 2008, 624 pp.) Le biography enemiqulu emibili, esekelwe ekusetshenzisweni okukhulu kwe-Hubert H. Harrison Papers kanye nedayari, kukholakala ukuthi ingeyokuqala egcwele impilo, enevolumu eminingi, i-biography ye-Afro. -Caribbean, futhi ingxenye yesine kuphela yomuntu wase-Afrika waseMelika ngemva kwalabo bakaBooker T. Washington, W. E. B. Du Bois, kanye noLangston Hughes.
U-Harrison, owazalelwa e-St. Croix, e-Virgin Islands (kumama ongowokufika wase-Barbadian kanye nobaba wase-Crucian owazalwa eyisigqila) futhi ozinze (ngemuva kuka-1900) e-Harlem - wayengumlobi ohlakaniphile, ozenzakalelayo, osebenzayo, obhala ubuhlanga kanye nesigaba. , isikhulumi, umhleli, uthisha, umbuyekezi wezincwadi, isishoshovu sezepolitiki, kanye ne-radical internationalist.
Isazi-mlando uJoel A. Rogers samchaza ngokuthi โmhlawumbe ungqondongqondo wama-Aframerican ophambili wesikhathi sakhe,โ futhi isishoshovu sezemisebenzi nesamalungelo omphakathi u-A. Philip Randolph samchaza ngokuthi โunguyise we-Harlem radicalism.โ
U-Harrison udlale indima eyingqayizivele, eyisignali kumnyakazo omkhulu kunawo wonke we-class-radical (socialism) kanye nomnyakazo omkhulu kakhulu wohlanga (โi-New Negroโ/Garvey movement) yenkathi yakhe. Ube nomthelela omkhulu kuRandolph wesigaba esinamandla, emjahweni oshisekayo uMarcus Garvey, nakwamanye ama-New Negroes ayisishoshovu kanye โnabantu abavamileโ ngeminyaka yawo-1910 nawo-1920. Ebhekwa njengesigaba esiqaphela kakhulu ama-radicals ohlanga kanye nohlanga oluqaphela kakhulu ama-radicals esigaba phakathi kwama-Afrika aseMelika ngaleyo minyaka, u-Harrison uyisixhumanisi esibalulekile emigqeni emibili emikhulu yomzabalazo wamalungelo omphakathi/weNkululeko yabaNsunduโumbutho wamalungelo abasebenzi kanye namalungelo omphakathi ohlobene. no-Randolph no-Martin Luther King Jr. kanye nenhlangano yobuhlanga nobuzwe ehlotshaniswa no-Garvey noMalcolm X.
UHubert Harrison: Izwi leHarlem Radicalism, 1883-1918 yachaza kabanzi ukuthi kusukela ngo-1911 kuya ku-1914 u-Harrison wayeyiphayona eliyisishoshovu esiMnyama emikhankasweni yokucabanga ngokukhululeka kanye nokulawula inzalo futhi wasebenza njengosolwazi oholayo oMnyama, isikhulumi, kanye nesishoshovu ku-Socialist Party of America.
Ugcizelele ukuthi โkwezombangazwe, iNegro iyitshe lokuthinta lombono wesimanje wentando yeningi. Ukuba khona kweNigro kubeka intando yeningi yethu esivivinyweni futhi kuveza amanga ayo . . . [Intando yeningi yeqiniso nokulingana kusho] uguquko . . . kuyamangaza ngisho ukucabanga.โ
Uphinde wagomela ngokuthi โumgomo weSocialist Party uwukukhulula isigaba sabasebenzi ekuxhashazweni, futhi . . . umsebenzi weqembu ukulwela . . . Imbangela [yamaNegro] icace njengosuku. Lesi yisivivinyo esibalulekile sobuqotho beSocialism.โ
Nokho, izitatimende nemikhuba ye-Socialist Party, kwamenza walishiya leli qembu ngo-1914. Ngemva kokuhamba, wanikeza ngokungangabazeki ukugxeka okujulile kodwa okunganakwanga kangako emlandweni we-United Statesโwaba nomuzwa wokuthi abaholi BeQembu Le-Socialist Party bayabagxeka. , njengabaholi bezisebenzi abahlelekile, babeka โuhlanga lwabamhlopheโ kuqala, ngaphambi kwekilasi, baze babeke elithi โRace First and class after.โ
Phakathi neminyaka emibili uHarrison waphendukela emsebenzini wokugxilisa ingqondo emphakathini wabaNsundu. Kusukela ngo-1916, wasebenza njengokukhanya okuqondisayo kweNew Negro Movementโโinhlangano ethanda ubuhlanga, elwela amazwe ngamazwe, esekelwe ngobuningi, ezimele, elwela โukulingana kwezombusazwe, ubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle, ithuba lomphakathi, namandla ezomnotho. โ Le nhlangano emelwe yiphephandaba lakhe, Izwi, kanye nenhlangano yakhe, iLiberty League, yayihilela izishoshovu eziningi ezivelele futhi yayizibheka njengehlukana โnabaholi besikhathi sakudala.โ Iphinde yabeka isisekelo sokukhula kwenhlangano kaGarvey, futhi yaba isandulela sentuthuko yakamuva, okuhlanganisa umnyakazo Wamandla Amnyama, ukunyakaza okulwa nempi kanye nokulwa nama impiriyali, kanye (nezingcingo zayo zokuphoqelela umthetho weshumi nantathu, oweshumi nane, kanye noweshumi nanhlanu. Izichibiyelo kanye nomthetho we-federal antilynching) inhlangano yamalungelo abantu.
Hubert Harrison: The Struggle for Equality, 1918-1927, imininingwane engavamile yeminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye nengxenye yokugcina yokuphila kuka-Harrison, eyayiphila ekugcineni kobumpofu e-United States eyayibunjwe ubunxiwankulu, i-imperialism, kanye nokubusa kwabamhlophe. U-Harrison wayekade engumholi emzabalazweni wokulwa nalawo mabutho, kodwa wathola ukuthi izinhlangano zesobunxele nezabasebenzi zibeka โuhlanga lwabamhlopheโ kuqala, ngaphambi kwekilasi. Kulowo mongo, ukubone njengento ebaluleke kakhulu ukusebenzela ukuthuthukisa ukuqaphela uhlanga, ubumbano ngokohlanga, kanye nokuthanda amazwe ngamazwe phakathi kwabantu abaNsunduโikakhulukazi โabantu abavamileโโemizabalazweni yokulingana kwezombusazwe kanye nentando yeningi yeqiniso, ngokumelene nobukhosi abamhlophe, kanye nokulwela amalungelo abantu. ushintsho olukhulu lwezenhlalo.
Umqulu wesibili uvezwa ngokulandelana kwezikhathi. Iqala lapho uHarrison ebuyela eNew York ngemuva kokuphatha ngokubambisana (noWilliam Monroe Trotter waseBoston) i-Liberty Congress, umzamo omkhulu wokubhikisha wezwe labaNsundu ngesikhathi seWWI, futhi inezigaba ezine ezibanzi:
- Ingxenye 1 (1918-1919)ihlanganisa imibhalo ka-Harrison yokuphayona, eyisiphetho, kanye nesenesikhathi eside indiva (ikakhulukazi ku The Voice futhi I-Negro Entsha ka-1919) kanye nomsebenzi owanikeza isiqondiso kwiNew Negro Movement eyayiyizidlamlilo eyayiyisungule ngo-1916.
- Ingxenye 2 (1920-1922)imininingwane ngamagalelo avelele ka-Harrison nomthelela wakhe njengombhali kanye nomhleli we-Marcus Garvey's Umhlaba wamaNegro futhi ixoxa ngomehluko wakhe obalulekile noGarvey futhi ikubeka kucace ukuthi imibhalo kaHarrison kanye nomthelela wokubhala (kuhlanganise nezihloko zokuhlela kanye โNencwadi Yokubukeza,โ โIzinkondlo Zabantu,โ โAmanothi Ezindaba Zase-West Indian,โ namakholomu okubukeza yaseshashalazini) kube negalelo elikhulu ekuholeni kwesimo sezulu. kuze kufike ekushicilelweni kuka-Alain Locke okunethonya ngo-1925 I-New Negro.
- Ingxenye 3 (1922-1924)igxile emizamweni ka-Harrison yokubhala nokukhuluma ebanzi futhi ebanzi futhi ebanzi njengothisha ozimele, "Uthisha Okhululekile," okuhlanganisa nomsebenzi wakhe njengomfundisi womphakathi neBhodi Lezemfundo LeDolobha LaseNew York kanye nomlobi ovamile we- I-Boston Chronicle.
- Ingxenye 4 (1924-1927)ihlola imizamo ka-Harrison yokusungula nokuhlanganisa kabanzi eminyakeni yakhe yokugcina, okuhlanganisa nokusungulwa kwe-International Colored Unity League kanye nohlaka lwayo, Izwi LomNigro, nenkulumo yakhe ethi โWorld Problems of Race.โ
Ngenkathi exoxa indaba ebalulekile yokuphila kwakhe phakathi kuka-1918 no-1927 (lapho efa ngokuzumayo ngenxa yesimo esihlobene ne-appendicitis) lo mqulu wesibili uhlose ukujulisa ukwazisa okukhulayo kukaHarrison nomsebenzi wakhe.
Ihlola ukusebenzisana kwakhe nezibalo ezinkulu ezinjengoGarvey, Randolph, Rogers, W.E. B. Du Bois, Cyril Briggs, W. A Domingo, Richard B. Moore, Claude McKay, John E. Bruce, Eugene O'Neill, Elizabeth Hendrickson, D. Hamilton Jackson, Rothschild Francis, Casper Holstein, Alain Leroy Locke, Amy U-Ashwood Garvey, u-Augusta Savage, u-William Pickens, u-Willis Huggins, u-Williana Jones Burroughs, u-Arthur Schomburg, nabanye abantu abaqavile nezinhlangano njengoba ayeyaluza, efundisa, ebhala futhi ehlela intando yeningi nokulingana ngokombono wobandlululo, nombono wamazwe ngamazwe.
Ithatha emibhalweni yakhe, ezinkulumweni, idayari, ama-scrapbooks, izincwadi, nezinye izinto zomthombo oyinhloko nowesibili, inikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngesikhathi aphila kuso kanye nezihloko eziningi zezombusazwe nezokubhala.
Le biography ikhombisa ukuthi impilo nomsebenzi kaHarrison uqhubeka kanjani nokunikeza imininingwane ejulile ngobuhlanga, ikilasi, impi, inkolo, izincwadi, imidlalo yeshashalazi, abokufika, intando yeningi kanye noshintsho lwezenhlalo eMelika.
Idokhumenti kaHarrison eveza yena kakhulu idayari yakhe. Nakuba ezibhalele yena idayari yakhe, akungabazeki ngokuqukethwe kwayo kanye nokuphawula okungatheni ngezikhathi ezithile ukuthi nayo ibhalelwe labo ababezoza ngemva kwakhe ukuze bayifunde futhi bafunde kuyo. Wayekwazi ukubaluleka komsebenzi awenza, futhi wacabanga ukuthi kubalulekile ukuthi irekhodi eliphelele lokucabanga nezenzo zakhe, kanye nenkathi ayephila kuyo, liqoshwe - โnjengoba liza kanjalo kumelwe libekwe. phansi.โ I-biography, egcizelela ukubaluleka kanye nenani lendlela ka-Harrison, futhi ngomzamo wokumvumela ukuthi akhulume nezithameli zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo, ngokuvamile icaphuna (futhi ixhumanisa ku-inthanethi) idayari yakhe, amaphepha, imibhalo, nezinkulumo.
Ngendlela yayo le biography iphinde ithole ukuqonda ekuphawuleni kwabantu abathathu besikhathi sika-Harrisonโu-Eugene OโNeill, J. A. Rogers, kanye no-Arthur Schomburg.
U-OโNeill, umbhali owazuza uMklomelo KaNobel Wezincwadi, wabhalela uHarrison ukuthi โokuwukuphela kwenkulumo-ze eke ifike ekhaya yiqiniso ngomphefumulo womuntu, omnyama noma omhlophe. Ukuphakamisa ngamabomu . . . awalokothi abe [ama] damnโikakhulukazi njengokuphakanyiswa. Ukuveza umuntu, yilokho kuphela okubalulekile."
Isazi-mlando uRogers, sathi: โUHarrison wayenawo amaphutha akhe. . . โ โAkekho umuntu oyiqhawe esigodlweni sakhe.โโ Nokho, endabeni kaHarrison, uRogers wagcizelela, lesi akusona isizathu โsokuphikaโ โubukhulu bakhe obubalulekile.โ
Emngcwabeni omkhulu kaHarrison ngo-1927, iSchomburg, isazi seBhayibheli esingavamile sokuhlangenwe nakho kwabaNsundu, onombono omkhulu womlando nokwazi ukuthi uHarrison wayedume futhi ebaluleke kangakanani osukwini lwakhe, washo nje ukuthi: โWafika ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe.โ Ngala mazwi, iSchomburg yagqamisa Ukubaluleka kukaHubert Harrison ezizukulwaneni zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo.
Amazwi kaSchomburg asishukumisela ukuba sazi impilo nomsebenzi ongavamile ka-Harrison, ukuthanda kwakhe izwe lonke, kanye nokuqonda kwakhe okubalulekile ukuthi e-U.S. โ โngokwepolitiki, i-Negro iyitshe lokuthinta lombono wesimanje wentando yeningi kanye nentando yeningi yeqiniso nokulingana kusho โuguquko . . . kuyamangaza ngisho ukucabanga.โ
Imiqulu emibili yomlando kaHubert Harrison inga-odwa kuyo Columbia University Press ngesaphulelo esingu-20% ngokusebenzisa ikhodi โCUP20โ
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