Uma umhlaba ubonakala ohlamvini lwesihlabathi, qaphela. Njengoba amaWisconsinites efunda, kunemali (nosizi) esihlabathini - futhi uma unohlobo olufanele, inkampani kawoyela ingase ibe semnyango wakho maduze.
UMashi eWisconsin wayevame ukusho iqhwa phansi, amazinga okushisa abandayo kangangokuthi abalimi babekhathazeke ngokuthi izinkomo zabo zigodola zize zife. Kepha njengoba ngihamba emalokishini nasezindaweni zasemakhaya ekuqaleni kukaMashi ngiyoxoxisana nabantu mayelana nezimayini ze-frac-sand, umzala owaziwa kancane we-hydraulic fracturing noma "fracking," amazinga okushisa emini enyuke afinyelela kuma-degree angama-80 - isimo sezulu esiyinqaba ebesibonakala sithumela imvula. isimo sezulu umlayezo.
Kule ntwasahlobo enezinkathazo, amathafa aseWisconsin kanye namapulazi aphumela emagqumeni agelezayo agcwele umhlaba kanye nabantu bakhona. Esagonile, kwananela umsindo wamahansi emachibini angenaqhwa, izinkozi ezinempandla ezishayelwa amasondo esibhakabhakeni, nezinyamazane zigxumagxuma emabhulashini. Futhi ngokokuqala ngqá ekuphileni kwami, ngezwa i-warble evusa amadlingozi yama- sandhill cranes.
Nokho lendawo yasemaphandleni enokuthula isiba yingxenye yomhlangano omkhulu ngokushesha emjahweni wezinkampani. okokugcina kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi emhlabeni. Okuhlosiwe: isihlabathi ezweni lama-cranes.
Eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingamakhulu amahlanu edlule, ulwandle lwafika lapha, lwakha ingcebo eyingqayizivele yamagquma nama-bluffs okuthi, ngaphansi kwezingubo eziluhlaza kanye nezihlahla, kube yi-sandstone. Lelo tshe lesanti liqukethe uhlobo olumsulwa lwe-crystalline silica. Izinhlamvu zayo, eziyindilinga ngokuphelele, ziqine ngokwanele ukuba zimelane nezingcindezi ezimbi kakhulu zobuchwepheshe obubizwa ngokuthi i-hydraulic fracturing, empompa inqwaba yaleso sihlabathi, kanye namanzi namakhemikhali, ekwakhekeni kwe-shale yasendulo ukuze kukhishwe i-methane nezinye izinhlobo “zemvelo. igesi.”
Leso sihlabathi, esibonisa ukuqhekeka okuvulekile ku-shale, kufanele sivele ndawana thize. Ngaphandle kwayo, imboni ye-fracking izoma. Ngakho izinkampani ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe zehlela kulesi sifunda esine-bucolic ukuze zikhiphe isihlabathi sangaphambili somlando, kamuva esizofakwa ngamandla emhlabeni kwenye indawo ezweni lonke ukuze sikhiqize igesi yemvelo eyengeziwe. Isayensi yokwakheka komhlaba osekuthathe izigidi zeminyaka ukwakhiwa manje isiguqulwa ibe yingxenye yesistimu, umshini, osiza ukushayela ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke.
“Izigodi ziyogcwaliswa . . . izintaba namagquma kuyalungiswa”
Izikhathi ze-Boom for hydraulic fracturing zaqala ngo-2008 lapho izindlela ezintsha zokumba ezivundlile ziguqula imboni ngaphambili eyayincike ekubhoreni okuqondile okuqondile. Ukumbiwa kwe-Frac-sand kuqale ngokuhambisana nalokhu kuthuthukiswa.
“Kukhulu,” kusho a I-US Geological Survey uchwepheshe wezimbiwa ngo-2009. “Angikaze ngikubone okufana nalokhu, ukukhula. Kwenza ikhanda lami lizule." Ngalowo nyaka, kuyo yonke imithombo yase-U.S., abakhiqizi be-frac-sand basebenzisa noma bathengisa amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-6.5 zemethrikhi yesihlabathi - mayelana nesisindo se-Great Pyramid of Giza. Ngenyanga edlule, uMnyango Wezemvelo wase-Wisconsin (DNR) IMenenja Enkulu kanye noMdidiyeli Wezinhlelo Eziyisipesheli uTom Woletz uthe izinkampani zidonsa okungenani amathani angu-15 million wama-metric ngonyaka ezintabeni zombuso.
NgoJulayi 2011, phakathi kwezingu-22 nezingu-36 zezindawo ze-frac-sand e-Wisconsin zazisebenza noma zavunyelwa. Ezinyangeni eziyisikhombisa kamuva, kusho uWoletz, kwase kunezimayini ezingaphezu kuka-60 kanye nezitshalo ezingama-45 ezicutshungulwa (zokucwengisiswa) ezisebenzayo. "Ngesikhathi kuvela i-athikili yakho, lezi zibalo zizobe zingasekho," kusho uPat Popple, owasungula iqembu lokuqala ngo-2008 ukuphikisa ukumbiwa kwe-frac-sand, i-Concerned Chippewa Citizens (manje eseyingxenye ye I-Save the Hills Alliance).
UJerry Lausted, uthisha osewathatha umhlalaphansi futhi ongumlimi, wangibonisa amagquma esihlabathi amancane adweba imayini eduze kwedolobha laseMenomonie lapho ehlala khona. “Ukube besibuka emoyeni,” enezela, “ubuyobona amachibi phansi emayini lapho alahla khona amanzi angcolile ezimbonini. Uma uskena kwesokunxele, uzobona amagquma azoshabalala.”
Lawo magquma ayizipontshi ezinkulu, ezimunca amanzi, ziyawasefa, futhi zinikeza i-aquifer yalesi sifunda amanzi acwebile kakhulu ongawacabanga. Ngokuvumelana ne Sekunqanyuliwe, ukumbiwa kwesihlabathi kulimaza “ikhwalithi yomoya, ikhwalithi yamanzi kanye nenani. Izinto zokuzijabulisa zomphakathi zonakele. Amanani ezakhiwo [ehlisiwe.] Kodwa into enkulu ukuthi, ususa amagquma ongeke ukwazi ukuwashintsha. Bayifekthri enkulu yokukhiqiza amanzi esanikezwa nguMama Wendalo, futhi abasekho. ”
Akunakwenzeka ukubamba ububanzi bomonakalo ovela emgwaqeni, kodwa emoyenivideos futhi izithombe veza izindawo eziwudedangendlale ezimnyama ezigcwele amachibi emfucuza kanye nokufakwa kwezimboni lapho amagquma aseWisconsin ake amakhona.
Uma izinkampani zifaka izicelo ezifundeni zezimvume zokumba izimayini, kufanele zifake izinhlelo “zokubuyisela kabusha”. Kodwa uLarry Schneider, uchwepheshe wensimbi osethathe umhlalaphansi kanye nomeluleki wezimboni onolwazi olukhethekile lwezimayini, ubiza inqubo yokubuyisela kabusha ngokuthi “inkohliso ephelele.”
Imiklamo yokulungisa kabusha eyenziwa yizinkampani zezimayini kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970 kungenzeka ukuthi yenze izindawo ezinezimayini “zibukeke zingaphansi kancane kunegwadule eliphelele,” uyaphawula. Kodwa ingabe zaphinde zasungula izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo? Ingabe zaphinde zaletha ubuhle kanye nemvelo? Cha.”
Izifundo afeze isinqumo sakhe. “Minyaka yonke,” kubhala UMrinal Ghose ku Ijenali Yocwaningo Lwesayensi Nezimboni, “izindawo ezinkulu ziyaqhubeka zingavundile naphezu kwemizamo yokutshala uhlaza endaweni eyonakele yezimayini.”
Izethembiso zemisebenzi yezinkampani nemali elula, labo abaqashisa futhi badayise umhlaba wabo bavele bahlehle. "Indawo izoshintsha uma konke sekushiwo futhi kwenziwa," kusho umlimi wobisi u-Bobby Schindler, okwathi ngo-2008 waqashisa indawo yakhe eChippewa County enkampanini yesihlabathi ebizwa ngokuthi iCanadian Sand and Proppant. (U-EOG, owayekade engu-Enron, usethathe izintambo zokuqashisa.) “Esikhundleni sokuba igquma kuzoba isigodi, kodwa konke kuhlwanyelwe phansi, futhi ubungeke wazi ukuthi kunemayini lapho ngaphandle kokuthi ubujwayelene nendawo. ”
Mayelana nezimayini uyanezela, “Kuyifake kakhulu umfutho endaweni. Kuyamangaza inani lemali eshintshanayo. ” ULetha Webster oneminyaka engu-100 ubudala, owadayisela enye inhlangano yezimayini, i-Unimin indawo yakhe eqhele ngamamayela angu-56 eningizimu ye-Schindler, uthi ukushiya ikhaya lakhe leminyaka engu-XNUMX “kuyinani nje lenqubekelaphambili.”
U-Jamie no-Kevin Gregar - bobabili abantu bomdabu baseWisconsinites kanye nomakadebona bezempi - bahlala ku-trailer futhi balondoloza imali yabo ukuze bakwazi ukuhlala epharadesi lomfundisi uma u-Kevin esebuyile e-Iraq. NgoJanuwari 30, bathola ikhaya lamaphupho eduze neDolobha elincane laseTunnel. (Idolobhana lithatha igama lalo emhubheni wesitimela oseduze). "Kuhle nje - amagquma, izihlahla, ihlathi, izilwane," kusho uJamie. "Iphelele."
Ngemva kwezinyanga ezinhlanu bethutha, wezwa ukuthi omakhelwane babeqashise indawo yabo enkampanini “yemayini yesihlabathi”. "Yini imayini yesihlabathi?" ebuza.
Esikhathini esingaphansi konyaka kamuva, bazi kahle kakhulu. Umhlaba wakwaGregars manje uzungezwe izinhlangothi ezintathu yi-panorama engathandeki yamalungiselelo okumba. U-Unimin usiphula izihlahla, ukhipha inhlabathi engaphezulu, futhi ubhidliza amagquma aseduze. “Kubukeka sengathi indawo yenhlekelele, njengebhomu eliqhumile,” kungitshela uJamie.
Uma ngikhuluma ngomsebenzi wakhe ezweni lakubo, izwi lakhe lihlehliswa. “Ngiphatheke kabi. Senze konke kahle. Senze konke obekufanele sikwenze. Besifuna nje ukukhulisa umndeni wethu endaweni enhle futhi sibe nomakhelwane abalungile futhi sithathwe kithi ngento esingayisekeli…” Izwi lakhe lihlehla izinyembezi.
Sasingekho futhi isidingo sokugxumela izithiyo imithetho yokuklama ngezinye izikhathi emisiwe. Njengamadolobhana amaningi aseWisconsin lapho isiko lokungathembeki komuntu siqu libona ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo njengokuhlasela inkululeko yomuntu siqu, iGreenfield nabo bonke omasipala bayo, okuhlanganisa neTunnel City, abavunyelwe. Lokhu kwavumela inkampani ukuthi yenze izivumelwano nabanikazi bomhlaba ngabanye. Kumahektha angu-8.5 lapho uLetha Webster nomyeni wakhe uGene babehlala khona iminyaka engu-56, eyahlolwa ngo-2010 ngo-$147,500, u-Unimin wakhokha u-$330,000. Sekukonke, phakathi kokuphela kukaMeyi noJulayi 2011, ikhokhele amaRandi ayizigidi ezi-5.3 ngamahektha angama-436 ngenani lemakethe elilinganiselwa ku-$1.1 million.
Sasingekho isikhathi sokufundisa umphakathi mayelana namathuba angemahle okumbiwa kwe-frac-sand: ukucekelwa phansi kwamagquma, ukwehla kwenani lempahla, ingozi ye-silicosis (eyake yabhekwa njengesifo samaphaphu esisebenza ngokuqinile) ekuvuthuzeni uthuli lwe-silica, ukungcoliswa kwe-silica. amanzi angaphansi avela kumakhemikhali asetshenziswa ezimbonini zokucubungula, ukuvutha kwezibani ubusuku bonke, umsindo ovela emakhulwini ezimoto zezitimela, izindlu ezinyakaziswa ukuqhuma. URon Koshoshek, isazi sezemvelo esiphambili esisebenza ne-Wisconsin's Power Towns Association ukufundisa amalokishi ngale mboni, uthi “izimayini zesihlabathi se-frac cishe zizoqeda yonke intuthuko yezindawo zokuhlala emalokishini asemaphandleni.” Umphumela uyoba “ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwamadola entela emadolobheni, okwandisa intela kulabo abasele.”
Amaqhinga Okuthuthukisa Idolobha
Ama-Frac-sand corporations athembele kwinhlanganisela ye-naïveté, ukwethembana, nokungaqondi ezindaweni zasemakhaya ezazisebenzelana nezinkampani ezingezinkulu kunezimboni zendawo zesihlabathi nezitshebe zase-Wisconsin. Ngaphambi kuka-2008, amabhodi amadolobha ayengakaze aphathe lutho ngaphandle kokulungiswa komgwaqo kanye nezinye izindaba ezibalulekile zikamasipala. Namuhla, izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zisebenzisa izinsiza zazo ezinkulu ukuze ziqhubekisele phambili imikhandlu yendawo futhi ziwine amadili obumnandi. Ngaleyo ndlela izakhamizi zaseTunnel City zayiswa kwabahlanzayo.
Ngomhla ziyisi-6 kuJulayi, 2011, ummeleli we-Unimin wabamba inkundla yomphakathi yokuqala mayelana nokumbiwa kwe-frac-sand endaweni. Eminye imihlangano yomphakathi eyaya kakhulu futhi evame ukushuba yalandela, kodwa uma kubhekwa imali eningi, ukwehluleka kukasihlalo webhodi ledolobha ukumelana nenhlangano yezimayini, kanye nolaka luka-Unimin, iDolobha laseTunnel elincane kwakunguDavid ngaphandle kwesihlilingi.
Izakhamizi zendawo zikwazile ukwenza le nhlangano ivume ukunikeza leli dolobha ama- $ 250,000 ngamathani okuqala ayizigidi ezimbili ambiwa minyaka yonke, ama- $ 50,000 ngaphezu kwalokho ebesikunikeze ekuqaleni. Ngokushintshana, ilokishi livumile ukuthi noma yisiphi isimiso esingase sidluliselwe esikhathini esizayo esivimbela ukumba izimayini ngeke sisebenze ku-Unimin. Phindaphinda amathani ayizigidi ezimbili ze-frac-sand tonnage Unimin elindele ukumba minyaka yonke kusukela ngo-2013 ngamadola angama-300 ithani elenziwa yimboni futhi uzothola ukuthi ilokishi lithola kuphela u-.0004% walokho inkampani ezokuzuza.
KwaGregars, kube yiphupho elibi. U-Unimin unqabile izikhathi ezinhlanu ukuthenga indawo yabo futhi akekho omunye ofuna ukuhlala eduze kwemayini yesihlabathi. Okukhathaza kakhulu abashadikazi ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi izingane zabo zizothola i-sililicosis ngenxa yokuchayeka isikhathi eside othulini oluvela ezindaweni zemayini. “Asifuni ukuthi izingane zethu zibe amagundane ezinkampani zezimayini ze-frac-sand,” kusho uJamie.
U-Drew Bradley, iphini likamongameli omkhulu we-Unimin, ubeka eceleni ukwesaba okunjalo. "Ngicabanga ukuthi [izakhamuzi] ziwuphephetha ngokulinganayo," yena utshele incwadi yendawo. “Ziningi izimayini ze-silica eziseduze nemiphakathi. Akukho ukukhathazeka okuveziwe lapho. ”
Lokho kuyinduduzo ebandayo kumaGregars. I-Crystalline silica yi-a i-carcinogen eyaziwayo kanye nembangela ye-silicosis, isifo esingenakulungiseka, esingelapheki. Awukho emithethweni embalwa kakhulu esetshenziswa ekumbiweni kwesihlabathi uMnyango Wezemvelo wombuso (i-DNR) okhawulela ukuthi ingakanani i-silica engena emoyeni ngaphandle kwezimayini. Yilokho ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwalabo abahlala eduze kwezikhungo.
Ngakho ngoNovemba 2011, uJamie Gregar nezinye izakhamuzi eziyishumi bathumela a Isicelo esinamakhasi angama-35ku-DNR. Abakhongi kubuza isikhungo ukumemezela i-crystalline silica ephefumulayo njengento eyingozi futhi ukuyiqapha, kusetshenziswa izinga lokuvikela impilo yomphakathi elibekwe yi-California's. Ihhovisi Lokuhlola Ingozi Yezempilo Emvelweni. Isicelo sincike ezifundweni, kubandakanya one nge-DNR ngokwayo, evumayo ubungozi be-silica esemoyeni evela ezimayini ze-frac-sand kulabo abahlala eduze.
I-DNR yasiphika lesi sicelo, yathi phakathi kwezinye izinto - ngokuphambene nokutholwe ocwaningweni lwayo - izindinganiso zamanje zanele. Omunye wabasayini bezikhalazo, uRon Koshoshek, akazange amangale. Iminyaka engu-16 wayeyilungu, futhi iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye engusihlalo, weWisconsin Umngeneleli womphakathi IKomidi Lokweluleka Izakhamuzi. Idalwe ngo-1967, indima yayo kwakuwukukhulumela imvelo, uma kwenzeka ukungezwani kukhula phakathi kwezindima ezimbili ze-DNR: umvikeli wezemvelo kanye nomnikezeli welayisensi yebhizinisi. “I-DNR,” esho, “manje isiyisikhungo esivumela ukuthuthukiswa nokuxhashazwa kwezinsiza.”
Ngo-2010, uCathy Stepp, uchwepheshe ophikisana nemvelo owake waqinisekisa uthukilengokumelene ne-DNR, ukuyilulaza "njengezinyoka ezimelene nentuthuko, ezimele ezokuthutha, kanye nezinyoka ze-pro-garter," waqokwa ukuthi ahole le nhlangano manje-ixabene Umbusi uScott Walker owachaza: “Ngangifuna othile onomqondo wegumbi lezentengiselwano.”
Ngokuqondene noJamie Gregar, amaphupho akhe ashabalele futhi uzimisele ukushiya ikhaya lakhe. Uthi: “Okwamanje, angicabangi ukuthi kunentengo esingeke siyamukele.”
I-Frac-Sand vs. Ukudla
UBrian Norberg nomndeni wakhe ePrairie Farm, amakhilomitha angu-137 enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeDolobha lase-Tunnel, bakhokhe inani eliphakeme kakhulu: ushone ngesikhathi ezama ukuhlanganisa umphakathi ngokumelene ne-Procore, inkampani engaphansi kwenhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe kawoyela negesi iSanjel. Ifulege laseMelika elindizela phambi kwendlu yakwaNorbergs liphenye uqwembe olunoqwembe olukhulu, olusagolide lwe-NORBERG, phezu kwalo amapheasant andiza esibhakabhakeni esiluhlaza. Kuhloswe ukumela amahektha ayi-1,500 umndeni osuwalime iminyaka eyikhulu.
“Lapho uqala ukukhuluma ngezimayini zezimboni, kithina, wephula umhlaba,” kusho umfelokazi kaBrian, uLisa, wangitshela ngenye intambama ngoMashi ngesikhathi sokudla kwasemini. Yena namanye amalungu omndeni, kanye nomngane, babehlangene ukuze bachaze impi yasePrairie Farm nama-frac-sanders. “Umndeni ube nesikhathi esinzima impela ukwamukela iqiniso lokuthi lokho esikubheka njengendlela enhle yokuphila kungacekelwa phansi yizimboni ezinkulu.”
Impi yabo ne-Procore yaqala ngo-April 2011: USandy, umngane nomakhelwane wesikhathi eside, wafika namasampula esihlabathi abamba ababembiwe ezweni lakhe, futhi waqala ukuchaza ngomdlandla izinzuzo zokumbiwa kwe-frac-sand. “UBrian walalela imizuzu embalwa,” kukhumbula uLisa. “Wabe emtshela ukuthi [ukuthi]… USandy wayenethemba lokuthi sizokujabulela nokugxumela obishini. UBrian wamazisa ukuthi indawo yethu izosetshenziselwa injongo kaNkulunkulu, ukulima.”
UBrian ngokushesha wafaka umndeni nomakhelwane emzamweni wokuhlela ngokumelene nenkampani. NgoJuni 2011, i-Procore yafaka uhlelo lokubuyisela kabusha - isinyathelo sokuqala senqubo yokuvumela - nomnyango wesifunda wokongiwa komhlaba namanzi. UBrian waphuthuma ehhovisi lesifunda eyocela ukulalelwa komphakathi, kodwa wabuya edangele futhi edangele. “Wazizwa ehluleke ngokuphelele ukuthi wayengenakukwazi ukuvikela umphakathi ekubeni ungangeni futhi ucekele phansi ukuphila kwethu,” kukhumbula uLisa.
Wabulawa isifo senhliziyo esikhathini esingaphansi kosuku kamuva eneminyaka engu-52 ubudala. Umndeni uyaqiniseka ukuthi ukufa kwakhe kwaba umphumela wokucindezeleka okwabangelwa ukungqubuzana. Lokho kucindezeleka kuyiqiniso ngempela. Izinkampani ze-frac-sand, kusho umngane womndeni u-Donna Goodlaxson, enanela nabanye abaningi engixoxile nabo ngale ndaba, “hamba emphakathini uye emphakathini. Futhi enye yezinto abazama ukuzenza ukuxabanisa abantu emphakathini.”
Esikhundleni sokuhlehla, abakwaNorbergs nezinye izakhamizi zasePrairie Farm baqhubekile nemizamo kaBrian. Ekulalelweni komphakathi kuka-Agasti 2011, izakhamizi zedolobha zakhuluma ngqo nabamele iProcore. “Lokho abantu ababekusho lapho kwakunamandla kakhulu,” kukhumbula uGoodlaxson. “Laba bafana bapheshulwe ezihlalweni zabo. Bebengasilungiselele.”
"Ngicabanga ukuthi abantu basikisela ukuthi singabalimi abancane emphakathini omncane futhi wonke umuntu uyisiphukuphuku esingazi lutho," kunezela u-Sue Glaser, umlingani wasekhaya womfowabo kaBrian uWayne. "Bathole ngesikhathi esifushane impela ukuthi kunemfundo eningi ngemuva kwalokhu."
“Cishe amaphesenti angu-80 omakhelwane ayenganeme ngoshintsho olwalungase lube khona endaweni yethu,” kunezela uLisa. “Kodwa bambalwa kakhulu bethu abebengazi lutho ngalo mkhakha [leso] sikhathi.” Ukuze kufezwe lokho, iWisconsin’s Farmers’ Union kanye neNhlangano yayo Yamadolobha bahlela ingqungquthela yosuku lonke ngoDisemba 2011 ukusiza abantu “ukubhekana nale mboni entsha.”
Ngaleso sikhathi, amanye amadolobha, ethuswe ukuqhuma kwezimayini ze-frac-sand, ayeseqala ukudlula. ukulayisensa izimiso zokulawula imboni. E-Wisconsin, izifunda zingabekela inselelo ukuklanywa kwezindawo kodwa hhayi izimiso zamalayisense, eziwela ngaphansi kwamandla amaphoyisa edolobha. Lokhu, ngokomthetho we-Wisconsin, akukwazi ukunqotshwa yizifunda noma izwe. U-Becky Glass, isakhamuzi sasePrairie Farm kanye nomhleli weLabour Network for Sustainability, ubiza amandla amaphoyisa edolobha laseWisconsin ngokuthi “amathuluzi aqine kakhulu amadolobhana okufanele alwe noma alawule ukumbiwa kwe-frac-sand.” Cabangela ama-slingshots amaningi kangaka asetshenziswa ngokumelene namaGoliyathi ezinkampani.
Ngo-April 2012, ibhodi lamadoda amathathu ePrairie Farm livotele u-2 ku-1 ukuze kuphasiswe umthetho onjalo wokulawula noma yimiphi imizamo yezimayini yesikhathi esizayo edolobheni. Cha, ukunyakaza okunjalo ngeke kumise ukumbiwa kwe-frac-sand e-Wisconsin, kodwa kunganciphisa okungenani ukulimala kwakho. UProcore wagcina ephumile ngenxa yokumelana, kusho uGlass, enezela ukuthi inkampani isibuyile nabasebenzi abehlukene ukuzozama ukuvula imayini eduze nalapho ehlala khona.
“Kuthatha amahektha angu-1.2 ngomuntu ngamunye ngonyaka ukondla wonke umuntu wakuleli,” kusho uLisa Norberg. “Nelokishi elincane engihlala kulo, sinamahektha angu-9,000 XNUMX asetshenziswa emapulazini. Ngakho-ke uma sivala amehlo ethu bese sigoba futhi sivumele izinkampani zezimayini zingene, sizoba nezinkulungwane zabantu esingeke sikwazi ukubondla.”
Ukudla noma isihlabathi se-frac-sand: kuyisinqumo esibalulekile ezweni lonke, kodwa iningi labantu baseMelika aliqapheli ngisho nokuthi kwenziwa - ikakhulukazi izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nenani elinciphayo labalimi be-yoman kulokho abanye kuleli zwe abangakubiza ngokuthi "okwangempela." eMelika.” Iningi lethu alazi lutho mayelana nalezi zinqumo, kodwa uma izinkampani zezimayini zinendlela yazo, sizokwazi maduze - uma sibheka amanani esitolo esikhulu noma esitolo segrosa. Sizokwazi futhi, njengoba ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele kuqhubeka nokwenza ubusika baseWisconsin bube nephunga elimnandi nesimo sezulu sasendle esinamandla ezweni lonke.
Ngenkathi izindawo ezinamahlathi zinyamalala, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ayoniwa, futhi amapulazi amaningi ezindaweni zasemakhaya eWisccin aphenduka abe yinkangala yezimboni, amadodana kaLisa ayaqhubeka nokusebenza umhlaba waseNorberg, njengoba nje uyise enza. Kunjalo nomshana kaBrian, uMatthew oneminyaka engu-32, owangigibelisa enqamula amasimu akhe. Ngokuzayo lapho ngisedolobheni, wangiqinisekisa, sizovakashela izindawo ezisemagqumeni lapho amanzi engena eziphethwini. Yebo, ungawaphuza amanzi lapho. Kuseyiyona nto emsulwa ongayicabanga. Nokho, ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, akekho owaziyo ukuthi kuzoze kube nini.
Umsebenzi ka-Ellen Cantarow ku-Israel/Palestine ushicilelwe kabanzi iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30. Ukukhathazeka kwakhe isikhathi eside ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kumholele ekutheni aphenye ngokuwohloka kwezinkampani zikawoyela negesi emhlabeni jikelele. TomDispatch. Sibonga kakhulu kumenzi wefilimu waseWisconsin uJim Tittle, owakhe documentary, "Intengo Yesihlabathi," izovela ngo-August 2012, futhi ngubani owabelana ngakho kokubili okwaxoxwa naye kanye nesikhathi sakhe salesi sihloko.
Lesi sihloko sivele okokuqala ku-TomDispatch.com, i-weblog ye-Nation Institute, enikeza ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, izindaba, kanye nemibono evela ku-Tom Engelhardt, umhleli wesikhathi eside ekushicileleni, umsunguli we-American Empire Project, umbhali we Ukuphela Kwesiko Lokunqoba, njengenoveli, Izinsuku Zokugcina Zokushicilela. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva ithi The American Way of War: How Bush's Wars Became Obama's (Haymarket Books).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela