Umhlaba unesipiliyoni esingaphezu kwesigamu sekhulu ngezinhlelo ezithi zisiza imvelo noma zondle iplanethi kuyilapho zenza okuphambene. Izingqinamba ezimbili zasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21 ukuwohloka kwezomnotho kanye nemvelo. Ingabe kufanele sikhulise ukukhiqizwa ukuze sidale amathuba emisebenzi eyengeziwe futhi samukele umonakalo owesabekayo wemvelo? Noma, ingabe kufanele sivikele umhlaba ophilayo ngezindleko zokubangela ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi okwengeziwe?
Impendulo eyanda ukuduma ithi “Isivumelwano Esisha Esihlaza” (GND): dala “imisebenzi eluhlaza” ukuze kuqalwe umnotho wezwe. Kodwa i-GND ingase inganikezi umsebenzi wesikhathi eside futhi ingase ibangele umonakalo omkhulu emvelweni. Ukumba ngaphansi kokubukeka okungaphezulu kwe-GND kudinga ukuhlola isihlahla somndeni wayo: “Uguquko Oluluhlaza”, ubunxiwankulu obuluhlaza kanye “noMnotho Oluhlaza”.
I-Green Revolution
Njengoba ubunxiwankulu busakazeka emhlabeni wonke, indlala nendlala kwasabalala kanye nabo. Ukuqongelela ukudla futhi ukudayisele labo abanensada bekulokhu kunenzuzo enkulu kunokwabelana ngokudla nalabo abakudingayo.
Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, i-agribusiness yanquma ukuthi izinhlobo zezitshalo ezintsha zingase zibe isizinda “se-Green Revolution” “ezokondla umhlaba”. Ngokuka-Stan Cox, izakhi zofuzo ezincane “zavumela isitshalo ukuthi siphambukise amandla amancane ekwenzeni iziqu namaqabunga futhi kwavumela umlimi ukuthi afake umanyolo we-nitrogen omningi ngaphandle kokwenza izitshalo zibe zinde kakhulu futhi ziwe”. Kodwa lezi zinhlobo ezintsha zazidinga izibulala-zinambuzane futhi zazisengozini enkulu yezifo.[1]
Okungenani iminyaka eyi-10,000, abantu bebelokhu besebenzisa imbewu “yokuvuza evulekile” engaqoqwa futhi itshalwe ngonyaka olandelayo. I-Green Revolution nayo yakhuthaza imbewu eyingxube, ikakhulukazi yommbila. Kodwa imbewu eyingxube ayizange ikhiqize izici ezazifunwa abalimi. Labo abazisebenzisayo kumele babuyele enkampanini yembewu unyaka nonyaka. AmaHybrid akhuthaza ukuncika kwezolimo.
Esinye sezifinyezo ezinhle kakhulu zemiphumela yommbila oyingxubevange sisendabeni kaCarmelo Ruiz kaHenry Wallace, umthuthukisi wezolimo owayenguNobhala Wezolimo kaFranklin Roosevelt. NgokukaRuiz, "Phakathi kwezici ezidume kakhulu zombila oyingxubevange ukukhululeka okungavunwa ngawo ngomshini." Izinkambu ezinkulu “ezinezakhi zofuzo ezifanayo zadala isimo esiphuphayo ngezinambuzane”.[2, p 10] Njengezinhlobo ezincane, lokhu kwadala isidingo sezibulala-zinambuzane. Ukukhula ngokushesha kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezibulala-zinambuzane zokuvunda kwemvelo kwenhlabathi kwadala isidingo somanyolo.
Ukwanda okukhulu komkhiqizo kwaba nomphumela wokuthi: “phakathi kuka-1950 no-1980, ukuthunyelwa kommbila wase-US kwaphindwaphindwa ngokuphindwe ka-20”.[2, p 10] Imiphumela iphinde yavela ekukhuphukeni kwezindleko zokulima, ukuswelakala kwabalimi bemindeni, kanye nokugxiliswa okwengeziwe komcebo kwezolimo.
Ingabe ngempela leli kwakuyinani okwakudingeka likhokhwe ukuze “kondle umhlaba? Kungenzeka yini ukuthi ukunyuka kwesivuno okufanayo bekungenzeka ukube ucwaningo luye kwenye indawo? URuiz ucaphuna isazi sezakhi zofuzo uRichard Lewontin siphetha ngokuthi, “Cishe akekho oye wazama ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo ezinempova evulekile, nakuba ubufakazi besayensi bubonisa ukuthi ukube bekungenziwa umzamo ofanayo ezinhlotsheni ezinjalo, beziyoba zinhle noma zibe ngcono kunezixube.”[ 2, ikhasi 10]
Ucwaningo lugxile ekuthuthukiseni ama-hybrids ngoba abeyingxenye ye-ajenda yokugxilisa imali. Abasekeli beNguquko Yokuhlaza bahlonze inkinga yangempela (indlala), kodwa bakhala ngekhambi elinobungane ebhizinisini elikhulu eladala izinkinga eziningi njengoba lalixazulula. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, isixazululo esisezingeni eliphansi sashaywa indiva.
Green capitalism
Ku-2010, a Forbes isihloko sancoma i-Coca-Cola “ngokuba luhlaza”. Ukuze iveze isithombe sayo esiluhlaza, i-Coke yakha ubudlelwano ne-Conservation International kanye ne-World Wildlife Fund njengoba iqeda ukuthatha inkampani yetiye eliphilayo, i-Honest Tea. UTom Philpott waphawula ukuthi, cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-Coke “abanikazi bamasheya bavote ngesilinganiso esingu-3-to-1 ukuze baqhubeke nokusebenzisa i-BPA, ikhemikhali yezimboni ezinobuthi, olwelweni lwamathini ayo eziphuzo ezibandayo”.[3]
I-coke imane iyithonsi elilodwa olwandle lwemikhiqizo eluhlaza. Amawebhusayithi agcwele yonke into kusukela ezimpahleni eziluhlaza nezimoto eziyingxubevange kuya emaholideni alungele imvelo. Phakathi neminyaka yawo-1970, “i-Green Capitalism” enjalo yayivame ukubhekelela ekwandeni kokuqwashisa ngokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nobuthi obufana nezinsimbi ezisindayo nezinhlanganisela eziphilayo. Kodwa ayikasetshenziswa njalo ngezindlela ezicekela phansi imvelo.
Omunye wemikhiqizo yebhizinisi ecashile kube “umboza wenjoloba”. “Ama-leachate enjoloba ayaziwa ukuthi ayingozi empilweni yabantu; imiphumela yokuchayeka isukela esikhumbeni nasesweni kuya ekulimaleni okukhulu kwezitho ngisho nokufa.”[4] Naphezu kwezingozi ezingathi sína ezazicashe amathayi alahliwe, izinhlangano zaqala ukuwahlikihla ukuze zenze umboza wenjoloba ukuze ulungiswe kahle futhi ubeke ezinkundleni zokudlala zezingane. Bayimaketha “njengenobungani bemvelo” ngoba iphinda isebenzise amathayi kunokuba iwathumele ezindaweni zokulahla imfucuza.
Ngeminyaka yawo-1980, abantu abaningi ngokwengeziwe babebheka ukufakwa kwe-asidi olwandle, ukulimala kongqimba lwe-ozone, ukuqedwa kwezinsiza kanye namagesi abamba ukushisa (GHGs). IGreen Capitalism ishaye igxalaba ngoSuku Lomhlaba lwango-1990 lapho, kulo lonke elase-US, labo ababethi bangochwepheshe bezemvelo beveza injabulo yabo ngemikhiqizo evumelana nemvelo. Njengoba uBrian Tokar ebhala ngokuvikela kwabo izinkampani ezinkulu,
Ngokunciphisa imfucuza, ukubuyisela ingxenye yemvelo eyonakele, ukutshala imali kumandla avuselelekayo, futhi ngokuvamile ukukhuthaza izimiso zemvelo, izimboni zikawoyela, amakhemikhali nezinye ezingcolisa kakhulu kungaba “abaphathi” bemvelo..[5, ikhasi 74]
Izazi zemvelo ezijabule kakhulu zikholelwa ukuthi zifinyelele isikhathi esikhulu—amalungu ebhodi ezinkampani ezinkulu aqala ukulingisa amagama abo. Abanye babehlukanisa phakathi kwemikhiqizo eluhlaza okungamanga nalokho ababekholelwa ukuthi “iluhlaza ngempela,” njengezindlu zangasese ezifaka umquba, izinto zikagesi ezonga ugesi, ama-solar panel, ama-windmill nama-biofuels.
Kuze kube namuhla, izinkulumo-mpikiswano zisaqhubeka ngokuthi iyiphi igajethi eluhlaza nokungeyona. Abanye bangenza izimanga—kodwa uma kuphela bebeyingxenye yokuqeda lokho okulimaza imvelo. Eminye imikhiqizo eluhlaza ime ngokucacile endleleni yezixazululo ezibucayi. Noma yiluphi uhlobo lwemoto “eluhlaza” luhlala luyisithiyo ekwakhiweni kwezindawo ezihanjwayo/ezikwazi ukuhamba ngamabhayisikili ezingeyona imilutha yezimoto.
Inkohliso eyinhloko yokukhuthaza imikhiqizo “eluhlaza ngempela” inkolelo yokuthi ukuyithenga kungasho ukuthi izinto ezingezona eziluhlaza azithengwa. Lokhu kuvame ukungenzeki. Thatha ezokuthutha. Ukuhamba ngendlela yemvelo kudinga ukuncika ezimotweni. Ngakho, ukwanda kokuzinikela emabhayisikili. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi zimbalwa izimoto ezikhiqizwayo. Njengoba abantu behamba kakhulu, amabhayisikili awashintshi izimoto, kodwa asetshenziswa ngaphezu kwezimoto.
Lokhu kwenzeka kuyo yonke iGreen Capitalism. Okungcono kakhulu, imikhiqizo "eluhlaza" ithatha indawo yezinto ezingezona eziluhlaza kuyilapho iqhubekisela phambili inkolelo yokuthi injabulo itholakala ngokuthenga izinto. Kodwa ngokuvamile, bamane bakha izimakethe ezintsha, ezengeziwe eziluhlaza ukusiza ukukhula okuphelele konxiwankulu.
Abazinikele ngelanga/abanomoya bavame ukuklolodela ama-eco-hustlers athengisa izimoto “eziluhlaza” ukuze zipake kuMcMansions “oluhlaza”. Kodwa ukholo lwabo emandleni elanga/omoya lubonisa inkolelo efanayo yokuthi ukuthenga into efanele kungangena esikhundleni soshintsho olukhulu emphakathini. "I-Green consumerism" iyingxenye ye-"green capitalism". Umthengi usakhuthaza ukuthi ukukhetha komthengi ngamunye kungaxazulula izinkinga zemvelo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho umbono weGreen Capitalism wawukhula, imizabalazo enzima yayishuba. Abantu babefuna ukuba kuvalwe izindawo zokushisela umlilo nezinye izikhungo ezinobuthi, ohulumeni babeke imithetho emelene nobuthi, futhi kubhalwe umthetho omusha ozoqinisa imithetho.
Kodwa izinkampani zalwa kakhulu ne-Precautionary Principle, engadinga ukuthi imikhiqizo iqinisekiswe ukuthi iphephile ngaphambi kokwethulwa. Lapho kuye kwaba nokwehla kokukhiqizwa okuyingozi, ngokuvamile kube ngenxa yokubhikisha komphakathi kanye/noma izinyathelo zomthetho.[6] Nakulokhu, siyabona ukuthi iziphakamiso zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu (imikhiqizo emisha) azizange ziyixazulule inkinga ekhona (ukukhiqizwa okunobuthi) kodwa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obuphansi (imibhikisho nezenzo zomthetho) kube yisisekelo sempumelelo eminingi.
IGreen Capitalism ibhekana nenkinga yangempela: ukukhiqizwa okuyingozi kubasebenzi, imiphakathi, abathengi kanye nemvelo. Inikeza izixazululo ezimbili ezingamanga: (a) ukushaya ilebula eluhlaza emikhiqizweni efanayo emidala kanye (b) nokwethembisa ukuthi ezinye izindlela ezinhle zizothatha indawo yezingezinhle uma, empeleni, zengeza imigqa emisha yomkhiqizo.
Uma ususa ubuthi obubodwa ekukhiqizweni ngokukhulu ukushesha bese ufaka ubuthi obubili ngokunyenya, inkinga iye yaba yimbi kakhulu kuyilapho uMnyango Wezobudlelwane Bomphakathi wenza izinto zibonakale zingcono. Naphezu kwentuthuko lapha nalaphaya, ukukhiqizwa okuphelele kwezinto ezinobuthi kuye kwaqina ngaphansi "kwesixazululo" seGreen Capitalism.
Umnotho Oluhlaza
Nakuba elithi “Green Economy” kwesinye isikhathi lisetshenziswa ngokufanayo nelithi “Green Capitalism”, kunomehluko obalulekile phakathi kwabo. IGreen Capitalism isho amabhizinisi ngamanye athengisa imikhiqizo yawo, anomyalezo ongashiwongo wokuthi umphakathi ungathenga indlela yawo yokuphuma ekuwohlokeni kwemvelo. Ukusetshenziswa kwakamuva kwegama elithi "Umnotho Oluhlaza" kuwuphawu kabusha lwamathrendi obelokhu uqhubeka isikhathi eside. Lokhu kubonakala ezivumelwaneni ezivele ezingqungqutheleni ezihlanganisa i-Kyoto, Japan (1997), ne-Rio de Janeiro, e-Brazil (2012).
I-Green Revolution kanye neGreen Capitalism yayisekelwe ezinguqukweni ezithile kwezobuchwepheshe ngakho-ke kulula ukuyiqonda kunoMnotho Oluhlaza, ogxile kakhulu ekulungisweni kwezomthetho ezinhlelweni zokuhweba. I-Green Economy nayo iyimpendulo yenkampani ekuxabaneni okukhulu komphakathi nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nakuba ithi ixazulula izinkinga eziningi zemvelo. Ukuduma kwezinhlelo zayo zokuhweba ngekhabhoni kwakhula phakathi neshumi leminyaka lokuqala lekhulu lama-21 njengoba umonakalo wokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu uqala ukukhula ngamandla.
Uhlelo oluhle lokuhweba ngekhabhoni lwaluwukuthi yonke imboni izoqala ngenani elinikeziwe lezitifiketi (noma izimvume noma amakhredithi) eyinikeza ilungelo lokukhipha inani elithile lobuthi. Uma leyo nkampani ithola ukuthi ingenza imali eyengeziwe ngokuqhubeka (noma ikhulise) izinga layo lokungcola, ingathenga izimvume kwenye inkampani ekwazile ukufeza imigomo yayo. Njengoba inkampane edayisa izimvume zayo izothola imali eyengeziwe ngokungcolisa kancane, ngokusobala izoba nekhono lokuncintisana. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kuzoncipha kancane kancane, ngaleyo ndlela kudale izingcindezi zemakethe zomthwalo wemfanelo wendawo.
Nakuba imithethonqubo idinga ukuqiniswa kusukela kwabhalwa eyokuqala, ukuhweba ngokungcola kunomsuka wako emibonweni eklanyelwe ukuyibukela phansi. Ngenkathi u-Al Gore eya engqungqutheleni yesimo sezulu yase-Kyoto ngo-1997, waveza ukuthi i-US izosayina isivumelwano kuphela uma kuhlangatshezwana nemibandela emibili: “ukuthi ukwehliswa okugunyaziwe kokukhipha intuthu ephumayo kube okungathandeki kakhulu kunalokho okwakuhlongozwa ekuqaleni, nokuthi noma yikuphi ukwehlisa kuzosetshenziswa ukuhweba okusekelwe emakethe 'kwamalungelo okungcolisa.'” [5, pp 82–3]
Ngokuxakayo, u-Gore uzoba isithandwa sabakhulu bezemvelo ngoba abadlali abalungile bamhlasele kabuhlungu ngokumela. iyiphi amazinga e-carbon. Eqinisweni, owayeyiPhini Likamongameli ngaleso sikhathi wayengumdlali obalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izivumelwano zisekelwe kwezomnotho ezimakethe zamahhala. Nakuba abaphathi beBush abangenayo behlulekile ukusayina izivumelwano zase-Kyoto, bagunyazwe ngentshiseko yi-EU, leyo System Emissions Trading System (ETS) eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-2005.
Iphutha eliyinhloko ekusebenziseni izikimu zemakethe yamahhala ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa yinkolelo yokuthi izimakethe “zamahhala” zikhona. Selokhu kwaba khona inkampani yokuqala, yenze konke okusemandleni ayo ukuze ithole umusa okhethekile nokukhululwa kohulumeni. Amathiyori wezomnotho wemakethe yamahhala enza hhayi phakamisa izinjongo ezibalulekile ezingathuthukiswa ngokucwengisiswa—ziyizikrini zokubhema ukuze zidonse amakhava ngobudlelwano bobulili phakathi kwezinkampani nohulumeni abenza sengathi bayabalawula.
Amanye ama-handouts amaningi atholakala ngokuhweba ngekhabhoni nezikimu zokumisa ahlanganisa:
- izinhlangano “zokhokho” ngokuzinika amakhredithi okungcola mahhala kunokuwakhokhisa;
- "i-godfathering" izimboni ezingcolisa kakhulu njengensimbi nosimende ngokuzinikeza izimvume ezengeziwe;
- ukuvumela izinkampani ukuthi zinyuse izindleko zisuka ekuthengeni izimvume zokungcola ziye kubathengi ngamanani aphezulu;
- ukuvumela izinkampani ukuthi ziqhubeke (noma zandise) ukungcola ngokuthenga amakhredithi emazweni ampofu ngokuthembisa ukungawuqali umsebenzi owawungeke uqalise; futhi,
- ukubekezelela amaqhinga okubalwa kwezimali, njengenkampani ethenga amakhredithi, iwasebenzisela izimfuneko zokuthobelana, bese ithengisa inani elilinganayo lezimvume.
Ngokushesha “ama-offsets” ekhabhoni asetshenziswa emaphashini oMhlaba esiphakamisweni esithi, “Ukunciphisa Ukungcola Okuvela Ekugawulweni Kwamahlathi Nokuwohloka Kwamahlathi” (REDD). I-REDD yakhelwe ukuvumela amazwe acebile ukuthi athenge izikweletu emazweni ampofu athembisa ukuthi ngeke agawule amahlathi.
Enye yezinkinga ezimbi kakhulu zenguqulo ye-REDD ye-offsets ukuthi ngokuvamile idinga abantu bomdabu abahlala emahlathini ukuba baxoshwe emakhaya abo ukuze indawo abahlale kuyo iminyaka eyinkulungwane ingabi nalutho. Abasekeli be-REDD bathi indawo enamahlathi akumelwe ingabi nazakhamuzi uma izoba “ivikelekile.”[7] Uma abantu bomdabu sebehambile, akekho emhlabeni ozobheka, abike futhi avimbele ukugawulwa kwemithi ngokungemthetho.
I-Green Revolution kanye ne-Green Capitalism yaphusha izixazululo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu lapho izindlela ezitholakalayo zobuchwepheshe obuphansi beziyobhekana kangcono nezinkinga ezikhonjiwe. NgeGreen Economy, labo abatusa izivumelwano zesimo sezulu samazwe ngamazwe bagwema kakhulu izixazululo zangempela:
1. Indlela yokunciphisa ukushiswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi iwukudinga imboni ukuba ishise uphethiloli omncane; futhi,
2. Indlela yokunciphisa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi emazweni ampofu iwukucela usizo lwalabo ababehlala emahlathini kunokubaxosha.
NjengaseGreen Revolution kanye neGreen Capitalism, iGreen Economy idala izinkinga ezintsha ngaphandle kokuxazulula izinkinga ezihlosiwe. Njengoba isiqalile ukusebenza, ama-GHG anyukile—okuhlukile kuphela ngezikhathi zokuwohloka komnotho. % ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuncane uma kuqhathaniswa nosuku olujwayelekile lomsebenzi”.[5]
Idili Entsha Eluhlaza
Njengoba izinkinga zezomnotho zasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21 ziya zijula, amandla aphiko lwesokudla adinga ukuncishiswa okwengeziwe kanye “nobugovu.” Izishoshovu zobulungiswa bezomnotho zicela izinhlelo ezengeziwe zokuqinisekisa umsebenzi. Izazi zemvelo ziya ngokuya zigcizelela ukuthi kwehliswe ukushiswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Izinhlangothi zombili zivame ukukhuluma zidlula zodwa, zinganaki imiphumela yezemvelo noma yomsebenzi yezixazululo zazo.
I-Green New Deal (GND) ikhuthaza imisebenzi yomphakathi esekelwe emisebenzini ehambisana nemvelo. Kungenzeka yinithe Isixazululo esilula? Kodwa isixazululo ngokwaso sidala izinkinga. I-GND ingase ingalethi umsebenzi ogcwele nanoma yini eseduze nayo. Ukukhiqizwa okuluhlaza kungase kungathathi indawo yokukhiqiza okungekho luhlaza, kodwa kumephu indlela entsha eya ekwandiseni imali. Ukukhiqizwa okuluhlaza ngokwako kungenzeka kuholele ezimpini zokunqotshwa kwezindawo ezihlaza. Eqinisweni, “ukudliwa komhlaba” okuqhubeka kahle eLatin America nase-Afrika kubonakala kuyisigaba sokuqala sezimpi ezinjalo.[10]
Futhi kunezinye izixazululo ezilula kakhulu futhi ezingenazinkinga. Uma abantu bengenamsebenzi, kungani singavele sabelane ngomsebenzi okhona phakathi kwabo bonke ngokunciphisa isonto lomsebenzi? Uma abantu bexoshwa ezindlini zabo, kungani kungabi naso isimemezelo sokumiswa kokudliwa kwezindlu nokukhishwa kwabantu ezindlini zabo? Uma abanye abantu bengenakho okwanele kwalokho abakudingayo ukuze baphile, kungani ungashintsheli ekukhiqizeni izinto ezihlala njalo ukuze wonke umuntu abe nalokho akudingayo? Konke lokhu kungenziwa ngenkathi kushisa uphethiloli omncane kakhulu. Lokho kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi uma sinciphisa imikhiqizo esingayidingi, okuhlanganisa (kodwa kungagcini lapho) izimoto ezihlala umuntu oyedwa, usimende wezakhiwo zomshwalense wezokwelapha, nezikhali ezanele ukubulala wonke umuntu emhlabeni izikhathi eziningi.[11]
Isivumelwano Esisha sidalulwa. I-New Deal (ND) yakhe amaphrojekthi ayedingwa yi-US. Kodwa izinganekwane zivumela iDemocratic Party ukuthi ithole udumo ngokuxazulula ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi emnothweni onokuthula, okuyinto ehlulekile ukuyenza. Umbiko okhethekile kaGabriel Kolko nge-ND usula imibono eyiphutha eminingi. Zihlanganisa izinkolelo ezingamanga zokuthi uMongameli uHerbert Hoover akenzanga lutho ukuphendula ekucindezelekeni okukhulu okwaqala ngo-1929 nokuthi uFranklin Roosevelt wakhankasela Idili Entsha.[12]
Mhlawumbe inkohliso enkulu ukuthi i-ND ixazulule ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi. Uma ubheka lezi zibalo kuveza ukuthi ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kwakungama-4.2% ngaphambi nje kokudangala ngo-1928, kwakhuphuka kwafinyelela ku-23.6% ngo-1932, kwehla kwafinyelela ku-16.0% ngo-1936 futhi kwenyuka kwafinyelela ku-19.0% ngo-1938.
Umcimbi omkhulu oyingqopha-mlando ohlale unciphisa ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kwaba ukwanda okukhulu kwemikhiqizo okuhambisana nokungena kwe-US ku-WWII. Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi bekungase kwehliswe kakhulu ngokuphasiswa koMthethosivivinywa Omnyama amahora angama-30 ngesonto lomsebenzi. Kodwa amabhizinisi amakhulu akuphikisa kakhulu, okwaholela ekuntulekeni kokusekelwa yi-FDR.
I-Global Green New Deal. Ngo-2008, uGeoffrey Lean wabhala ukuthi uhlelo lwe-UN lwe-Green New Deal "luzokwethulwa ngokusemthethweni eLondon ngesonto elizayo". Waphawula ukuthi i-GND "ithola ugqozi ku-New Deal ka-Franklin Roosevelt, eyaqeda ukudangala kwawo-1930". Abaholi be-UN bathembisa ukuthi “‘ukukhula okuluhlaza’ kuyohlenga izimali zomhlaba”.[13]
Ngentwasahlobo elandelayo i-UN yakhipha incazelo yayo ewumongo yohlelo lomhlaba wonke lokululama olubizwa nge-Global Green New Deal (GGND). Uhlu lwayo lwabahlanganyeli luhlanganisa i-International Monetary Fund (IMF), i-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), iBhange Lomhlaba, kanye ne-World Trade Organization (WTO).[14, p ii]
Njengoba ukuhlaselwa okunamandla kwamazinga okuphila ekilasi labasebenzi kuyiyona ndlela eyinhloko yokusabela kwebhizinisi enkingeni yezomnotho eyaqala ngo-2008, umqulu we-UN waveza ukuthi kusenephiko “elikhululekile” elinomuzwa wokuthi ukukhula okugqugquzelwa uhulumeni kungaba indlela engcono kakhulu yokululama. : “umnotho womhlaba udinga isikhuthazo esihlinzekwa yi-GGND ngoba imakethe engalawulwayo ayikwazi ukuzivusa yona ngokwayo…” [14, p 4]
I-GGND yakhelwe ukukhulisa iGreen Capitalism kanye neGreen Economy. Isho ngokugcizelela ukuthi izindaba zezomnotho kumelwe ziqondwe njengenhlanganisela ye-techno-fixes: “Izixazululo zobuchwepheshe zizoba yizici ezibalulekile ekuguqukeni komnotho oluhlaza.”[14, ikhasi 16] Akukho lapho izinkinga zethulwa khona njengoba zibangelwa ubuhlobo bomphakathi bokubusa. . Kunalokho, ifuna ukuhlanganisa “ukuthuthukiswa” kwezomnotho nezimakethe zekhabhoni zomhlaba wonke kanye neREDD.[14, pp 2, 15].
I-UN think tank yayikhiqize incwadi yezimfashini eziluhlaza-mbumbulu eziphambukisa ukunaka ezisombululweni zangempela. Isibonelo, iphakamisa ukuthi i-GGND izokwenza izakhiwo zonge amandla kakhudlwana kuyilapho ingabhekiseli ebufakazini obunamandla manje bokuthi ukusebenza kahle kwenza amandla ashibhile, okuholela ekukhuleni komnotho nasekusetshenzisweni okwandisiwe kwamandla [14, pp 6, 19]. Akubonisi ukuqonda ukuthi ukuba nenani elincane lesikhala kumuntu ngamunye kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngaphezu kwenhlanganisela yamagajethi e-eco amaningi.[15].
Ngaphandle kombono wokuklama kabusha amadolobha ukuze kuncishiswe amamayela ahanjwayo, iphakamisa okuphambene—“ukusiza” amazwe ampofu ngokuwadonsela ezivumelwaneni zohwebo zamazwe ngamazwe ezizoqhubekisela phambili ibanga lapho imikhiqizo ekhiqizwayo ithuthwa.
Ingxenye yezolimo ye-GGND ikhuluma kafushane “ngezinto zokulima eziphilayo”, kodwa ayisho lutho ekukhiqizweni kwenyama.[14, p 8] Inyama yenza ama-GHG amaningi kunayo yonke eminye imikhiqizo yezolimo futhi idlula i-GHG yawo wonke umkhakha wezokuthutha. [16]
Uhlelo lwamandla lwe-UN lukholelwa “esidingweni sokuthuthukisa imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo njengomoya, ilanga, i-tidal kanye ne-geothermal”.[14, p 7] Kodwa okuwukuphela kwethemba layo lokuncipha kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi “izimakethe zekhabhoni zomhlaba wonke” kanye nezingcingo ezibuthakathaka zokufuna ukuncishiswa ngokuzithandela koxhaso lwezimboni zikaphethiloli.[14, pp 2, 10] Njengoba lungekho uhlelo lokukhawulela ukukhishwa, ukucwengwa nokudayiswa kwezibaso ezimbiwa phansi, i-UN inethemba lokwengeza enye imakethe kaphethiloli phezu kwemakethe ekhona yamafutha ezinsalela. njengendlela yokwandisa isamba semakethe yamandla.
Faka i-European Greens. I-British "Green New Deal Group" yayisivele icabanga nge-GND. Ingxoxo ka-2009 phakathi Isiphithiphithi umhleli uTadzio Mueller kanye noFrieder Otto Wolf, owayeyilungu lokuqala le-German Green Party, badweba imigqa ebukhali. U-Mueller uthe iphutha elibalulekile ku-GND kwaba ukuthi “yimbangela yokukhula”. UWolf uphendule ngokuthi i-GND izovula amathuba angakwesokunxele ngokuphendula "ekukhungathekeni okuphindwe kathathu" kwamandla, isimo sezulu kanye nezinkinga zomnotho. UWolf akazange aphendule empikiswano eyisisekelo ka-Mueller yokuthi i-GND yayiyinkundla yokwandisa ukukhiqizwa, okuwumsuka wezinkinga zemvelo.[17]
I-European Green Parties (GPs) maduzane yenza i-GND yaba isizinda semibono yabo yezomnotho. Ngo-2010, imibhalo efana nokuthi "Kungani Sidinga Idili Entsha Eluhlaza" yavela ngokugqamile kuwebhusayithi yeThe Greens ePhalamende LaseYurophu.[18]
Ngokuphambene nephepha le-UN le-pro-corporate, amasayithi e-European GP agcwele izitatimende ezihlabayo (ezifana nokugxeka ubuthi obubulala izinyosi kanye nokudla okungcolile kwe-GMO). Uchungechunge oluhamba ngeziphakamiso ze-European Green ukwakha imisebenzi. Kodwa abenzi isiphakamiso sesonto lomsebenzi elifushane futhi babonakala bengazi ukuthi umphakathi wezemvelo uzodinga umsebenzi omncane kakhulu. Isibonelo, bagunyaza umgomo omuhle kakhulu “wezindawo ezihanjwayo”, kodwa ngaphandle kokuphawula ngeqiniso elisobala lokuthi uma abantu behamba ngezinyawo esikhundleni sokushayela izimoto, kuzoba nokuncane kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto (kanye nezimboni ezingaphansi kwazo zonke ezihlobene). Isicelo sabo sezindawo ezikwazi ukuhambahamba siyangqubuzana neziphakamiso zezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi ezengeziwe.[19]
Uhlelo lwabo lwezimoto eziningi zikagesi luyaphikisana nokubiza ugesi omncane ovela emandleni enuzi [20, p 3]. Amaphepha agcwele imibono ephikisana nomunye nomunye kangangokuthi umfundi usala ezibuza ukuthi ngabe ama-GPs aseYurophu anesu elihlangene.
Odokotela baseYurophu bafuna imikhiqizo ehlala isikhathi eside, okuyingxenye ebalulekile yokwakha umphakathi oluhlaza. Kodwa abacabangi ngemiphumela. Uma imikhiqizo yakhelwe ukuthi ihlale isikhathi eside, kuzodingeka imikhiqizo eminingi embalwa futhi amahora okusebenza amafushane ayoba isidingo.
Ukungqubuzana okukhulu kakhulu ezindabeni ze-European GP yindlela ababhekana ngayo nokukhula komnotho. Baphakamisa ukuqondwa kwenkinga: “ukukhula kuye kwahlotshaniswa ngokuncipha nokudalwa kwamathuba emisebenzi noma nokuncipha kokungalingani”.[18, p 2] Ngeshwa, akukho neyodwa imibhalo yabo eyenza noma imaphi amalungiselelo omnotho omncane.
Eqinisweni, i-European Greens ayilokothi iyivume inkulumo-mpikiswano eshubile phakathi kwezazi zemvelo mayelana neqhaza lamandla avuselelekayo ekudaleni umnotho ozinzile. Bakholelwa ukuthi iYurophu kufanele ibe “nokusetshenziswa okungu-100% kwamandla avuselelekayo ngo-2050 okwamanje”.[19] Lokhu kuhambisana nokugomela kuka-Jacobson no-Delucchi okuphikiswayo okushisayo kokuthi umhlaba ungafinyelela “ukuguqulwa okungu-100% kumandla omoya, amagagasi kanye namandla elanga” ngo-2030.[21]
Ukuhlolisisa kuka-Ted Trainer kuphakamisa amaphutha amaningi ekubaleni kwabo.[22] Okugxeka nakakhulu ukuhlola kweCorner House uJacobson kanye noDelucchi bagomela ngokungalungile “ukuthi umphakathi nobuchwepheshe kuhlukene”.[23, p 52] Ababhali beCorner House bayaphikelela ukuthi, ngokuphambene nenkolelo yokuthi “imishini inempilo yayo. okwakho”. empeleni "zamukelwa futhi zisetshenziswa ku-matrix yobudlelwano bezenhlalo, ezomnotho kanye nezepolitiki". [23, p 52]
Ubudlelwano obubaluleke kakhulu ku-GND ukuthi i-capitalism yasekuqaleni kwekhulunyaka lama-21 isebenzisa amandla ahlukile ukuze ithathele uphethiloli wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi noma iwasebenzisele ukuthambisa izazi zemvelo ngenkathi iwangeza ekukhishweni kukaphethiloli. Ekuhlaziyeni okuphelele kokusetshenziswa kwamandla, u-Richard York wathola ukusetshenziswa kweyunithi eyodwa yamandla ahlukile “asuswa endaweni engaphansi kwekota yeyunithi yamandla kaphethiloli futhi ukususwa kwaba ngu-10% kagesi kuphela”.[24, p 1] Ababhali be-Corner House baphetha ngokuthi ukholo luka-Jacobson kanye no-Delucchi lwasendulo kwamanye amandla njengesixazululo kuphethiloli wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi “lubonisa uhlobo oluyingozi kakhulu lwenkolelo yomshini”.[23, p 62]
Kunokuba bavule ingxoxo yendima yamandla ahlukile emphakathini wonxiwankulu, i-European GPs ivala umnyango, okusho ukuthi ukwanda kweyunithi eyodwa yamandla elanga ngokuzenzekelayo kusho ukuncipha kweyunithi eyodwa yamandla kaphethiloli. Bashaya indiva isibalo esandayo sababhali osekuyiminyaka baphetha ngokuthi ilanga nomoya kungadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni ikusasa eliqhakazile lesintu. butif futhi kuphela uma sehlisa ukukhiqizwa.
Okubi nakakhulu izinqubomgomo ze-GP eziholela ngqo ekukhuleni. Bagunyaza ukusebenza kahle kwamandla (EE) ngokuqine njenge-UN, ngokungakhathali okulinganayo kokuthi i-EE iphumela ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla okungaphezulu, kunokuncane. Isicelo sabo sokuthi kube nezinyathelo “ezizogqugquzela ukudalwa kwamathuba emisebenzi”, ngaphandle kocingo olufanayo lokunciphisa amahora okusebenza, de facto isiphakamiso sokukhula komnotho.[19]
Indlela ehlukile ingaba ukuphakamisa ukuncishiswa okuyisisekelo okungase kwakheke i-gestalt ehambisanayo futhi kudonsele ndawonye imibono efana no-100% wamandla avela kumandla elanga/omoya, imisebenzi yabo bonke abantu, izindawo eziseduze nemikhiqizo ehlala isikhathi eside. Lokhu kuzoba ukuncipha koku:
- amahora okusebenza;
- ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphelele (hhayi nje uphethiloli wezinsalela); futhi,
- ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni okuphelele.
Umsebenzi ohamba phambili wohlelo olubucayi lwe-GP kungaba ukuchaza ukuthi lokhu kunciphisa okubalulekile kungenziwa kanjani ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa izinga lempilo. Kodwa uhlelo lwe-European GP ku-"Industry" lukhuthaza ngokusobala ukukhula. Baqinisekisa abaholi bezinkampani ngohlelo “olukhuthaza umnotho.”[20, pp 3, 5]
Imifino e-US. Ku-athikili ka-2011 ku I-Capitalism Nature Socialism, U-David Schwartzman ugcizelela ukuthi i-GND ingahlinzeka ngoguquko oluya emphakathini ongemva konxiwankulu ngabashisekeli bemvelo kanye nabasebenzi ngokuhlanganyela nohlelo lwemisebenzi eluhlaza. Ubaxabanisa nabenqaba iGND ngoba ayisho ukuthi kudalwe ngokushesha iSocialism. Ukulahlwa okunjalo akunalo iqhinga lokulwela izigaba.[25]
Okungekho ekuhlaziyeni kuka-Schwartzman kukhulunywe ngokugqugquzela okukhulu ngokumelene nezimboni zokumba, okuhlanganisa izimayini emhlabeni wonke kanye nemizamo yokulwa nowoyela namalahle e-US. Selokhu kwashicilelwa i-athikili yakhe, izingxabano ezimelene ne-fracking ziye zakhula. Ukukhuthaza kwakhe umfelandawonye oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuluhlaza kuhlosiwe, kodwa, kungani kungahlanganisi izishoshovu ezimelene nophethiloli kanye nabasebenzi kanye nohlelo lwesonto lomsebenzi elifushane kakhulu, isikhathi esiningi sokungcebeleka kanye nokulawulwa kokukhiqizwa kwentando yeningi?
Ngenkathi uJill Stein engenela isikhundla sokuba nguMongameli ngo-2012 emele i-Green Party yase-US (GPUS), isitatimende sakhe somkhankaso esiwumgogodla sakhuluma nge-"A Green New Deal for America". Leyo nkulumo iphinda izingxenye eziningi ezinhle kakhulu zohlelo lwe-GPUS olukhuluma ngobulungisa bomphakathi kodwa ayibhekiseli emikhawulweni yokukhula.
Inkulumo yokhetho ye-GPUS inamaphutha ahambisana ne-European GP manifestos. Iphinda isimangalo sokuthi "izinhlelo ze-New Deal zika-Roosevelt zisisize ekuphumeni kokucindezeleka okukhulu" futhi iyimodeli yokuqeda ukungasebenzi. Ihlose “ukushintshela emnothweni lapho u-100% kagesi wethu uphehlwa ngokuvuselelekayo” ngaphandle kokuqaphela ukuthi amandla avuselelekayo angu-100% angaba uphawu lomnotho omncane kakhulu kunalowo wase-US.[26]
Iveza ngokuhlakanipha ukuthi “ukwenza umnotho wethu ube luhlaza futhi kunciphisa abashayeli bezifo ezingelapheki ezingagwemeka, ezidla izindleko ezishaqisayo zokunakekelwa kwempilo okungamaphesenti angama-75”.[26] Umbhali akakuboni ukungqubuzana phakathi kokunciphisa imboni yokugula ngokweqile (okunganciphisa i-GDP iyonke) futhi ethi amabhizinisi aluhlaza azokhulisa umnotho.
Amathemba amanga ngokumelene nokwesaba kwangempela. Ngeke kumangaze ukuthola i-GND idayiswa ngamandla emiphakathini ezohlukunyezwa kakhulu yiyo. Umphakathi omnyama wase-US ubulokhu ucindezelekile unomphela futhi udinga usizo oluphuthumayo. Ngenkathi ukungasebenzi kwabamhlophe kwakungama-6.9% ngo-August 2012, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kwabamnyama kwakumi ku-14.8%. Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kubalimaza kakhulu labo abanezinsiza ezimbalwa zabo noma amalungu omndeni abangakwazi ukuzibuyisela emuva. UBill Quigley uphawula ukuthi abamhlophe “banengcebo ephindwe izikhathi ezingu-27 kunabamnyama kanye nengcebo ephindwe izikhathi ezingu-22 kuneLatinos”.[15]
Ngaphandle, i-GND ingase ibonakale iyisixazululo esifanele. Kodwa ishiya ngaphandle ukuthi imiphakathi yemibala ayihlushwa nje kuphela ifa lokusatshalaliswa kwengcebo ngokungalingani, kodwa futhi nefa lezindawo zokulahla izinto ezinobuthi, izishisi ezinobuthi nezinye izinto ezingcolisa imboni. Njengoba kubonisiwe, i-Green Economy ayithathi indawo yokukhiqiza onobuthi ngokukhiqiza "okuluhlaza" - yengeza imikhiqizo "eluhlaza" phezu koshevu okhona ukuze kwandiswe ukukhula konxiwankulu. Ngenxa yokuthi incike phezu kwesisekelo sokukhula komnotho, i-GND izoba nomthelela ofanayo.
Noma ngabe umkhiqizo ngokwawo “wawuluhlaza” kangakanani, kungasho ukuthutheleka okusha koshevu obuvela ezimayini, ukucubungula, ukukhiqiza, ukuthuthwa kanye nokulahlwa ngaphakathi komjikelezo wempilo ophelele we-GND. Imiphakathi ezothinteka kakhulu kulokhu kungaba yileyo ethi iyasiza: imiphakathi ehola kancane ngokwebala.
U-David Bacon ubhala ngokuthi kusho ukuthini ukukhula komnotho ekumelaneni ne-Zapotec ezimayini zegolide nesiliva eningizimu yeMexico, okuholele ekubulaweni okuningi kwabaphikisana nezimayini. Izimayini zizocekela phansi ama-aquifer abantu basemaphandleni abathembele kuwo ukuze bathole amanzi futhi zishiye amanzi angcolile ane-cyanide emigodini emikhulu evulekile.[29] E-US naseCanada, imizabalazo eyaziwa kakhulu yezinsiza yileyo emelene nokuqhekeka kwesihlabathi kanye nesihlabathi setiyela. Kubantu bomdabu emhlabeni jikelele, impi ivame ukulwa nezinkampani ezimba amaminerali. Ngeshumi lesibili leminyaka yekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye, amakhulu noma mhlawumbe izinkulungwane zemizabalazo emelene nokukhula komnotho wezimboni zokumba.
Ukukholwa okungaboni ukuthi ukukhula = imisebenzi kuyinhlekelele. Umnotho ukhule ngokuphindwe ka-300 phakathi kuka-1913 no-2005.[30] Lokho bekukukhulu ngokuphindwe kaningi kunokwanda kwabantu, okusho ukuthi wonke umuntu uzoba nemisebenzi eminingi uma ephuma ekukhuleni. Ukukhula akukwazi ukuhlinzeka nganoma yini ngaphandle kokulungiswa kwesikhashana kokungasebenzi. Abasebenzi badinga imisebenzi, hhayi ukukhula komnotho.
Amadolobha angaphakathi e-US kufanele akhiwe kabusha ngohlaka olungaphandle kokukhula komnotho. Bekufanele sifunde ku-New Deal ukuthi uhlelo lwemisebenzi yomphakathi alukwazi ukuhlinzeka ngokuqashwa kwesikhathi eside emnothweni oncike ekusweleni kwemisebenzi ukuze kwehlise amaholo. Ukwakha kabusha amadolobha angaphakathi kungenziwa kanyekanye nesonto lomsebenzi elifushane uma sinciphisa ukukhiqizwa okulimazayo. Ukuhlaziywa komnotho okuphusile kungadweba indlela yokwakha kabusha eshumekwe esithombeni esikhulu sokunciphisa lokho okungenamsebenzi emphakathini.
Abathuthukayo bavame ukucabanga ukuthi amazwe ampofu kufanele andise ama-GHG kakhulu ukuze afane namaphethini okudla omhlaba othuthuke ngokweqile. Ezidingweni eziyisisekelo njengezindlu, ukukhiqizwa kungase kudingeke kwande. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi lokhu kunyuswa komnotho kungase kusondele ekwehleni kokukhiqizwa, ikakhulukazi uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi kuzoba sezimbonini zokukhiqiza ezingakhokhelwa ngokunxeshezelwa emazweni acebile. Ngamanye amazwi, “impilo enhle” embulungeni yonke akusho wonke umuntu ophila ngokweqisa. Abantu abaningi sebejabulela ukuphila ngaphandle kwenqwaba yezinto okukholelwa ukuthi ziletha injabulo.
Esithangamini sokucobelelana ngolwazi samandla e-Ecuador, umlimi wendabuko uthe, “Umphakathi wakithi awunawo ugesi, kodwa asifuni uhulumeni awufake,… izitshalo, nokugcina amasiko ethu.” Njengoba u-Evo Morales echaza, “Thina bomdabu sifuna ukuphila kuphela kahle, hhayi kangcono. Ukuphila kangcono kuwukuxhaphaza, ukuphanga nokuphanga, kodwa ukuphila kahle kuwukuphila ubuzalwane.”[23, p 6]
Ukungqubuzana kwe-GND ngokwayo. I-GND izuze ukwesekwa kwesokunxele okuningi kunabanduleli bayo, i-Green Revolution, i-Green Capitalism kanye ne-Green Economy. Ngokwengxenye, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-GND kulula ukuyiqonda njengoba Umnotho Ohlaza Umnotho ufiphele. Ubulula bayo budonsele izishoshovu eziningi emgwaqeni we-UN namadlelandawonye ayo, iWorld Bank kanye ne-International Monetary Fund. Ukukubeka ngembaba: I-GND iyathandeka ngoba imithombo yezindaba yezinkampani iphumelela kakhulu ekukholiseni abantu ukuthi ukukhula kubalulekile ekuxazululeni zonke izinkinga zomnotho.
Masingakushayi indiva ukungqubuzana okubalulekile kwe-GND: Nakuba uhlelo lokwakha kabusha lunganciphisa ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kwabanye, leyo miphumela ingaba eyesikhashana. Umphakathi wawungenzenjani uma amadolobha angaphakathi sewakhiwe kabusha? Impendulo enengqondo kungaba ukuyeka ukwakha kabusha. Kodwa njengoba ingenalo uhlelo “lokwabelana ngomsebenzi” ngeviki lokusebenza elifushane, ukufeza umgomo wayo wokwakha kabusha kuzobuyisela i-GND ngqo enkingeni yokuntuleka kwemisebenzi. Ngemuva kokuthi umgomo wayo wokwakha kabusha usufezekile, i-GND ibingeke ibe nayo enye indlela ngaphandle kokuqhubeka nokwakha ukuze kugcinwe ukuqashwa kuphezulu.
Ekugcwaliseni isidingo sayo sokwakha ngale kwezidingo eziphusile, i-GND izophikisana nesinye isisekelo sayo: ukuvikelwa kwemvelo. I-GND ayinaki inani elikhulu lezimfuno ezilingana nokudala izinga lempilo elingcono ngokukhiqiza okuncane kwalokho okulimazayo:
- Isicelo sokuqeda i-hyper-militarism yase-US ngezimpi ezingapheli kanye namakhulu ezisekelo zamasosha emhlabeni wonke zingasusa imali efinyelela ku- $ 1 trillion emnothweni wase-US.
- Yonke imizabalazo emelene nezimboni zokukhiqiza, noma ngabe ukonga amahlathi, izintaba, imifula kanye/noma ukuphikisana nokumbiwa kwezimbiwa eziningi zensimbi nezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, kuwumzamo ngokwemvelo wokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa.
- Ukumelana nezivumelwano zohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kubonisa ukuqwashisa ukuthi amazwe awadingi ukungenisa impahla ngenxa nje yokuthi ezinye izindawo zinezindinganiso ezimbi kakhulu zomsebenzi nezemvelo.
- Ukuphikiswa kwezinto eziphilayo ezishintshwe izakhi kanye nezinye izindlela eziningi ukudla okungcoliswa ngazo kubonisa ukuqonda ukuthi umhlaba ungazondla ngezindlela ezingabizi kakhulu.
- Labo abaphonsela inselelo ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kobuthi bayaqonda ukuthi singaphila impilo enempilo ngaphandle kokukhiqiza amakhemikhali amaningi kangaka.
Abameli be-GND abakaze bakhulume ngokuthi kungenzeka kanjani ukwehla okukhulu kangaka komnotho ngenkathi umnotho ukhula.
Ukuvikela izinkampani? Izinguqulo ezintathu ze-GND zabelana ngezici ezibalulekile:
- nakuba bengase (noma bangenze) bacele ukuba kuqedwe ukungcoliswa kokudla ngama-GMO, bashaya indiva udoti omkhulu ekupakishweni nasekusetshenzisweni futhi bawushaye indiva umnikelo omkhulu wama-GHG embonini yokudla—ukukhiqizwa kwenyama;
- nakuba bengase (noma bangenze) bakhuthaze izindawo eziseduze, abanalo uhlelo lokunciphisa nokuqedwa kwezimoto ezizimele;
- batusa amandla ahlukile, kodwa abasho lutho ngesidingo sokunciphisa inani eliphelele lamandla akhiqizwayo;
- nakuba bengase (noma bangasichazeli) isidingo sokunciphisa ingxenye ethile yomnotho (ibutho lezempi noma imboni yokugula), abasho lutho ngesidingo sokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni okuphelele;
- bayasishaya indiva isidingo sokunciphisa isonto lomsebenzi ukuze kwandiswe amathuba omsebenzi ngesikhathi kubhekwana nezinhlekelele zemvelo.
Uhlaka lomqondo olugcwele ku-GND nabandunduleli bayo wukuthembela ekukhuleni komnotho kunezinye izindlela ezingafinyelela izinjongo ezithenjisiwe kodwa ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi yemvelo. Ngokukhula njenge sine qua non ye-capitalism, kusobala ukuthi zonke izixazululo ezine eziluhlaza ezingelona iqiniso zenzelwe izindlela zokuhlenga ubunxiwankulu ngenkathi kusetshenziswa i-verbiage yemvelo.
Isivumelwano Esisha sikaRoosevelt sathuthukiswa esimweni sokuwa komnotho hhayi nje kuphela, kodwa sentsha yaseSoviet Union phesheya kanye namaqembu eSocialist namaKhomanisi e-US akhula ngokushesha kanye nesifiso esibi sezinkampani zase-US zokuzihoxisa. Kusukela i-ND yasungulwa njengendlela yokuvimba i-socialism, i-1% ibilokhu iququda kancane ukuze ibukele phansi impumelelo yayo. Imizamo yokuhlehlisa izinzuzo ze-ND yaqala ngesikhathi sobumongameli bukaJimmy Carter futhi yashuba kubo bonke abaphathi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Namuhla, imizamo ye-bipartisan yokucekela phansi i-Social Security, Medicare kanye ne-Medicaid ingena endaweni lapho ngisho noRonald Reagan esaba ukunyathela khona. I-GND ibizwa kahle, njengoba, njenge-ND kaRoosevelt, izosindisa ubunxiwankulu, hhayi ubuntu noma iplanethi.
I-GND inganciphisa kanjani ukungasebenzi isikhathi eside. Okuxakayo ukuthi i-GND ingase yehlise ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kwesikhathi eside. Kodwa kuzokwenzeka ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele kunanoma yini ethenjisiwe njengamanje. Njengoba nje Isivumelwano Esisha sikaRoosevelt saxazulula kuphela ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi nge-WWII, umqondo wangaphakathi we-GND wawuzowufaka empini emikhawulweni emibili. Kuzodingeka ukwakhiwa kwemboni ewubukhazikhazi ukuze kushintshwe zonke izigayo zensimbi ezikhona kanye neziko zikasimende ukuze zisebenze kwamanye amandla.
Umphumela wawuyoba Impi Yemvelo. Isiphetho sanoma yimuphi umfudlana, umfula noma ichibi eliseduze nokusebenza kwezimayini kuzovalwa ukuze kuvikeleke izinsimbi ukuze kwandiswe ngokungenamkhawulo ukwakhiwa “okuluhlaza”. Abantu (kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane) ezichumayo ngemisindo engokwemvelo yezindawo ezinomoya omkhulu bazophoqeleka ukuba bazidele ekubhongiseni okubhongayo kwamabutho emishini yomoya. Abaprofethi bokukhula okuluhlaza sebevele bezwakalisa imibono enentshiseko yokubhujiswa kwendawo yokuhlala:
uhulumeni wase-U.S. kufanele atshale …ngodlame kakhulu kubuchwepheshe obushintshayo bekhulunyaka lama-21 njengamandla avuselelekayo, ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, i-biotechnology kanye ne-nanotechnology, ngezinga elikhulu. Uhulumeni wase-US angafaka isigidintathu samadola kulemboni ngayinye yalezi zimboni eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo...angikhulumi ngokwakha ama-solar panel ukuze adayiswe emakethe; Ngikhuluma ngokhaphethi ogwadule lwaseNevada ngamaphaneli elanga, ukwakha ugu lwegridi ukuya ogwini ukuze kudluliselwe ...[31]
Akukho ukushoda kwemibhalo yokuphazamiseka kokuthula kwemvelo ngama-windmills; kodwa umonakalo wamaphaneli elanga ungase ungaziwa kabanzi. Ngo-2011, i-Sierra Club yamangalela i-California Energy Commission mayelana ne-Calico Solar Project isitshalo sayo esikhulu esingathinta izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ezingavamile.[32]
Enye i-Green War izoqondiswa kulabo abahlala kulowo mhlaba. Abantu abahola kancane bajwayelene kakhulu nokucekelwa phansi kwezimpilo zabantu ngokuthathwa, ukuthuthwa, ukwenziwa kanye nokulahlwa kwemikhiqizo yezimboni. Ukukhula okuluhlaza kuzoletha okufanayo.
Akuyona ingozi ukuthi impi ende kunazo zonke yase-United States isezweni kokubili okungaba yindlela kawoyela futhi "engafeza isifiso somhlaba samaminerali angavamile futhi abalulekile". I-Afghanistan inothile ngegolide, i-lead, i-zinc, i-mercury, i-limestone, i-gypsum, i-tin, ithusi, i-lithium, ne-uranium, kanye ne-carbonatite engaziwa kancane, i-tourmaline, i-barite, i-celestite, i-fluorite, i-magnestite ne-talc. Izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane zezwe, ezibalulekile kwamanye amandla, “zingase zibe kathathu izilinganiso zamanje.”[33]
Ingabe i-Green World Order ingasho ukuthi iVenezuela ingase ibe nesizathu esincane sokwesaba ukuhlasela okuhloswe ngayo ukuthola ukufinyelela kumafutha ayo asindayo? Noma, ingabe kungasho ukuhlasela okwengeziwe kweBolivia ukuze kuthathwe i-lithium yayo yamabhethri aluhlaza? Ngabe inyakatho ye-Afrika ngeke isadinga ukwesaba ukuhlaselwa ukuze kuvikeleke uwoyela waseLibya? Noma, ingabe amabutho amasha aluhlaza ukuze avikele abaqoqi belanga amandla aseYurophu ayengezwa emabuthweni akhona? Embulungeni yonke, labo abamasha bephethe ibhanela elibomvu, elimhlophe neliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka le-War for Oil babezoqhubeka nokuhlasela. Kodwa bangajoyinwa yilabo ababemasha bephethe ibhanela eliluhlaza. Lokho kuzoqinisekisa ukukhula kwebhizinisi ngokwengeza amandla ahlukile emandleni asevele enikezwe amandla kagesi.
Abagibeli bamahhashi Abane Abaluhlaza be-apocalypse yebhizinisi
Ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezine okuthiwa "eziluhlaza" kuqhuba umcabango wokuthi ukwandisa i-GDP kuyadingeka ukuxazulula izinkinga. Eqinisweni, lokhu bekungelona iqiniso kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lama-20.[34] Kube khona ukukhiqizwa okuningi kakhulu kunalokho okudingekayo ukuze kuhlinzekwe wonke umuntu ukuphila okuhle. Esikhundleni sokukhulisa i-GDP, kuyadingeka ukushintshela ekukhiqizeni izinto abantu abazidinga ngempela. Kuleli qophelo emlandweni, umphumela omkhulu wokwenyuka kwe-GDP ukusheshisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokucekela phansi imvelo yomhlaba.
I-capitalism engasekho iye yanda ngokwandisa inani lempahla ewusizo ngamaphesenti amancane kuyilapho inweba kakhulu umkhiqizo ongenamsebenzi noma oyingozi. Ukuthola izindlela zokunciphisa umkhiqizo ngenkathi kukhulisa izinga lempilo kuwumsebenzi wekhulu lama-21.
IGreen Revolution, Green Capitalism, kanye neGreen Economy ngayinye yathi ukukhula komnotho kwakudingekile uma kungenjalo. Ngokusekelwe ekwandiseni umnotho wemakethe, ngayinye yehlulekile ukuxazulula inkinga eyayiyichaza, futhi, empeleni, yenza inkinga yaba yimbi nakakhulu. Kulowo nalowo kwaba nenye isixazululo ebesingasekelwe ekukhuleni komnotho ebesingabhekana nenkinga ngaphandle kokwandisa izinkinga zemvelo.
Ukondla abantu futhi kwandiswe isivuno sezolimo, iGreen Revolution kungenzeka yenze ucwaningo mayelana nempova evulekile. Esikhundleni salokho, ukugcizelela kwayo kuma-hybrids kwasiza ibhizinisi lezolimo emzamweni walo wokulawula nokucekela phansi abalimi abancane ngenkathi ithi “izokondla umhlaba”.
I-Green Capitalism yayingenye yemizabalazo emikhulu yokulwa nokungcoliswa okunobuthi ekukhiqizeni nasekulahlweni kwempahla. Inyakazise imikhiqizo emisha eluhlaza ukuze isuse ukunaka ekulawuleni okungathi sína futhi imiselele izixazululo zenhlalo ngezinguquko zendlela yokuphila yomuntu siqu. Imigqa emisha yomkhiqizo eluhlaza ngokuvamile yengezwa kwengeyona eluhlaza.
Njengoba ukuqwashisa ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwanda, i-Green Economy yaphambukisa ukunaka esidingweni sokuyeka ukushisa izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi. Umdlalo we-cap 'n trade shell waqanjwa njengoba ama-ejensi aphesheya adlala indima ehamba phambili ekuzameni ukukholisa umhlaba ukuthi i-CO2 ingehla ngenkathi ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni kukhuphuka.
Ngokufanayo, i-Green New Deal ibhekana nezinkinga zangempela: ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ingqalasizinda ebolayo kanye nesidingo sokukhiqiza esingeke senze umhlaba ungaphili. Nakuba i-GND ingase ibonise ukukhathazeka okujulile nokuqotho kwabaningi babalandeli bayo, izoholela kwelinye icala lapho isintu sidinga ukuya khona.
Njengesivumelwano Esisha seminyaka yawo-1930, i-GND ingase yehlise ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi okwesikhashana, okungase kunyuke. Kungaholela ngqo Ezimpini Zokunqotshwa Kwezindawo Ezihlaza, hhayi ngenxa yezinqumo ezimbi zabaholi ngabanye kodwa ngoba impi izoba ngokwemvelo ekukhuleni kwemvelo yebhizinisi.
I-European Greens ifuna ukuvuswa kabusha ngokomoya kuyilapho i-Green Party yase-US ibiza “intando yeningi yokhetho”.[25] Ngakho-ke, i-European Greens isicela ukuthi sivuselele njengabathengi, indima lapho singenawo amandla, futhi i-GPUS ifuna ukuzuza intando yeningi ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zokuvota, eziningi zazo eseziqalisiwe kwamanye amazwe futhi ziye zafeza kancane kancane.
Zombili lezi zindlela zishiya eceleni amandla abantu abanawo ngempela: izimpilo zethu zokusebenza. Cabanga ngeqembu ngalinye labantu abasebenzayo lizibuza: Ingabe sifuna ukwenza izinto ezihlukene? Ngabe kufanele ngabe sikhiqiza izinto ezilimaza imindeni yethu nemiphakathi yethu? Ngabe sifuna izikole lapho othisha bephoqeleka ukuthi basebenzise amarobhothi izingane kanye nezinsizakalo zezokwelapha ezifaka iziguli enzuzweni yomshwalense?
Cabanga nje ukuthi abantu abasebenzayo babenamandla okuvota ukuthi yini okufanele bayikhiqize nokuthi ikhiqizwa kanjani. Cabanga ukuthi abantu bakwazile ukunquma ngokwentando yeningi ukuthi bangakha kanjani izimpahla nezinsizakalo ezizokwenza umhlaba ube indawo engcono yabazukulu babo.
Isici esihle kakhulu se-GND umfelandawonye wayo ohlongozwayo wabasebenzi/wemvelo. Abasebenzi banekhono lokuphoqelela ushintsho lwezenhlalo kanye nokuhlela umphakathi omusha. Abantu abasebenzayo baphazamisekile ngenxa yokungabi bikho kombono wezenhlalakahle abaphathi bezinyunyana abawuchobozile emashumini eminyaka edlule. Inhlangano yabasebenzi ezelwe kabusha, egqugquzelwa ukuqonda ukuthi inamandla okwamukela nokuhlanganisa imibono yezemvelo, ingaba yinto ehluke ngokuphelele. Umfelandawonye obomvu/oluhlaza onjalo ungahlinzeka ngemisebenzi kubo bonke ngokunciphisa isonto lomsebenzi, okungaba yisisekelo sokunciphisa ukushiswa kwezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi futhi kukhiqizwe lezo zinto kuphela abantu abazidingayo ukuze baphile kahle.
Endleleni eya ekuqondeni iqiniso lemvelo elilula lokuthi kufanele sikhiqize "okuncane kwalokho esingakudingi" kube nezinqamuleli ezine eziholela ekukholweni esidingweni sokukhula okuphakade. Nakuba lokhu kuhlaziya kuye kwasikisela ukuthi indlela ngayinye “eluhlaza” iholela endaweni ekude nomgomo wayo, lokho kungase kungabi njalo ngempela. Kungenzeka ukuthi imigomo ekha phezulu kuphela, eklanyelwe ukusetshenziswa umphakathi, iyona engaphumelelanga. Ngayinye yayingaba ne-ajenda ejulile, engashiwongo: ukukhiqizwa okwandisiwe, ngaphandle kokubheka isidingo somuntu noma imiphumela yemvelo. Uma lokho bekuwumgomo weqiniso, khona-ke ngamunye wamahhashi amane aluhlaza ugabavula ngokunganaki ebheke ku-apocalypse.
[UDon Fitz uyakhiqiza I-TV ye-Green Time e-St. Louis futhi ungumhleli we Umcabango Womphakathi Ohlaza: Umagazini Wokuhlanganisa Nokuvuselela. UkuseKomidini Likazwelonke Le-Greens/Green Party USA futhi ungumdidiyeli we-Green Party yase-St. Uthanda ukubonga uBrian Tokar noStan Cox ngokuphawula ngenguqulo yangaphambili yalesi sihloko.]
amanothi
1. Cox, S. (Agasti 17, 2013). Inhlolokhono yomuntu siqu nge-imeyili. Usosayensi omkhulu, i-Land Institute.
2. Ruiz, C. (2012). I-agrarian progressive: Henry A. Wallace. Ukuhlanganiswa/Ukuzalwa Kabusha: Umagazini Wokucabanga Komphakathi Okuhlaza 59: 9-13.
3. Philpott, T. (May 3, 2011). I-Coke, i-BPA, kanye nemingcele ye-"green capitalism". I-Grist. http://grist.org/scary-food/2011-05-03-coke-bpa-and-the-limits-of-green-capitalism/
4. Chalker-Scott, L. (nd). Inganekwane yezindawo ezinenjoloba. Isikhungo socwaningo kanye nesandiso se-Puyallup. I-Washington State University. http://puyallup.wsu.edu/~linda%20chalker-scott/Horticultural%20Myths_files/Myths/Rubber%20mulch.pdf.
5. Tokar, B. (2010). Mayelana nobulungiswa besimo sezulu: Imibono ngenhlekelele yesimo sezulu kanye nokushintsha kwezenhlalo. Charleston, SC: UbuKhomanisi.
6. Kukhona okuhlukile okungavamile lapho umkhiqizo oqondile ushintshwa, njengoba kwenzeka kabili ngamalambu okukhanya.
7. Iphrojekthi ye-Global Justice Ecology. (2012). Ifilimu. Umthunzi omnyama wohlaza: Isexwayiso seREDD nekusasa lamahlathi. www.GlobalJusticeEcology.org
8. Coelho, R. (June, 2012). Okuluhlaza umbala wemali: Ukwehluleka kwe-EU ETS njengemodeli "yomnotho oluhlaza". Iwashi leCarbon Trade. http://www.carbontradewatch.org/articles/green-is-the-color-of-money-the-eu-ets-failure-as-a-model-for-the-green-economy.html
9. Sperber, E. (Novemba 16–18, 2012). Izindleko zesifo se-systemic: Ngezinsuku ezibucayi.I-CounterPunch. http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/11/16/on-critical-days/
10. Green Scenery, Oakland Institute, GRAIN nabanye. (Juni 3, 2013). Qeda ukusatshiswa okuzungeze iphrojekthi yesundu kawoyela yaseSierra Leone. http://www.grain.org/article/entries/4736-end-intimidation-around-sierra-leone-oil-palm-project. Imibhalo eqhubekayo yokuthathwa komhlaba eqhubekayo iyatholakala ku-grain.org kanye naku-upsidedownworld.org.
11. Ukuhlaziywa okufushane kokunciphisa umkhiqizo kuyilapho kugcinwa izimpilo ezisezingeni eliphezulu kuse-The Greens/Green Party USA. (May, 2013). Izinkinga zomnotho/ezemvelo zekhulu lama-21: Okunye okuluhlaza okujulile.http://www.greenparty.org/DeepGreen.php
12. Kolko, G. (Agasti 29, 2012). Inkohliso Yesivumelwano Esisha: A I-CounterPunch umbiko okhethekile wokuthi amaDemocrats awuhlanekezele kanjani umlando wangempela wohlelo lokusayina lwe-FDR.http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/08/29/the-new-deal-illusion/
13. Lean, G. (Okthoba 12, 2008). “Isivumelwano Esisha Esiluhlaza” singawusindisa umnotho womhlaba, kusho i-UN. The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/green-living/a-green-new-deal-can-save-the-worlds-economy-says-un-958696.html
14. Uhlelo Lwezemvelo LweNhlangano Yezizwe. (March, 2009). Inqubomgomo Yebhizinisi Entsha Yomhlaba Wonke.http://www.unep.ch/etb/publications/Green%20Economy/UNEP%20Policy%20Brief%20Eng.pdf
15. UWilson, A. noBoehland, J. (2005). Okuncane kuhle: usayizi wendlu yase-U.S., ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza, kanye nemvelo. Ijenali ye-Industrial Ecology, 9 (1–2): 277–287.
16. Imibiko emibili ibe nezilinganiso ezihluke kakhulu zenani lama-GHG okungabalelwa embonini yenyama. Isilinganiso sokuthi inyama inesibopho sama-GHG angu-18% sivele ku-Food and Agricultural Organization yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene. (2007). Imfuyo iwusongo olukhulu emvelweni.Ukuhlanganiswa/Ukuzalwa Kabusha: Umagazini Wokucabanga Komphakathi Okuhlaza, 44:5–6. Isibalo sokuthi inyama ingabalelwa ku-51% wama-GHG sivele e-Goodland, R. nase-J. Anhang. (Nov/Dec, 2009). Imfuyo nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu: Kuthiwani uma ababambe iqhaza ababalulekile ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu…izinkomo, izingulube, nezinkukhu? I-World Watch.http://www.worldwatch.org/files/pdf/Livestock%20and%20Climate%20Change.pdf
17. U-Mueller, T. kanye no-F.O. Impisi. (Disemba, 2009). Isivumelwano Esisha Esihlaza: Isiphetho esifile noma indlela edlula ubunxiwankulu? Isiyaluyalu: Imibono Yokunyakaza. No. 5. http://turbulence.org.uk/turbulence-5/green-new-deal/]
18. I-Greens/European Free Alliance ePhalamende LaseYurophu i-Green New Deal Working Group. (May, 2010). Kungani Sidinga Idili Entsha Eluhlaza.http://greennewdeal.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/EN_Why_we_need_a_GND_final.pdf
19. I-Greens/European Free Alliance ePhalamende LaseYurophu I-Green New Deal Working Group (n.d.). http://www.greens-efa.eu/
20. I-Greens/European Free Alliance ePhalamende LaseYurophu I-Green New Deal Working Group. (2012). I-Green New Deal ePhalamende LaseYurophu. http://www.greens-efa.eu/fileadmin/dam/Documents/Publications/GND/Green_New_Deal_Brochure_2012_EN.pdf
21. Jacobson, M. Z. & M. A.Delucchi. (2011a). Ukunikeza wonke amandla omhlaba ngomoya, amanzi namandla elanga, Ingxenye 1: Ubuchwepheshe, izinsiza zamandla, amanani nezindawo zengqalasizinda, nezinto zokwakha.Inqubomgomo Yamandla 39; 1154–1169. (2011b). Ingxenye 2: Ukwethembeka, izindleko zesistimu nezokudlulisa, nezinqubomgomo.Inqubomgomo Yamandla 39, 1170-1190.
22. Umqeqeshi, T. (2013). Ukugxekwa kweziphakamiso zikaJacobson kanye noDelucchi zokuhlinzekwa kwamandla avuselelekayo emhlabeni. Ukuhlanganiswa/Ukuzalwa Kabusha: Umagazini Wokucabanga Komphakathi Okuhlaza 60: 23-28.
23. Lohmann, L. kanye no-Hildyard, N. 2013. Ezinye izindlela zamandla: Ukuhlola indawo. IManchester, e-UK: I-Corner House. http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/resource/energy-alternatives
24. York, R. (March 18, 2012). Ingabe enye imithombo yamandla isusa amafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi? Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu, 1–3. doi: 10.1038/climate1451.http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nclimate1451.html
25. Schwartzman, D. (2011). Idili Entsha Eluhlaza: Umbono we-ecosocialist. I-Capitalism Nature Socialism 22 (3): 49-56.
26. Stein, J.E. (January 25, 2012). Umbhalo ogcwele wekheli lenhlangano yabantu: I-Green New Deal for America. http://www.jillstein.org/full_text_green_new_deal
27. Babones, S. (August 7, 2012). Mnu. Mengameli, indlovu ekamelweni ayilona iRepublican. iqiniso.http://truth-out.org/news/item/10732-mr-president-the-elephant-in-the-room-is-not-a-republican
28. Quigley, B. (Januwari 22, 2013). I-MLK Injustice Index 2013: Ubuhlanga, ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo kanye nempi e-US. Umbiko we-Black Agenda. http://blackagendareport.com/content/mlk-injustice-index-2013-racism-materialism-and-militarism-us.
29. Bacon, D. (August 2, 2012). Abalimi baseMexico Baphikisana namaGoliyathi Asezimayini aseCanada. I-ZNet.http://www.zcommunications.org/mexican-farmers-up-against-canadian-mining-goliaths-by-david-bacon
30. Bruce, R. 2008. I-Gusher yamanga: Inkohliso eyingozi "yokuzimela kwamandla". I-New York: Izindaba Zomphakathi.
31. Duncan, R. (2012). Ukucindezeleka okusha komhlaba wonke? Ukubukeza okusha kwesokunxele 77: 5-33.http://newleftreview.org/II/77/richard-duncan-a-new-global-depression
32. McBride, S. (Januwari 5, 2011). I-Sierra Club imangalela imboni yelanga yaseCalifornia. Reuters.http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/05/us-solar-idUSTRE70432N20110105
33. Simpson, S. (2011). I-Afghanistan ingcwatshwe ingcebo. Okthoba. Isayensi yaseMelika, 305 (4): 58-64.
34. Fitz, D. (2008). I-production-side Environmentism. Ukuhlanganiswa/Ukuzalwa Kabusha: Umagazini Wokucabanga Komphakathi Okuhlaza 47: 2-7.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela