Njengoba izwe lakithi licekelwa phansi ngenxa yesomiso esibi kakhulu, izikhukhula, imililo neziphepho ezinkulu, umphakathi ufuna kulawulwe amagesi abamba ukushisa adala ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Izinkampani ezizuza ngamalahle, uwoyela, negesi zesaba ukuthi umthetho onjalo uzonciphisa inzuzo yazo kanye nenani lezimali ezitshaliwe. Bona kanye nezikhulumi zabo zezombangazwe banesixazululo, nokho: ukunxenxa umphakathi ukuthi ukulawulwa kwezisi ezibamba ukushisa kuzocekela phansi imisebenzi yaseMelika. Iqiniso? Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kucekela phansi imisebenzi yaseMelika njengamanje - kodwa ukuvikelwa kwesimo sezulu kuzokhiqiza izigidi zemisebenzi emisha. Nasi isizathu.
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubangela isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu. Inkampani enkulu yomshwalense iMunich Re, eqoqe imininingwane egcwele emhlabeni yezinhlekelele zemvelo, iphetha ukuthi emhlabeni wonke, “Izikhukhula ziye zaphindeka izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezintathu kusukela ngo-1980, futhi izinhlekelele zemvelo zesiphepho ziphindeke ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili, nokulahlekelwa okukhulu ngokukhethekile ngenxa yeziphepho zase-Atlantic. Lokhu kukhuphuka kungachazwa kuphela ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke.”
Izikhukhula, imililo, isomiso, neziphepho ezihlobene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu akucekeli phansi impilo kanye nemvelo kuphela, kodwa nomnotho wase-US. I-Superstorm Sandy iyodwa yadala umonakalo olinganiselwa ku-$80 billion. Isomiso leso kuthinte u-80% wamapulazi ase-US ehlobo eledlule lacekela phansi ingxenye yesine yesivuno sommbila wase-US, izinto zokuhamba zamiswa eMfuleni iMississippi, lakhuphula amanani okudla namandla ezweni lonke, futhi lenza umonakalo okungenani u-$20 billion emnothweni.
Konke lokhu kuhlangene ngani nemisebenzi? Cabanga ngoSandy. Ngokusho kukaZandi, i-Chief Economist of Moody’s Analytics: “Isiphepho esinguSandy sadala umonakalo omkhulu emakethe yemisebenzi ngo-November, sahlukanisa imisebenzi elinganiselwa ku-86,000 XNUMX kwabaholayo.” Hlobo luni lwemisebenzi? "Izimboni ezikhiqizayo, ezokuthengisa, ezokungcebeleka nezokwamukela izihambi kanye nezimboni ezisiza isikhashana zithinteke kakhulu ngenxa yesiphepho."
Kodwa ingabe lolo hlobo lokulahlekelwa umsebenzi akulona nje okwesikhashana? Cabanga ngesiphepho uKatrina. Ngo-2004 isifunda saseNew Orleans sasinemisebenzi engu-671,000. UKatrina waqeda i-129,000 kubo - cishe amaphesenti angamashumi amabili. Ngo-2011, lesi sifunda sasinemisebenzi embalwa engama-90,000 kunangaphambi kobusuku bukaKatrina.
Usongo lwezomnotho lokuguquka kwesimo sezulu alugcini eziphepho. Amagagasi okushisa andisa izindleko zamandla futhi abangele isomiso, esibulala izitshalo futhi andise amanani okudla. Izikhukhula zicekela phansi izindlu, amabhizinisi kanye nengqalasizinda. Amabhizinisi avaliwe kanye nenzuzo elahlekile kumelela ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho okungasoze kwabuyiswa. Imiphumela elimazayo yezempilo yesimo sezulu esibi njengamaza okushisa nezikhukhula azigcini nje ngokulimaza abantu kodwa zimelela izindleko zawo wonke umnotho.
Umthetho we-EPA ukhuthaza imisebenzi
Ucwaningo oluningi lubhale imiphumela enenzuzo yemithetho ye-EPA. Ucwaningo lwe-EPA kukhombisa ukuthi kusukela ngo-2008, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kudale ukwanda kwemisebenzi eyi-1.7 million. Ucwaningo olwenziwa yiHhovisi Lokuphatha Nesabelomali lwathola ukuthi imithetho ye-EPA yomoya namanzi kusukela ku-1999 kuya ku-2009 ibiza u-$26-29 billion ngonyaka kodwa ikhiqize izinzuzo ezivela ku-$82-533 billion. Ukulawulwa kwe-EPA kuholele ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni yokulawula imvelo ekhula ngokushesha. Ikhuthaze ukuqanjwa okusha kwezobuchwepheshe, okufana nokuthuthukiswa kweziguquli ze-catalytic, okwenze i-US yaba ngelinye lamazwe ahamba phambili emhlabeni ekuhwebeni ngaphandle kobuchwepheshe bokulawula imvelo.
Ngenkathi i-EPA ikhipha izindinganiso ezintsha zokonga uphethiloli ezimotweni kanye namazinga okungcoliswa kwezikhungo ezintsha zikagesi, bathola ukwesekwa okubanzi phakathi kwezinyunyana ezimele abasebenzi abathintwe yizo. Izinyunyana eziyishumi ezinkulu zajoyina ezemvelo amaqembu azokhipha isitatimende ukusekela "izenzo ze-Environmental Protection Agency zokulawula ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa ngaphansi kwe-Clean Air Act" futhi inxusa iCongress ukuthi "yenqabe imizamo yokwenza buthaka leli gunya." Ukukhululwa kwabo esitatimendeni kwakunesihloko esithi, "I-BlueGreen Alliance iletha Ndawonye Izinyunyana NabezeMvelo Ekusekeleni Imizamo ye-EPA Yokuvikela Impilo Nokuphepha Komphakathi." Iphawule ukuthi, ihambisana nezinqubomgomo zamandla ahlanzekile, imithethonqubo izodala amathuba emisebenzi futhi yandise ukuncintisana kweMelika kwezomnotho. Izinyunyana ezeseka lesi sitatimende zihlanganisa i-Steelworkers, Abasebenzi Bezokuxhumana, Abasebenzi Benkonzo, Abasebenzi, Abasebenzi Bezinsiza, I-American Federation of Teachers, Transit Workers, Sheet Metal Workers, Auto Workers, kanye ne-United Food and Commercial Workers.
Ubufakazi busekela izinzuzo zemisebenzi zokulawulwa kwe-EPA yamagesi abamba ukushisa ngaphansi kwe-Clean Air Act. Isibonelo, ucwaningo olwenziwa nguCeres kanye nePolitical Economy Research Institute yaseNyuvesi yaseMassachusetts olunesihloko Imisebenzi Emisha — Umoya Ohlanzekile: Imiphumela Yokuqashwa Yezinguquko Ezihleliwe Emithethweni Yokungcoliswa Komoya ye-EPA, ihlola imiphumela yemisebenzi yeminye yemithetho emisha - leyo ehlaselwe kabuhlungu abagxeki be-EPA. Lolu cwaningo olubhalwe kahle luthola ukuthi esikhundleni sokuba “ababulali bemisebenzi,” le mithetho emisha izodala imisebenzi emisha ecishe ibe ngu-300,000 120,000, ikakhulukazi imisebenzi yamakhono, eholela kahle yonjiniyela, abaphathi bamaphrojekthi, abasebenza ngogesi, abakhi babhayela, abafaka amapayipi, abagayayo, nabasebenza ngensimbi. Imithethonqubo izoholela ekwandeni kwesamba semisebenzi ngeminyaka yemisebenzi engaphezu kuka-123,000 e-Illinois, 113,000 eVirginia, 76,000 eTennessee, 76,000 eNyakatho neCarolina, kanye ne-XNUMX e-Ohio. Ucwaningo luveza ukuthi ukulawulwa kuzoba nezinye izinzuzo eziningi ngaphezu kokwanda kokuqashwa. Izoqinisekisa ukuthi umoya uhlanzekile, ithuthukise impilo yomphakathi, ikhuthaze ubuchwepheshe obusebenza kahle, obunokuncintisana kakhudlwana, inciphise isisi esingcolisa umoya, futhi yandise imali yentela yombuso. Futhi kuyoshukumisa “imisebenzi enxenxayo” ephumela lapho izisebenzi zinemali emaphaketheni azo yokuthenga izinto ezenziwe noma ezithengiswa ezinye izisebenzi.
Inguquko Nje
Konke ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuvikela imvelo, ukwandisa umkhiqizo, ukuthuthukisa umkhiqizo nanoma yisiphi esinye isizathu - kusongela ukuqeda imisebenzi ethile ezindaweni ezingasasebenzi nezingasebenzi kahle. Ngakho-ke nakuba ukushintshela emnothweni omusha wezamandla kuzodala amakhulu ezinkulungwane zemisebenzi emisha, kuzophinde kuqede imisebenzi ekhona. Iqiniso lokuthi izifundazwe eziningi kanye nabasebenzi abaningi bazothola imisebenzi emisha eluhlaza kunikeza induduzo encane kubantu nemiphakathi elahlekelwe eyakhe ngaphandle kwephutha labo.
Kuwumgomo oyisisekelo wobulungisa ukuthi umthwalo wezinqubomgomo ezidingekayo emphakathini - njengokuvikela imvelo - akufanele uthweswe idlanzana elincane elihlukunyezwa yimiphumela yalo emibi. Ngaphandle kwalapho abasebenzi nemiphakathi bevikelekile emiphumeleni ebingahlosiwe yokushintshela emnothweni omusha wamandla, kungenzeka kube nokuhlehla okusongela wonke umzamo wokuvikela imvelo - nokusindisa iplanethi. Akugcinanga lapho, ukwakhiwa kwamathuba emisebenzi okuzuzisayo okuvela ekulawulweni okufanele kwezemvelo kuzolahleka. Inqubomgomo yomphakathi ingayivimbela kanjani imiphumela engathandeki enjalo?
Imodeli enhle lapha kungaba inqubo eyimpumelelo kakhulu eyasiza imiphakathi yasendaweni ukuthi ijwayele ukuphazamiseka nokushintshwa kwemisebenzi okubangelwe ukuvalwa kwezizinda zamasosha ngaphansi kweKhomishana Yokulungisa Kabusha Nokuvalwa Kwesisekelo (BRAC). Leyo miphakathi yanikezwa usizo olubanzi lukahulumeni, okuhlanganisa, usizo lokuhlela nokulungiswa kwezomnotho, ukuhlanzwa kwemvelo, Izibonelelo Zokuthuthukiswa Komphakathi kanye Nezibonelelo Zesevisi Yomphakathi.
Abasebenzi abasuswe esikhundleni ngokuvalwa kwesisekelo nabo bathole ukwesekwa okukhulu. UMnyango Wezokuvikela ngokwawo unikeze isaziso kusenesikhathi sokuncishiswa kwamandla; ukwelulekwa ngaphambi kokuhlukana; uhlelo lokukhetha ukuqasha nama-ejensi kahulumeni ukuze kuphinde kuqashwe izisebenzi ze-DOD ezifanelekayo ezixoshiwe; izinxephezelo zezezimali ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukuthatha umhlalaphansi ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwalabo abafanelekile. Abasebenzi abathintwe ukuvalwa kwesisekelo baphinde bafanelekela usizo ngaphansi Kwezibonelelo Zikazwelonke Zezimo Eziphuthumayo, izinhlelo “Zokusabela Ngokushesha”, ukuhlolwa okuphelele nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokuqashwa komuntu ngamunye kanye nokuqeqeshwa komsebenzi.
Imiphakathi nabantu abathintwe ukushintshwa kwamandla ngokujwayelekile kanye nemithetho ye-EPA ikakhulukazi bangaqondiswa ngendlela efanayo ukuze bathole usizo lwezinhlelo ezikhona ezifana neziNsizakalo Zokuphendula Ngokushesha Zomnyango Wezabasebenzi kanye Nezibonelelo Zikazwelonke Eziphuthumayo ZokuPhathwa Kokuqashwa Nokuqeqeshwa kwe-DOL, kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali ukuthuthukiswa komnotho nokusebenza kahle kwezimboni kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesimanje okuvela eMnyangweni Wezamandla Nokuhweba.
Ngenxa yokuthi izinsiza ezidingekayo zihlakazekile phakathi kwezinhlaka eziningi zikahulumeni ezihlukene, isinyathelo sokuqala kungaba ukuthi uMongameli u-Barack Obama asungule ithimba lezinhlaka ezihlangene elakhiwe izikhulu ze-ejensi yaseMelika ezibhekele izindaba zokuqashwa, amandla kanye nemvelo. Umsebenzi wabo wokuqala kungaba ukwakha iphakethe loshintsho labavukuzi bamalahle, izisebenzi zezinsiza kanye nabanye abasebenzi abathintekayo elizohlinzeka ngoxhaso oluqinile lwezezimali nokuqeqeshwa kanye nokufinyelela okukhethekile emisebenzini emisha edalwe yizinqubomgomo zemvelo. Lokho kungahlanganiswa nokwesekwa okunamandla kokuhlelwa komnotho kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali emiphakathini ethintekile, kugxilwe ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni ezintsha zamandla ahlanzekile. Kucabange njengoMthethosivivinywa we-GI wabasebenzi abasuswa ezindaweni zabo kanye nemiphakathi yabo.
Ukuvikelwa kwesimo sezulu: Uhlelo olusha lwemisebenzi?
Iphuzu elilandelayo ku-ajenda ye-EPA yokuvikelwa kwesimo sezulu ukulawula ukungcola okuvela ezikhungweni zikagesi ezikhona. Ngokubikezelwa, abaphikisi bathi umthetho onjalo uzoba "mubi emisebenzini." Okuphambene nalokho: Ukulawulwa kwe-EPA kokukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa kuzoba kuhle emisebenzini kanye nasemnothweni obanzi.
Mingaki futhi hlobo luni lwemisebenzi umthethonqubo we-EPA ozowudala Yebo kuncike emithethweni ethile oyisungulayo. Ake sicabangele isibonelo esisodwa. A cwaningo ngabakwa-Synapse Energy Economics bathuthukise I-Transition Scenario yemboni yamandla kagesi esekelwe ekwehliseni ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, ukuqeda izimboni zamandla akhipha intuthuko ephezulu, kanye nokwakha izikhungo zamandla amasha, akhipha kancane. Ucwaningo lulinganisele inani “leminyaka yomsebenzi” - isisebenzi esisha esisodwa esiqashwe unyaka owodwa - esizodalwa yi-Transition Scenario phakathi neminyaka eyishumi.
• Iminyaka engu-444,000 yemisebenzi yabasebenzi bokwakha, okulingana nabasebenzi bokwakha abangu-44,400 abasebenza ngokugcwele kule minyaka eyishumi.
• Iminyaka engu-90,000 yemisebenzi yabasebenzi bokusebenza nokunakekela, okulingana nabasebenzi besikhathi esigcwele abangaba ngu-9,000 abaqashwe kule minyaka eyishumi.
• Izigidi ezingu-3.1 zemisebenzi engaqondile yabantu abaklama, abakhiqizayo, nabaletha izinsiza kanye nemisebenzi emnothweni wasekhaya ezweni lonke edalwe ukusetshenziswa kwemali ngabasebenzi abaqashwe ku-Transition Scenario.
Kunjalo, lolu wucezu olulodwa kuphela lwendida yokuvikela isimo sezulu. Uhlelo oluphelele lokuguqulela emnothweni ophephile esimweni sezulu luzokhiqiza amashumi ezigidi zemisebenzi.
Lapho i-US isuka e-Great Depression iya eMpini Yezwe II, yakha izigidi zemisebenzi emisha eyenza imikhiqizo edingekayo empini. Njengoba sibhekene nosongo olubi lokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, isivikelo esingcono kakhulu sekusasa lemisebenzi yethu kanye nemiphakathi yethu ukwakha izigidi zemisebenzi okwenza lokho esikudingayo ukuze sisivikele ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu.
UJeremy Brecher uyisazi-mlando incwadi yakhe entsha Usindise Abantu? Ukugcinwa Okujwayelekile Esenzweni, ekhishwa ngu Abashicileli beParadigm, ikhuluma ngokuthi izinhlangano zomphakathi zenza kanjani izinguquko emphakathini. Njengamanje usebenza ne- Inethiwekhi Yabasebenzi Yokusimama. Lesi siqeshana sithathwe ephepheni elide lengxoxo elinombhalo waphansi kuyatholakala lapha
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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