Osopolitiki babekwe lapho ukuze bakunike umbono wokuthi unenkululeko yokuzikhethela. Awukwenzi. . . . Unabanikazi. - UGeorge Carlin, The American Dream
Ngokuvumelana ne isifundo esisha esivela eNyuvesi yasePrinceton, intando yeningi yaseMelika ayisekho. Ukusebenzisa idatha yezinhlelo zenqubomgomo ezingaphezu kuka-1,800 kusukela ngo-1981 kuya ku-2002, abacwaningi uMartin Gilens noBenjamin Page baphetha ukuthi abantu abacebile, abaxhumene kahle kwezombusazwe manje baqondisa indlela yezwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi - noma ngokumelene - nentando yeningi labavoti. Uhlelo lwezombangazwe lwaseMelika selushintshile lusuka kuhulumeni wentando yeningi lwaba yi-oligarchy, lapho amandla asetshenziswa ngabacebile abacebile.
โUkwenza umhlaba uvikeleke ngentando yeningiโ kwakuyisizathu sikaMongameli uWoodrow Wilson ngeMpi Yezwe I, futhi iye yasetshenziswa ukuze kuthethelelwe ukungenela kwamasosha aseMelika kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Singakuthethelela yini ukuthumela amasosha kwamanye amazwe ukuze asabalalise isimiso sezombangazwe esingakwazi ukusigcina ekhaya?
I-Magna Carta, ebhekwa njengoMthethosivivinywa Wamalungelo Okuqala emazweni aseNtshonalanga, yasungula amalungelo ezicukuthwane njengaphikisana nenkosi. Kodwa imfundiso yokuthi "konke amadoda adalwe alinganaโ - ukuthi bonke abantu "banamalungelo athile angenakugwenywa," okuhlanganisa "impilo, inkululeko kanye nokuphishekela injabulo" - kuyimvelaphi yaseMelika. Futhi lawo malungelo, okuthiwa avikelwe nguMqulu Wamalungelo, anelungelo lokuvota emnyombweni wawo. Sinelungelo lokuvota kodwa iqoqo labavoti ngeke lisaphumelela.
E-Greece, iqembu le-left-wing populist Syriza Party avele aqhamuke ukuthatha ukhetho lukamongameli ngesivunguvungu; futhi eSpain, iqembu le-Podemos Party libonakala likulungele ukwenza okufanayo. Kodwa iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, akekho umuntu ongenele ukhetho lukamongameli wase-US oke waba nethuba lokuwina ukhetho lukamongameli wase-US. Sinohlelo lwamaqembu amabili okuwina lokuthatha konke, lapho ukukhetha kwethu kuphakathi kwabantu ababili abazongenela ukhetho, bobabili ababhekelela imali enkulu. Kudingeka imali enkulu ukufaka imikhankaso yemithombo yezindaba edingekayo ukuze uwine ukhetho oluhlanganisa abantu abayizigidi ezingama-240 abaneminyaka yobudala yokuvota.
Okhethweni lwezifundazwe nolwendawo, amakhandidethi ezinkampani zangaphandle awinile ngezinye izikhathi. Edolobheni elilinganiselwe, amakhandidethi angakwazi ukuthonya ivoti ngokuya umuzi nomuzi, ukudlulisa amaflaya nezitikha ezinkulu, ukunikeza izethulo zendawo, nokungena emsakazweni nakumabonakude wendawo. Kodwa okhethweni lukazwelonke, leyo mizamo ishaywe kalula yimithombo yezindaba. Futhi ohulumeni basekhaya nabo babonwa ngemali enkulu.
Lapho ohulumeni banoma imuphi usayizi bedinga ukuboleka imali, amabhange amakhulu asesimweni sokuyihlinzeka angasho ngokujwayelekile imigomo. Ngisho naseGreece, lapho i-Populist Syriza Party ikwazile ukuphumelela ngoJanuwari, inkundla yokulwa nobuvila kahulumeni omusha iphonswa phansi ngababolekisi bemali abanohulumeni obambe iqhaza.
Salahlekelwa kanjani yintando yeningi yethu? Ngabe oFata baseMsunguli babenephutha ngokushiya okuthile kuMthethosisekelo? Noma sivele saba bakhulu kakhulu ukuthi singabuswa ngamavoti amaningi?
Ukuvuka nokuwa kwentando yeningi
Izigaba zokubanjwa kwentando yeningi ngemali enkulu zilandelwa ephepheni elithi โThe Collapse of Democratic Nation Statesโ likasazi sezenkolo nesazi sezemvelo uDkt. John Cobb. Ebuyela emuva emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka, ukhomba ekukhuleni kwamabhange azimele, okwathatha amandla okudala imali kohulumeni:
Umthelela wemali wathuthukiswa kakhulu ukuvela kwamabhange azimele. Amabhange ayakwazi ukwenza imali kanjalo aboleke imali engaphezu komcebo wawo wangempela. Lokhu kulawulwa kokudala imali . . . inikeze amabhange amandla amakhulu ezindabeni zabantu. E-United States, i-Wall Street yenza iningi lezinqumo ezibaluleke ngempela ezishiwo ngokuqondile e-Washington.
Namuhla ingxenye enkulu yemali etholakala emazweni aseNtshonalanga yenziwa ngabamabhange abazimele. Lesi siko sibuyela emuva ku-17th ekhulwini leminyaka, lapho iBhange elizimele laseNgilandi, unina wawo wonke amabhange amakhulu, lixoxisana ngelungelo lokunyathelisa imali yaseNgilandi ngemva kokuba iPhalamende liwaphucile lawo mandla eMbusweni. Lapho iNkosi uWilliam idinga imali yokulwa impi, kwadingeka iboleke. Uhulumeni njengomboleki wabe eseba isisebenzi somboleki.
n IMelika, nokho, amakoloni adelela iBhange LaseNgilandi futhi akhipha eyawo amaphepha ephepha; futhi baphumelela. Lapho iNkosi uGeorge ivimbela lowo mkhuba, amakoloni ahlubuka.
Banqoba i-Revolution kodwa balahlekelwa amandla okudala imali yabo, lapho bekhetha igolide esikhundleni semali yephepha njengendlela yabo yokushintshanisa ngokusemthethweni. Igolide lalikhona elilinganiselwe futhi lalilawulwa osomabhange, abakhulisa imali ngokuyimfihlo ngokukhipha ama-banknotes amaningi ngokumelene negolide elilinganiselwe.
Lolu bekuwuhlelo olubizwa ngokuthi i-โfractional reserveโ yasebhange, okusho ingxenye encane kuphela yegolide elidingekayo ukuze kusekelwe amanothi amabhange akhishwe ngasese empeleni ayegcinwe ezindlini zawo. La manothi abolekiswe ngenzalo, ebeka izakhamuzi kanye nohulumeni ezikweletini kubabhange abakha amanothi ngomshini wokunyathelisa. Kwakuyinto uhulumeni ayengazenzela yona ngaphandle kwezikweletu, futhi amakoloni aseMelika ayenze ngempumelelo enkulu kwaze kwaba yilapho iNgilandi iya empini ukuze iwavimbe.
UMongameli u-Abraham Lincoln wavuselela uhlelo lwemali yephepha lwamakholoni ngenkathi ekhipha amanothi e-Treasury abizwa ngokuthi "amaGreenbacks" asize iNyunyana ukuba inqobe iMpi Yombango. Kodwa uLincoln wabulawa, futhi izindaba zeGreenback zanqanyulwa.
Kuwo wonke ukhetho lukamongameli phakathi kuka-1872 no-1896, kwakukhona iqembu lesithathu likazwelonke elaligijima endaweni yokuguqulwa kwezimali. Ngokujwayelekile ihlelwe ngaphansi kwenhlangano yabasebenzi noma yabalimi, lawa kwakungamaqembu abantu esikhundleni samabhange. Bahlanganisa i-Populist Party, iGreenback kanye neGreenback Labour Parties, iLabour Reform Party, i-Antimonopolist Party, kanye ne-Union Labour Party. Bakhuthaza ukwandiswa kwemali yezwe ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zohwebo, ukuguqulwa kwesimiso samabhange, nokulawulwa kwentando yeningi kohlelo lwezezimali.
Inhlangano yePopulist yeminyaka yawo-1890 yamela inselelo enkulu yokugcina kwabamabhange kuphela ilungelo lokudala imali yesizwe. Ngokusho kwesazi-mlando sezimali uMurray Rothbard, ezombangazwe ngemva kokuqala kwekhulu leminyaka zaba umzabalazo phakathi kweziqhwaga ezimbili zamabhange ezincintisanayo, iMorgans kanye neRockefellers. Ngezinye izikhathi amaqembu ayeshintsha izandla, kodwa odoli abadonsa izintambo babehlale bengomunye walaba ababili abadla imali enkulu.
In Bonke Omabhange Bomongameli, uNomi Prins ugagula izikhondlakhondla zamabhange kanye nemindeni yamabhange ehlobene nayo eseyibuse kwezombusazwe iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Awekho amakhandidethi ezinkampani zangaphandle adumile anethuba langempela lokunqoba, ngoba kufanele aqhudelane namaqembu amabili agxilile axhaswa yilawa mabhange anamandla amakhulu e-Wall Street.
Intando Yeningi Inqotshwa Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga yonke
Enkathini yangaphambili, kuphawula uDkt. Cobb, abanikazi bezindawo abacebile babekwazi ukulawula imibuso yentando yeningi ngokubekela imingcele ukubamba kukahulumeni iqhaza kusigaba sezakhiwo. Lapho leyo mikhawulo isuswa, imali enkulu yayilawula ukhetho ngezinye izindlela:
Okokuqala, ukungenela isikhundla kwabiza kakhulu, kangangoba abafuna izikhundla badinga abaxhasi abacebile abasuke bebonwa ngabo. Okwesibili, iningi labavoti linolwazi oluncane oluzimele lwalabo ababavotelayo noma ngezindaba okufanele zidingidwe. Ukwahlulela kwabo, ngenxa yalokho, kuncike kulokho abakufunda kwabezindaba. Le mithombo yezindaba yona ilawulwa izithakazelo zemali.
Ukulawulwa kwemithombo yezindaba kanye namandla ezezimali phezu kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe kwabe sekunika amandla lezo ezinye izindlela zokunqanda intando yeningi esiyaziyo namuhla, okuhlanganisa nezithiyo eziphezulu zokubekwa kwamavoti ezinkampani zangaphandle kanye nokususwa kwazo ezingxoxweni zikamongameli, ukucindezelwa kwamavoti, imikhawulo yokubhalisa, imithetho yokuhlonza, ukuhlanzwa kohlu lwabavoti, gerrymandering, ukuvota ngamakhompyutha, kanye nezimfihlo kuhulumeni.
Umphumela wokugcina wentando yeningi, kusho uDkt. Cobb, โkwakuwukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonkeโ - imakethe ekhulayo yomhlaba wonke edlula izintshisekelo zezwe:
[T]umnotho womhlaba wanamuhla ungowamazwe ngamazwe ngokugcwele. Amandla emali awanayo intshisekelo enkulu emingceleni phakathi kwezifundazwe futhi ngokuvamile asebenzela ukwehlisa amandla azo ezimakethe nasekutshalweni kwezimali. . . . Ngakho-ke izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zisebenzela ukubukela phansi amazwe ezizwe, noma ngabe zibuswa ngentando yeningi noma cha.
Isibonelo esigqama kakhulu namuhla yisivumelwano sohwebo esiyimfihlo samazwe ayishumi nambili esibizwa ngokuthi Ukusebenzisana kweTranspacific. Uma iqhubeka, i-TPP izokwandisa ngokuphawulekayo amandla ezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ukuze zisebenzise izinkantolo ezivaliwe ukuze ziphonsele inselelo futhi zithathe indawo yemithetho yasekhaya, okuhlanganisa imvelo, abasebenzi, ezempilo nokunye ukuvikela.
Ebheka Ezinye izindlela
Abanye abagxeki babuza ukuthi ingabe uhlelo lwethu lokuthatha izinqumo ngevoti elidumile elikhohliswa kalula abezindaba abakhokhelwayo liyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokubusa egameni labantu. Ku-Ted Talk ethokozisayo, usosayensi wezepolitiki U-Eric Li wenza icala eliphoqayo ngohlelo "lwenkululeko" olube yimpumelelo eChina.
In I-America Beyond Capitalism, UProf. Gar Alperovitz uphikisa ngokuthi i-US imane nje inkulu kakhulu ukuthi isebenze njengentando yeningi ezingeni likazwelonke. Ngaphandle kweCanada ne-Australia, enezindawo ezinkulu ezingenalutho, i-United States inkulu ngokwezwe kunawo wonke amanye amazwe ezimboni athuthukile e-OECD (Inhlangano Yezokubambisana Kwezomnotho Nentuthuko) ehlangene. Uphakamisa lokho akubiza ngokuthi "I-Pluralist Commonwealthโ: uhlelo olugxile ekwakhiweni kabusha kwemiphakathi kanye nokubusa ngentando yeningi ingcebo. Kubandakanya izinhlobo zobuningi bokubambisana kanye nobunikazi obujwayelekile obuqala ngokusatshalaliswa kwamazwe kanye nokudlulela emazingeni aphezulu okuxhumana kwesifunda kanye nokazwelonke lapho kudingeka. Ungusihlalo kanye noJames Gustav Speth wohlelo olubizwa ngokuthi Uhlelo olulandelayo lwe-System, efuna ukusiza ukuvula ingxoxo ebanzi yokuthi ungadlulela kanjani ngale kwezinhlelo zezomnotho zendabuko ezihlulekayo kokubili kwesokunxele nakwesokudla.
UDkt. Alperovitz ucaphuna uProf. Donald Livingston, owabuza ngo-2002:
Kunanzuzoni ukuqhubeka nokuxhasa inyunyana yalo bukhulu obusabekayo? . . . [T] nazi izinsiza ezanele kusiko lombuso wombuso waseMelika ukuze kuthethelelwe ukukhunjulwa kwezifundazwe nemiphakathi yendawo, ngokuphuma ebukhosini bayo, amandla evumele uhulumeni omkhulu ukuba aqhwage.
Ukubuyisela Amandla Ethu
Uma ohulumeni bekhumbula amandla abo obukhosi, bangase baqale ngamandla okudala imali, eyathathwa yizimfuno zangasese ngesikhathi abantu besalele. Ohulumeni bezifundazwe nabasekhaya abavunyelwe ukuphrinta imali yabo; kodwa bangaba ngabanikazi bamabhange, futhi wonke amabhange agcina imali enza imali lapho eboleka imali, njengoba iBhange LaseNgilandi lisanda kuvuma.
Uhulumeni wobumbano angabuyisela amandla okudala ukuhlinzekwa kwemali kazwelonke ngokukhipha amanothi akhe kaMgcinimafa njengoba kwenza u-Abraham Lincoln. Kungenjalo, it ingakhipha izinhlamvu zemali zehlelo ezinkulu kakhulu njengoba kugunyazwe kuMthethosisekelo; noma ingenza ibhange elikhulu libe likazwelonke futhi isebenzise i-quantitative easing ukuxhasa ingqalasizinda, imfundo, ukwakhiwa kwamathuba emisebenzi, kanye nezinsizakalo zezenhlalakahle, isabela ezidingweni zabantu esikhundleni samabhange.
Inkululeko yokuvota inesisindo esincane ngaphandle kwenkululeko yezomnotho - inkululeko yokusebenza kanye nokuba nokudla, indawo yokuhlala, imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwezokwelashwa kanye nomhlalaphansi ohloniphekile. UMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt wagcizelela ukuthi sidinga uMthethosivivinywa Wamalungelo Ezomnotho. Ukube abasimele abakhethiwe bebenganakile kubabolekisi bemali, bangakwazi ukudlulisa umthethosivivinywa onjalo futhi baqhamuke nemali yokuwuxhasa.
U-Ellen Brown ungummeli, umsunguli we I-Public Banking Institute, kanye nombhali wezincwadi eziyishumi nambili ezihlanganisa nezithengiswa kakhulu Iwebhu Yezikweletu. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva, Isixazululo seBhange Lomphakathi, ihlola amamodeli amabhange omphakathi ayimpumelelo ngokomlando nasemhlabeni jikelele. Izindatshana zakhe zebhulogi ezingama-300+ zikhona EllenBrown.com. Lalela โImali Yethu no-Ellen Brownโ ku-PRN.fm.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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