Inkolelo-mbono engashiwongo ezingxoxweni eziningi zomphakathi mayelana nenhlekelele yezomnotho iyakwenqabela ukubona noma ukuphatha inkinga njengesistimu, njengenkinga yonxiwankulu njengohlelo. Esikhundleni salokho, abaholi bethu bezepolitiki, abentatheli, nabezemfundo babona kuphela izimpawu kanye "nokuthuthukisa izinqubomgomo" zalezo zimpawu kuphela. Ama-alamu amayelana nophawu olulodwa - nemizamo ephikiswayo yokubhekana naso - maduzane ashintshela kolunye uphawu kanye "nezimpendulo zenqubomgomo" yalo. Ngokuvamile izinqubomgomo ezinjalo zophawu olulodwa ziba zimbi kakhulu olunye uphawu. Isibonelo, lapho izimakethe zamasheya ziwa ekuqaleni kuka-2000 (uphawu), i-Federal Reserve yehlisa kakhulu amanani enzalo (impendulo yenqubomgomo); leso sinyathelo sisiza ukubolekwa kwemali okweqile okwadiliza umnotho wonke ngo-2007.
Izixwayiso zanamuhla zigxile ezindlini nasezinzuzweni ezinkulu zikahulumeni lapho. Ukuze ubone izinkinga zesistimu yemboni yezindlu yase-US, cabangela umnotho wayo oyisisekelo. "Iphupho laseMelika" lokuba nomuzi womuntu lalinjalo ungalokothi ezithengekayo iningi lemindeni yase-US ngoba amaholo noma amaholo akhokhelwa abaqashi babo neze ngokwanele. Ngakho-ke ukuze kufezeke iphupho kwakudinga ukuboleka. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi imindeni esebenzayo yayinemiholo enganele kanye namaholo futhi ingenayo ingcebo eqoqiwe - isimo sayo ngaphakathi konxiwankulu base-US - amabhange azimele ayengavamile ukuyiboleka. Iningi labo, hhayi nje abampofu kakhulu phakathi kwabo, laliyingozi kakhulu njengababoleki.
Kutholwe "isixazululo". NgaphakathiUS capitalism. Uhulumeni uzoxhasa futhi aqinisekise ukubolekwa kwamabhange azimele ezigidini zabathenga izindlu. Lesi sixazululo sikhulise inzuzo ebhizinisini lemalimboleko yezindlu zamabhange ezizimele. Ixhase ngokungaqondile zonke izimboni ezikhiqizela amakhaya abantu. Nokho ayizange inyuse amaholo namaholo (into onxiwankulu ababeyiphikisa). Izisebenzi eziningi zase-US zaba ngabanikazi bezindlu abanemali ebolekiwe enkulu, ehlala isikhathi eside, okubenza bancike kakhulu ekugcineni imisebenzi, bangacasuli abaqashi, njll. Lokho okuhlangenwe nakho nakho kwalungiselela abasebenzi ukuba bamukele ikhadi lesikweletu, isikweletu somfundi, nezinye izikweletu zabathengi. Ukwandisa izikweletu kwaba yindlela abantu baseMelika abaningi abavala ngayo igebe phakathi kweholo labo kanye "nempilo enhle" ekhangiswa ngokungaphezi ngonxiwankulu abadinga abathengi.
Uxhaso lukahulumeni lwezindlu lwaqala ekuwohlokeni kokugcina konxiwankulu base-US. I-Federal Housing Administration (FHA) yasungulwa ngo-1934 kanye ne-Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA noma "Fannie Mae") ngo-1938 (eyokugcina yahlukaniswa yaba i-GNMA noma "Ginnie Mae" ngo-1968). I-Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac") yafika ngo-1970. Umgomo ngeminyaka yawo-1930 kwakuwukuvuselela imboni yezindlu ecindezelekile. Ezezindlu - kanye nomnotho omkhulu wase-US oncike kuzo - zombili bezilokhu zincika kakhulu kuziqinisekiso zikahulumeni kanye noxhaso kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
Inkinga ka-2007 yafaka imakethe yezindlu ekwehleni okukhulu. Abanikazi bezindlu abampofu, abaphakathi, nabacebile bahluleka ukukhokhela izikweletu zabo zezindlu. Amabhange aphendukela ekutholeni usizo eziqinisekweni zikahulumeni kanye nemixhaso. Ukuzihlinzeka kubize izindleko zikahulumeni wase-US manje ezilinganiselwa ku- $ 150 billion futhi ngokunokwenzeka ngamakhulu ezigidigidi kule nkinga. Okuzenzakalelayo kanye nezintengo zezindlu eziwayo zenze amabhange enqaba ukunikeza imali mboleko yezindlu cishe kunoma ubani ngaphandle kweziqinisekiso zikahulumeni kanye noxhaso (ngakho-ke, ngo-2010, uhulumeni wase-US uye waqinisekisa noma wathenga amaphesenti angama-98 emali mboleko entsha yangasese). Ngaphandle kokusekelwa kukahulumeni, ngeke ibe khona imakethe ezindlini zase-US. Ngisho nabacebe kakhulu bathola uxhaso: "I-Federal Housing Administration yavuma ngoMashi ukuthi izoqinisekisa ukubolekwa kwezindlu zokuhlala endaweni yokuthuthukiswa kwe-Gramercy Park engu-98-unit [New York City], eyaziwa ngele- Tempo. Lokho kwenza abathengi bakwazi ukwenza inkokhelo ephansi efinyelela kumaphesenti angama-3.5 esakhiweni lapho amafulethi abhalwe ku-$820,000 kuya ku-$3 million.โ
Naphezu kokugunyaza ukusekelwa kwezindlu kukahulumeni iminyaka eminingi, amaRiphabhulikhi athole ngokuzumayo kufaneleka kwezombusazwe ukuhlasela amaDemocrats ngomthelela walabo baxhasi esileleni sase-US (ngokuziba ukuthi uBush wenza uFannie noGinny Mae bakazwelonke. kanye nezikweletu zabo ngo-2008). Amademokhrasi ayazi ukuthi awakwazi ukunqamula ukwesekwa kukahulumeni ngaphandle kokukhiqiza izindlu ezijulile kanye nokuwohloka komnotho okujwayelekile lapho amaRiphabhlikhi azobe esola wona. Ngakho, uNobhala woMgcinimafa Geithner uthembisa ushintsho oluncane ohlelweni lomxhaso lwezindlu oluyisisekelo kanye nohlelo lwesiqinisekiso: ukuqeda, uthi, kubeka engcupheni ukuwohloka komnotho okubi nakakhulu esikhathini esizayo. Ku-Geithner, ayikho inkinga yesistimu ekhona; kuyena nje umbuzo wokuthi uhulumeni uyayisekela kangakanani imboni yezindlu.
Inkinga eyisisekelo yemboni yezindlu yase-US uhlelo eshumekwe kulo. Umnotho omkhulu wonxiwankulu wakha igebe phakathi kwezindleko zezindlu ezikhiqizwa ngasese kanye neholo labasebenzi baseMelika. Kule minyaka engama-75 edlule, ubungxiwankulu base-US buye bavala lelo gebe ngekhredithi yangasese eqinisekisiwe kanye/noma exhaswe uhulumeni. Lolu hlelo luhlinzeka ngezinzuzo kanye namathuba ezintengo zezindlu ezeqisayo, amaholo ancishisiwe namaholo, nenani elidlulele, ubungozi, kanye nezindleko zesikweletu sezindlu. Iminyaka engu-30 edlule ibone zonke lezi zimo ezintathu zihlangana zibe inkinga yesistimu.
Isixazululo esihlelekile singabandakanya ukucabanga kabusha kwezindlu ngokuyisisekelo. Cabanga, ngokwesibonelo, ngohlelo lukazwelonke lokwakha izindlu zomphakathi ezibiza kancane (ngezitayela nezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene) eziphethwe futhi eziqhutshwa imiphakathi yendawo. Ngaphandle kwamakhono okudala amathuba emisebenzi ohlelo olunjalo, lungaveza ezinye izindlela ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ezingabizi kakhulu kanye nokuncintisana osekunesikhathi eside kudlulelwe yizindlu ezizimele kanye namanani azo. Abantu abasebenzayo babengakwazi ukukhetha phakathi kwabo. Isixazululo esihlelekile singase futhi sinyuse amaholo namaholo ahlobene nenzuzo futhi ngaleyo ndlela sakhe kabusha izimali zalabo abathenga amakhaya. Lezi zinyathelo ezimbili zihlangene zizonciphisa noma zisuse ukuncika kusikweletu osekuphume ngokuphindaphindiwe nangengozi ekulawuleni phakathi kwababolekisi nababolekayo.
AmaRiphabhulikhi namaDemocrat cishe ngeke asho, ingasaphathwa eyokuphikisana, izimbangela zesistimu noma izixazululo zenkinga yezindlu kanye nokulahlekelwa okukhulayo kwa-FHA, Fannie, Ginnie, kanye noFreddie. Balalela futhi baphoqelele ukulandelwa kwemibono yesikhathi sethu; abaphikisi. "Izilungiso" zabo ezincane zenkinga yezindlu, okungenzeka zikhuthazwe njengezinguquko ezinkulu, zingase zibe zimbi kakhulu le nkinga ngokuvusa olunye uphawu kwenye indawo. Ukubhekana nezinkinga zesistimu yalo mphakathi ngezixazululo ezihlelekile kuzodinga ukwakheka okusha kwezepolitiki ngaphandle kwemibono ephikisanayo mayelana nokubuza noma ukushintsha uhlelo.
U-Rick Wolff unguSolwazi Emeritus eNyuvesi yaseMassachusetts e-Amherst futhi unguSolwazi Ovakashile Ohlelweni Lokuthweswa Iziqu Ezindabeni Zamazwe Ngamazwe eNyuvesi Yesikole Esisha eNew York. Ungumbhali we Ukuhamba Okusha ku-Marxian Theory (Routledge, 2006) phakathi kwezinye izincwadi eziningi. Bheka ifilimu ka-Rick Wolff ekhuluma ngesimo esibucayi sezomnotho, I-Capitalism Ishaya abalandeli, ku www.capitalismhitsthefan.com. Vakashela iwebhusayithi kaWolf ku- www.rdwolff.com, futhi oda ikhophi yencwadi yakhe entsha I-Capitalism Ishaya Abalandeli: Ukuwohloka Kwezomnotho Kwembulunga yonke kanye nokuthi yini okufanele ukwenze ngayo.
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